Fabrication of Nanoemulsion: A Brief Review

Strategic consideration for effective chemotherapeutic transportation via transpapillary route in breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and the second most common cancer overall. The current treatment option for breast cancer includes drug treatment (Chemotherapy and hormone therapy) or surgery (mastectomy and lumpectomy). The major drawbacks of chemotherapy include rapid metabolism, limited ductal exposure, lower bioavailability, higher elimination rate, undesirable side effects, and high dose of drug. Localized application of drug to breast achieves higher drug levels at the tumor site and reduces systemic drug distribution. Permeation of drug by local application is mainly by transepidermal and transductal routes. The multiple duct openings of mammary papilla provide a higher permeable surface for transport of drug. Various formulation approaches like conjugated nanocarriers, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, liposomes, microneedles and iontophoresis are used to achieve a tailored and targeted drug delivery to underlying breast tissue. Localized transport of drug via transpapillary route has developed a novel and effective non-invasive drug delivery approach to achieve a systemic drug level at the tumor site in the management of breast cancer.

Formulation and Application of Nanoemulsions for Nutraceuticals and Phytochemicals

:

Recent trends in research and investigation on nanoemulsion based products is the result of many reasons such as food security as a global concern, increasing demand for highly efficient food and agricultural products and technological need for products with the ability of manipulation and optimization in their properties. Nanoemulsions are defined as emulsions made up of nano sized droplets dispersed in another immiscible liquid which exhibit properties distinguishing them from conventional emulsions and making them suitable for encapsulation, delivery and formulations of bioactive ingredients in different fields including drugs, food and agriculture. The objective of this paper is to present a general overview of nanoemulsions definition, their preparation methods, properties and applications in food and agricultural sectors. Due to physicochemical properties of the nanoemulsion composition, creating nanosized droplets requires high/low energy methods that can be supplied by special devices or techniques. An overview about the mechanisms of these methods is also presented in this paper which are commonly used to prepare nanoemulsions. Finally, some recent works about the application of nanoemulsions in food and agricultural sectors along with challenges and legislations restricting their applications is discussed in the last sections of the current study.