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Zhu Y, Wang X, Liu R. Bioinformatics proved the existence of potential hub genes activating autophagy to participate in cartilage degeneration in osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Mol Histol 2024:10.1007/s10735-024-10200-w. [PMID: 38758521 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-024-10200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The obvious degeneration of articular cartilage occurs in the late stage of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), which aggravates the condition of ONFH. This study aimed to demonstrate aberrant activation of autophagy processes in ONFH chondrocytes through bioinformatics and to predict and identify relevant hub genes and pathways. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using R software in the GSE74089 dataset from the GEO database. DEGs were crossed with the Human Autophagy Database (HADb) autophagy genes to screen out autophagy-related differential genes (AT-DEGs). GSEA, GSVA, GO, and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of AT-DEGs were performed. The STRING database was used to analyze the protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the AT-DEGs network, and the MCODE and CytoHubba plugin in the Cytoscape software was used to analyze the key gene cluster module and screen the hub genes. The PPI network of hub genes was constructed using the GeneMANIA database, and functional enrichment and gene connectivity categories were analyzed. The expression levels of hub genes of related genes in the ONFH patients were verified in the dataset GSE123568, and the protein expression was verified by immunohistochemistry in tissues. The analysis of DEGs revealed abnormal autophagy in ONFH cartilage. AT-DEGs in ONFH have special enrichment in macroautophagy, autophagosome membrane, and phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate binding. In the GSE123568 dataset, it was also found that ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG were all significantly upregulated in ONFH patients. By immunohistochemistry, it was verified that ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG were significantly overexpressed. These three genes regulate the occurrence and extension of autophagosomes through the PI3KC3C pathway. Finally, we determined that chondrocytes in ONFH undergo positive regulation of autophagy through the corresponding pathways involved in three genes: ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xianxuan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ruiyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.
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2
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Ma Z, Chen M, Liu X, Cui H. Identification and verification of a prognostic autophagy-related gene signature in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3032. [PMID: 38321105 PMCID: PMC10847443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) as a prognostic signature for HCC and explore their relationships with immune cells and immune checkpoint molecules. A total of 483 samples were collected from the GEO database (n = 115) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (n = 368). The GEO dataset was used as the training set, while the TCGA dataset was used for validation. The list of ATGs was obtained from the human autophagy database (HADB). Using Cox regression and LASSO regression methods, a prognostic signature based on ATGs was established. The independent use of this prognostic signature was tested through subgroup analysis. Additionally, the predictive value of this signature for immune-related profiles was explored. Following selection through univariate Cox regression analysis and iterative LASSO Cox analysis, a total of 11 ATGs were used in the GEO dataset to establish a prognostic signature that stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups based on survival. The robustness of this prognostic signature was validated using an external dataset. This signature remained a prognostic factor even in subgroups with different clinical features. Analysis of immune profiles revealed that patients in the high-risk group exhibited immunosuppressive states characterized by lower immune scores and ESTIMATE scores, greater tumour purity, and increased expression of immune checkpoint molecules. Furthermore, this signature was found to be correlated with the infiltration of different immune cell subpopulations. The results suggest that the ATG-based signature can be utilized to evaluate the prognosis of HCC patients and predict the immune status within the tumour microenvironment (TME). However, it is important to note that this study represents a preliminary attempt to use ATGs as prognostic indicators for HCC, and further validation is necessary to determine the predictive power of this signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou City, 730000, Gansu Province, China
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Mali Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, 143 North Street, Qilihe District, Lanzhou City, 730030, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoLong Liu
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Hongbin Cui
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
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3
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Yang Z, Bao L, Shen Y, Wang J, Su D, Liu H, Bao Y. Isolation and functional identification of immune cells in hemolymph of blood clams Tegillarca granosa. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109320. [PMID: 38122950 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Blood clam Tegillarca granosa is a type of economically cultivated bivalve mollusk with red blood, and it primarily relies on hemocytes in its hemolymph for immune defense. However, there are currently no reports on the isolation and identification of immune cells in T. granosa, which hinders our understanding of their immune defense. In this study, we employed single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) to visualize the molecular profile of hemocytes in T. granosa. Based on differential expression of immune genes and hemoglobin genes, hemocytes can be molecularly classified into immune cells and erythrocytes. In addition, we separated immune cells using density gradient centrifugation and demonstrated their stronger phagocytic capacity compared to erythrocytes, as well as higher levels of ROS and NO. In summary, our experiments involved the isolation and functional identification of immune cells in hemolymph of T. granosa. This study will provide valuable insights into the innate immune system of red-blood mollusks and further deepen the immunological research of mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Lingxing Bao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Yiru Shen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Dan Su
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, China.
