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Saengsen C, Sookbampen O, Wu S, Seetasang S, Rongwong W, Chuaboon L. The potency of HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS combined with ion chromatography for detection/purification of levulinic acid and bio-compounds from acid hydrolysis of OPEFB. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28638-28646. [PMID: 36320499 PMCID: PMC9539635 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03563d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports a new strategy for the detection and purification of levulinic acid (LA) and bio-compounds from the acid hydrolysis and enzymatic treatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques combined with ion/ligand chromatography. The detections of LA, biomass-saccharides, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and furfural were successfully elucidated by optimizing the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) and liquid chromatography conditions using a Pb2+ ligand exchange column in the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) combined with an H+ ion exchange column also showed potency for detecting chromophoric compounds such as LA, HMF, furfural, and acid (by-products) but not biomass-saccharides. Both techniques showed acceptable validation in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, precision, and stability in both quantitative and qualitative analysis. However, the LC-MS/MS approach showed higher sensitivity for detecting LA and HMF compared with HPLC-DAD. Samples comprised of cellobiose, glucose, HMF, and LA from the acid hydrolysis of cellulose to LA with a mineral acid, and the biocatalysis of cellulase and β-glucosidase catalyzed cellulose (from OPEFB) to glucose were successfully monitored through the LC-MS/MS approach. In addition, using the optimal HPLC conditions obtained from LC-MS/MS, the purification of LA from other substances obtained from the hydrolysis reaction of cellulose (5 g) was successfully demonstrated by HPLC-DAD equipped with a fraction collector combined with an H+ ion exchange column at gram-scale of 1 g LA with a purification rate of 0.63 g ml−1 min−1. The analytical approach for detection and purification levulinic acid from and bio-compound in hydrolysis biomass.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatcha Saengsen
- Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellent, Walailak UniversityNakhon Si Thammarat80160Thailand
| | - Orawan Sookbampen
- Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellent, Walailak UniversityNakhon Si Thammarat80160Thailand
| | - Shuke Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Sasikarn Seetasang
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development AgencyKhlong LuangPathum Thani 12120Thailand
| | - Wichitpan Rongwong
- Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellent, Walailak UniversityNakhon Si Thammarat80160Thailand,School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak UniversityNakhon Si Thammarat80160Thailand
| | - Litavadee Chuaboon
- Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellent, Walailak UniversityNakhon Si Thammarat80160Thailand,School of Pharmacy, Walailak UniversityNakhon Si Thammarat80160Thailand
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2
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Waste Biomass Selective and Sustainable Photooxidation to High-Added-Value Products: A Review. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers worldwide seek to develop convenient, green, and ecological production processes to synthesize chemical products with high added value. In this sense, lignocellulosic biomass photocatalysis is an excellent process for obtaining various outcomes for the industry. One issue of biomass transformation via heterogeneous catalysis into valuable chemicals is the selection of an adequate catalyst that ensures high conversion and selectivity at low costs. Titanium oxide (TiO2), is widely used for several applications, including photocatalytic biomass degradation, depolymerization, and transformation. Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free polymeric semiconductor with high oxidation and temperature resistance and there is a recent interest in developing this catalyst. Both catalysts are amenable to industrial production, relatively easy to dope, and suited for solar light absorption. Recent investigations also show the advantages of using heterojunctions, for biomass derivates production, due to their better solar spectrum absorption properties and, thus, higher efficiency, conversion, and selectivity over a broader spectrum. This work summarizes recent studies that maximize selectivity and conversion of biomass using photocatalysts based on TiO2 and g-C3N4 as supports, as well as the advantages of using metals, heterojunctions, and macromolecules in converting cellulose and lignin. The results presented show that heterogeneous photocatalysis is an interesting technology for obtaining several chemicals of industrial use, especially when using TiO2 and g-C3N4 doped with metals, heterojunctions, and macromolecules because these modified catalysts permit higher conversion and selectivity, milder reaction conditions, and reduced cost due to solar light utilization. In order to apply these technologies, it is essential to adopt government policies that promote the use of photocatalysts in the industry, in addition to encouraging active collaboration between photooxidation research groups and companies that process lignocellulosic biomass.
