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Calderon MJP, Dumancas GG, Gutierrez CS, Lubguban AA, Alguno AC, Malaluan RM, Lubguban AA. Producing polyglycerol polyester polyol for thermoplastic polyurethane application: A novel valorization of glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19491. [PMID: 37662775 PMCID: PMC10472058 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of biodiesel generates glycerol as a by-product that needs valorization. Glycerol, when converted to polyglycerol, is a potential polyol for bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) production. In this study, a novel polyglycerol polyester polyol (PPP) was developed from refined glycerol and coconut oil-based polyester polyol. Glycerol was first converted to glycerol acetate and then polymerized with coconut oil-based polyester polyol (CPP) as secondary polyol and phthalic anhydride. The resulting PPP polymerized at 220 °C and OH:COOH molar ratio of 2.5 exhibited an OH number of <100 mg KOH·g sample-1, an acid number of <10 mg KOH·g sample-1, and a molecular weight (MW) of 3697 g mol-1 meeting the polyol requirement properties for TPU (Handlin et al., 2001; Parcheta et al., 2020) [1-2]. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic characterization determined that higher reaction temperatures increase the polymerization rate and decrease the OH and acid numbers. Further, higher OH:COOH molar ratios decrease the polymerization rate and acid number, and increase the OH number. Gel permeation chromatography determined the molecular weight of PPP and suggested two distinct molecular structures which differ only in the number of moles of CPP in the structure. A differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) experiment on a sample of PPP-based polyurethane revealed that it was able to melt and remelt after 3 heating cycles which demonstrates its thermoplastic ability. The novel PPP derived from the glycerol by-product of biodiesel industries can potentially replace petroleum-derived polyols for TPU production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Jhun P. Calderon
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Gerard G. Dumancas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
| | - Carlo S. Gutierrez
- Comparative Asian Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 11926
| | - Alona A. Lubguban
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Studies, University of the Philippines Rural High School, Paciano Rizal, Bay, Laguna, 4033, Philippines
| | - Arnold C. Alguno
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Roberto M. Malaluan
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Arnold A. Lubguban
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
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Liu Y, Zhong B, Lawal A. Recovery and utilization of crude glycerol, a biodiesel byproduct. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27997-28008. [PMID: 36320273 PMCID: PMC9523763 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05090k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel production has increased significantly in the past decade because it has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative and renewable fuel. Consequently, the production of crude glycerol, the main byproduct of the transesterification of lipids to biodiesel, has risen as well. Therefore, the effective recovery and utilization of crude glycerol can provide biodiesel with additional value. In this review, we first summarized the state-of-the-art progress on crude glycerol recovery and purification. Subsequently, numerous approaches have been reviewed for the utilization of crude glycerol, including use as animal feeds, for combustion, anaerobic fermentation, and chemical conversion. Finally, an extensive discussion and outlook is presented in relation to the techniques and processes in the chemical conversion of crude glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Biqi Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Adeniyi Lawal
- New Jersey Center for MicroChemical Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology Castle Point on Hudson Hoboken NJ 07030 USA
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Abstract
Utilization of biofuels generated from renewable sources has attracted broad attention due to their benefits such as reducing consumption of fossil fuels, sustainability, and consequently prevention of global warming. The production of biodiesel causes a huge amount of by-product, crude glycerol, to accumulate. Glycerol, because of its unique structure having three hydroxyl groups, can be converted to a variety of industrially valuable products. In recent decades, increasing studies have been carried out on different catalytic pathways to selectively produce a wide range of glycerol derivatives. In the current review, the main routes including carboxylation, oxidation, etherification, hydrogenolysis, esterification, and dehydration to convert glycerol to value-added products are investigated. In order to achieve more glycerol conversion and higher desired product selectivity, acquisition of knowledge on the catalysts, the type of acidic or basic, the supports, and studying various reaction pathways and operating parameters are necessary. This review attempts to summarize the knowledge of catalytic reactions and mechanisms leading to value-added derivatives of glycerol. Additionally, the application of main products from glycerol are discussed. In addition, an overview on the market of glycerol, its properties, applications, and prospects is presented.
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Koller M, Obruča S. Biotechnological production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from glycerol: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Adeleye AT, Odoh CK, Enudi OC, Banjoko OO, Osiboye OO, Toluwalope Odediran E, Louis H. Sustainable synthesis and applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from biomass. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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La China S, Zanichelli G, De Vero L, Gullo M. Oxidative fermentations and exopolysaccharides production by acetic acid bacteria: a mini review. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:1289-1302. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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