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4
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Giansanti M, Theinert T, Boeing SK, Haas D, Schlegel PG, Vacca P, Nazio F, Caruana I. Exploiting autophagy balance in T and NK cells as a new strategy to implement adoptive cell therapies. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:201. [PMID: 38071322 PMCID: PMC10709869 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular homeostasis pathway initiated by multiple stimuli ranging from nutrient deprivation to viral infection, playing a key role in human health and disease. At present, a growing number of evidence suggests a role of autophagy as a primitive innate immune form of defense for eukaryotic cells, interacting with components of innate immune signaling pathways and regulating thymic selection, antigen presentation, cytokine production and T/NK cell homeostasis. In cancer, autophagy is intimately involved in the immunological control of tumor progression and response to therapy. However, very little is known about the role and impact of autophagy in T and NK cells, the main players in the active fight against infections and tumors. Important questions are emerging: what role does autophagy play on T/NK cells? Could its modulation lead to any advantages? Could specific targeting of autophagy on tumor cells (blocking) and T/NK cells (activation) be a new intervention strategy? In this review, we debate preclinical studies that have identified autophagy as a key regulator of immune responses by modulating the functions of different immune cells and discuss the redundancy or diversity among the subpopulations of both T and NK cells in physiologic context and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Giansanti
- Immunology Research Area, Innate Lymphoid Cells Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Tobias Theinert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Katharina Boeing
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Haas
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul-Gerhardt Schlegel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paola Vacca
- Immunology Research Area, Innate Lymphoid Cells Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Nazio
- Immunology Research Area, Innate Lymphoid Cells Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ignazio Caruana
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Khalil MI, Ali MM, Holail J, Houssein M. Growth or death? Control of cell destiny by mTOR and autophagy pathways. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 185:39-55. [PMID: 37944568 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the central regulators of cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism is the mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR, which exists in two structurally and functionally different complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2; unlike m TORC2, mTORC1 is activated in response to the sufficiency of nutrients and is inhibited by rapamycin. mTOR complexes have critical roles not only in protein synthesis, gene transcription regulation, proliferation, tumor metabolism, but also in the regulation of the programmed cell death mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic mechanism in which damaged molecules are recycled in response to nutrient starvation. Emerging evidence indicates that the mTOR signaling pathway is frequently activated in tumors. In addition, dysregulation of autophagy was associated with the development of a variety of human diseases, such as cancer and aging. Since mTOR can inhibit the induction of the autophagic process from the early stages of autophagosome formation to the late stage of lysosome degradation, the use of mTOR inhibitors to regulate autophagy could be considered a potential therapeutic option. The present review sheds light on the mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways and the mechanisms of regulation of mTOR-autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud I Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 11072809, Lebanon; Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt.
| | - Mohamad M Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jasmine Holail
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Marwa Houssein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 11072809, Lebanon.
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6
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Wu W, Lin L, Zhao Y, Li H, Zhang R. Protein modification regulated autophagy in Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1281555. [PMID: 38028759 PMCID: PMC10665574 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1281555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications refer to the chemical alterations of proteins following their biosynthesis, leading to changes in protein properties. These modifications, which encompass acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, and others, are pivotal in a myriad of cellular functions. Macroautophagy, also known as autophagy, is a major degradation of intracellular components to cope with stress conditions and strictly regulated by nutrient depletion, insulin signaling, and energy production in mammals. Intriguingly, in insects, 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling predominantly stimulates the expression of most autophagy-related genes while concurrently inhibiting mTOR activity, thereby initiating autophagy. In this review, we will outline post-translational modification-regulated autophagy in insects, including Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster, in brief. A more profound understanding of the biological significance of post-translational modifications in autophagy machinery not only unveils novel opportunities for autophagy intervention strategies but also illuminates their potential roles in development, cell differentiation, and the process of learning and memory processes in both insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmei Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Luobin Lin
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuntao Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaqin Li
- Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Jiang S, He J, Zhang L, Zhao Q, Zhao S. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220739. [PMID: 37791056 PMCID: PMC10543702 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the role of bacterial lipoprotein (BLP) in autophagy and apoptosis. Western blot was used to examine autophagy biomarkers in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) after infection with Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and BLP stimulation. In BMDMs, enhanced protein expression of LC3-II was observed after S. typhimurium or S. aureus infection (P < 0.05) and BLP stimulation (P < 0.05). Autophagy inhibition by chloroquine resulted in increased levels of LC3-Ⅱ and p62 protein (P < 0.05). Persistently upregulated expressions of Atg3 and Atg7 were observed following BLP stimulation (P < 0.05), and knockdown of Atg3 or Atg7 significantly attenuated BLP-enhanced protein expression of LC3-Ⅱ in BMDMs. Furthermore, we found that the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine prevented BLP- and infection-induced macrophage apoptosis. BLP is not only required for autophagy and apoptosis activation in macrophages but also for regulating the balance between autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jiang
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
| | - Jinyao He
- Clinical Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710068, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
| | - Qiaojiajie Zhao
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
| | - Shuqi Zhao
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
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Wahyuningtyas R, Wu ML, Chung WB, Chaung HC, Chang KT. Toll-like Receptor-Mediated Immunomodulation of Th1-Type Response Stimulated by Recombinant Antigen of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-2). Viruses 2023; 15:v15030775. [PMID: 36992483 PMCID: PMC10057405 DOI: 10.3390/v15030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PRRSV infects CD163-positive macrophages and skews their polarization toward an M2 phenotype, followed by T-cell inactivation. In our previous study, we found that recombinant protein A1 antigen derived from PRRSV-2 was a potential vaccine or adjuvant for immunization against PRRSV-2 infection due to its ability to repolarize macrophages into M1 subtype, thereby reducing CD163 expression for viral entry and promoting immunomodulation for Th1-type responses, except for stimulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. The aim of our current study was to evaluate the effects of another two recombinant antigens, A3 (ORF6L5) and A4 (NLNsp10L11), for their ability to trigger innate immune responses including TLR activation. We isolated pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) from 8- to 12-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets and stimulated them with PRRSV (0.01 MOI and 0.05 MOI) or antigens. We also investigated the T-cell differentiation by immunological synapse activation of PAMs and CD4+ T-cells in the cocultured system. To confirm the infection of PRRSV in PAMs, we checked the expression of TLR3, 7, 8, and 9. Our results showed that the expression of TLR3, 7, and 9 were significantly upregulated in PAMs by A3 antigen induction, similar to the extent of PRRSV infection. Gene profile results showed that A3 repolarizes macrophages into the M1 subtype potently, in parallel with A1, as indicated by significant upregulation of proinflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-12). Upon immunological synapse activation, A3 potentially differentiated CD4 T cells into Th1 cells, determined by the expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ secretion. On the contrary, antigen A4 promoted regulatory T cell (T-reg) differentiation by significant upregulation of IL-10 expression. Finally, we concluded that the PRRSV-2 recombinant protein A3 provided better protection against PRRSV infection, suggested by its capability to reeducate immunosuppressive M2 macrophages into proinflammatory M1 cells. As M1 macrophages are prone to be functional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), they can call for TLR activation and Th1-type immune response within the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Wahyuningtyas
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Li Wu
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Chung
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Hso-Chi Chaung
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Ko-Tung Chang
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (K.-T.C.)
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Zhang H, Xie Z, Peng Y, Xie A, Fu C, Zheng D, Cai Z, Zhong J, Ming Q, Li M, Lu R, Liu X, Chen J. PARP1 promotes NLRP3 activation via blocking TFEB-mediated autophagy in rotenone-induced neurodegeneration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114630. [PMID: 36764072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, causes dopaminergic neurons loss and increase the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, few studies link the role of PARP1 to neuroinflammatory response and autophagy dysfunction in rotenone-induced neurodegeneration. Here, we identified that PARP1 overactivation caused by rotenone led to autophagy dysfunction and NLRP3-mediated inflammation. Further results showed that PARP1 inhibition could reduce NLRP3-mediated inflammation, which was effectively eliminated by TFEB knockdown. Moreover, PARP1 poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated TFEB that reduced autophagy. Of note, PARP1 inhibition could rescue rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurons loss. Overall, our study revealed that PARP1 blocks autophagy through poly (ADP-ribosyl)ating TFEB and inhibited NLRP3 degradation, which suggests that intervention of PARP1-TFEB-NLRP3 signaling can be a new treatment strategy for rotenone-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China.
| | - Zhefan Xie
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yongming Peng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Ailun Xie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Chunlai Fu
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Dongyan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - ZiWei Cai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Jiahong Zhong
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 528400, PR China
| | - Qiang Ming
- Department of Neurology, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
| | - Mingque Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Renjian Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China.
| | - Jialong Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China.