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Lopes ES, Leal Silva JF, Nascimento LAD, Bohórquez JFC, Lopes MS, Tovar LP, Maciel Filho R. Feasibility of the Conversion of Sugarcane Molasses to Levulinic Acid: Reaction Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emília Savioli Lopes
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Melina Savioli Lopes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Alfenas, 37715-400 Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura Plazas Tovar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Rubens Maciel Filho
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Zhang M, Wang N, Liu J, Wang C, Xu Y, Ma L. A review on biomass-derived levulinic acid for application in drug synthesis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:220-253. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1939261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Longlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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5
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Salma A, Djelal H, Abdallah R, Fourcade F, Amrane A. Platform molecule from sustainable raw materials; case study succinic acid. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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6
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Fouilloux H, Thomas CM. Production and Polymerization of Biobased Acrylates and Analogs. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000530. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fouilloux
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris Paris 75005 France
| | - Christophe M. Thomas
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris Paris 75005 France
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7
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Direct Alcoholysis of Carbohydrate Precursors and Real Cellulosic Biomasses to Alkyl Levulinates: A Critical Review. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyl levulinates (ALs) represent outstanding bio-fuels and strategic bio-products within the context of the marketing of levulinic acid derivatives. However, their synthesis by acid-catalyzed esterification of pure levulinic acid, or by acid-catalyzed alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol, although relatively simple, is still economically disadvantageous, due to the high costs of the pure precursors. The direct one-pot alcoholysis of model C6 carbohydrates and raw biomass represents an alternative approach for the one-step synthesis of ALs. In order to promote the market for these bio-products and, concurrently, the immediate development of new applications, it is necessary to speed up the intensification of their production processes, and this important achievement is onlypossible by using low-cost or, even better, waste biomasses, as starting feedstocks. This review provides an overview of the most recent and promising advances on the one-pot production of ALs from model C6 carbohydrates and real biomasses, in the presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous acid catalysts. The use of model C6 carbohydrates allows for the identification of the best obtainable ALs yields, resulting in being strategic for the development of new smart catalysts, whose chemical properties must be properly tuned, taking into account the involved reaction mechanism. On the other hand, the transition to the real biomass now represents a necessary choice for allowing the next ALs production on a larger scale. The improvement of the available synthetic strategies, the use of raw materials and the development of new applications for ALs will contribute to develop more intensified, greener, and sustainable processes.
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8
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Pyo SH, Glaser SJ, Rehnberg N, Hatti-Kaul R. Clean Production of Levulinic Acid from Fructose and Glucose in Salt Water by Heterogeneous Catalytic Dehydration. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:14275-14282. [PMID: 32596564 PMCID: PMC7315427 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Levulinic acid (LA) is considered to be one of the promising organic bio-platform chemicals and intermediates for the synthesis of fuels, chemicals, and polymers. In the present study, heterogeneous catalytic dehydration of hexose sugars, fructose and glucose, using a strong cation exchange resin (hydrogen form) as an acid catalyst, was performed to produce LA in an aqueous medium. The effect of salts such as NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, Na2CO3, and Na2SO4 in the medium on the rate of sugar conversion and LA yield was evaluated. Under optimum reaction conditions, 10% (w/w) fructose was dehydrated to LA (with 74.6% yield) in 10% (w/w) NaCl aqueous solution in 24 h at 110 °C using the catalyst at 30% (w/w sugar). Even 10% (w/w) glucose monohydrate was directly dehydrated to LA (with 70.7% yield) under similar conditions but at 145 °C. This study shows that the salts enhance the rate of catalytic dehydration in the order of Cl- > CO3 2- > SO4 2-. Thus, the combination of high sugar concentration and heterogeneous catalysis in an aqueous system under relatively mild conditions could provide a high-yielding and sustainable process for bio-based LA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Pyo
- Biotechnology,
Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- . Phone: +46-46-222-4838. Fax: +46-46-222-4713
| | - Sara Jonsdottir Glaser
- Biotechnology,
Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Rajni Hatti-Kaul
- Biotechnology,
Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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9
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One-Pot Alcoholysis of the Lignocellulosic Eucalyptus nitens Biomass to n-Butyl Levulinate, a Valuable Additive for Diesel Motor Fuel. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present investigation represents a concrete example of complete valorization of Eucalyptus nitens biomass, in the framework of the circular economy. Autohydrolyzed-delignified Eucalyptus nitens was employed as a cheap cellulose-rich feedstock in the direct alcoholysis to n-butyl levulinate, adopting n-butanol as green reagent/reaction medium, very dilute sulfuric acid as a homogeneous catalyst, and different heating systems. The effect of the main reaction parameters to give n-butyl levulinate was investigated to check the feasibility of this reaction and identify the coarse ranges of the main operating variables of greater relevance. High n-butyl levulinate molar yields (35–40 mol%) were achieved under microwave and traditional heating, even using a very high biomass loading (20 wt%), an eligible aspect from the perspective of the high gravity approach. The possibility of reprocessing the reaction mixture deriving from the optimized experiment by the addition of fresh biomass was evaluated, achieving the maximum n-butyl levulinate concentration of about 85 g/L after only one microwave reprocessing of the mother liquor, the highest value hitherto reported starting from real biomass. The alcoholysis reaction was further optimized by Response Surface Methodology, setting a Face-Centered Central Composite Design, which was experimentally validated at the optimal operating conditions for the n-butyl levulinate production. Finally, a preliminary study of diesel engine performances and emissions for a model mixture with analogous composition to that produced from the butanolysis reaction was performed, confirming its potential application as an additive for diesel fuel, without separation of each component.
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Abstract
In this review key processes for the synthesis of greener or more sustainable solvents derived from renewable sources (saccharides, lignocellulose and triglycerides) are discussed. It is shown that a series of platform chemicals such as glycerol, levulinic acid and furans can be converted into a variety of solvents through catalytic
transformations that include hydrolysis, esterification, reduction and etherification reactions. It was also considered several aspects of each class of solvent regarding performance within the context of the reactions or extractions for which it is employed.
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11
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Mesbah NM. Covalent immobilization of a halophilic, alkalithermostable lipase LipR2 on Florisil® nanoparticles for production of alkyl levulinates. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 667:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Chernysheva DV, Chus YA, Klushin VA, Lastovina TA, Pudova LS, Smirnova NV, Kravchenko OA, Chernyshev VM, Ananikov VP. Sustainable Utilization of Biomass Refinery Wastes for Accessing Activated Carbons and Supercapacitor Electrode Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3599-3608. [PMID: 30168655 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass processing wastes (humins) are anticipated to become a large-tonnage solid waste in the near future, owing to the accelerated development of renewable technologies based on utilization of carbohydrates. In this work, the utility of humins as a feedstock for the production of activated carbon by various methods (pyrolysis, physical and chemical activation, or combined approaches) was evaluated. The obtained activated carbons were tested as potential electrode materials for supercapacitor applications and demonstrated combined micro- and mesoporous structures with a good capacitance of 370 F g-1 (at a current density of 0.5 A g-1 ) and good cycling stability with a capacitance retention of 92 % after 10 000 charge/discharge cycles (at 10 A g-1 in 6 m aqueous KOH electrolyte). The applicability of the developed activated carbon for practical usage as a supercapacitor electrode material was demonstrated by its successful utilization in symmetric two-electrode cells and by powering electric devices. These findings provide a new approach to deal with the problem of sustainable wastes utilization and to advance challenging energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Chernysheva
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), 132 Prosveschenia Str., Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
| | - Yuri A Chus
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), 132 Prosveschenia Str., Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
| | - Victor A Klushin
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), 132 Prosveschenia Str., Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Lastovina
- International Research Center "Smart Materials", Southern Federal University, 5 Zorge Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Lyudmila S Pudova
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), 132 Prosveschenia Str., Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
| | - Nina V Smirnova
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), 132 Prosveschenia Str., Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
| | - Oleg A Kravchenko
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), 132 Prosveschenia Str., Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
| | - Victor M Chernyshev
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), 132 Prosveschenia Str., Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), 132 Prosveschenia Str., Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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