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10
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Autophagy Is Required to Sustain Increased Intestinal Cell Proliferation during Phenotypic Plasticity Changes in Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031926. [PMID: 36768248 PMCID: PMC9916008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue phenotypic plasticity facilitates rapid adaptation of organisms to biotic and/or abiotic pressure. The reproductive capacity of honey bee workers (Apis mellifera) is plastic and responsive to pheromones produced by broods and the queen. Egg laying workers (ELWs), which could reactivate their ovaries and lay haploid eggs upon queen lost, have been commonly discussed from many aspects. However, it remains unclear whether midgut homeostasis in ELWs is affected during plastic changes. Here, we found that the expression of nutrition- and autophagy-related genes was up-regulated in the midguts of ELWs, compared with that in nurse workers (NWs) by RNA-sequencing. Furthermore, the area and number of autophagosomes were increased, along with significantly increased cell death in the midguts of ELWs. Moreover, cell cycle progression in the midguts of ELWs was increased compared with that in NWs. Consistent with the up-regulation of nutrition-related genes, the body and midgut sizes, and the number of intestinal proliferation cells of larvae reared with royal jelly (RJ) obviously increased more than those reared without RJ in vitro. Finally, cell proliferation was dramatically suppressed in the midguts of ELWs when autophagy was inhibited. Altogether, our data suggested that autophagy was induced and required to sustain cell proliferation in ELWs' midguts, thereby revealing the critical role of autophagy played in the intestines during phenotypic plasticity changes.
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11
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Zhang J, Zhao J, Wei S, Huang P, Tu X, Su G, Gan Y, Gong W, Xiang B. Developing and Validating an Autophagy Gene-Set-Based Prognostic Signature in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:8399-8415. [DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s388592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Wei B, Lu F, Kong Q, Huang Y, Huang K, Wu W. Trehalose induces B cell autophagy to alleviate myocardial injury via the AMPK/ULK1 signalling pathway in acute viral myocarditis induced by Coxsackie virus B3. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 146:106208. [PMID: 35381374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VMC) is the main cause of sudden acute heart failure and cardiac death in adolescents; however, treatment for VMC is limited. Trehalose is a natural non-reductive disaccharide that protects against cardiovascular diseases by inducing autophagy. The protective effect of trehalose on VMC and the specific mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we established a VMC mouse model, treated with trehalose in vivo, and cultured B cells from VMC mice with trehalose in vitro to elucidate the effect of trehalose on B cells in acute VMC. Trehalose alleviated myocardial injury in VMC mice and increased the number of autophagosomes, LC3II/LC3I ratio, and expression level of LAMP2, whereas it decreased the expression of p62 in VMC-B cells. Bafilomycin A1 suppressed VMC-B cell autophagy induced by trehalose. At the mechanistic level, trehalose treatment significantly upregulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and ULK1 in VMC-B cells. Dorsomorphin and SBI-0206965 abolished the increased phosphorylation level and altered the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins. In conclusion, trehalose alleviates myocardial inflammatory damage of VMC by inducing B cell autophagy, mediated by the AMPK/ULK1 signalling pathway. Thus, trehalose may be a potentially useful molecule for alleviating myocardial injury in VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Feiyu Lu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanlan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Weifeng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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13
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Chen J, Mao K, Yu H, Wen Y, She H, Zhang H, Liu L, Li M, Li W, Zou F. p38-TFEB pathways promote microglia activation through inhibiting CMA-mediated NLRP3 degradation in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:295. [PMID: 34930303 PMCID: PMC8686293 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), accompanied by accumulation of α-synuclein, chronic neuroinflammation and autophagy dysfunction. Previous studies suggested that misfolded α-synuclein induces the inflammatory response and autophagy dysfunction in microglial cells. The NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the neuroinflammatory process in the central nervous system. However, the relationship between autophagy deficiency and NLRP3 activation induced by α-synuclein accumulation is not well understood. Methods Through immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, ELISA and behavioral tests, we investigated the role of p38-TFEB-NLRP3 signaling pathways on neuroinflammation in the α-synuclein A53T PD models. Results Our results showed that increased protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in the α-synuclein A53T PD models. P38 is activated by overexpression of α-synuclein A53T mutant, which inhibited the master transcriptional activator of autophagy TFEB. And we found that NLRP3 was degraded by chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in microglial cells. Furthermore, p38-TFEB pathways inhibited CMA-mediated NLRP3 degradation in Parkinson's disease. Inhibition of p38 had a protective effect on Parkinson's disease model via suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Moreover, both p38 inhibitor SB203580 and NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 not only prevented neurodegeneration in vivo, but also alleviated movement impairment in α-synuclein A53T-tg mice model of Parkinson’s disease. Conclusion Our research reveals p38-TFEB pathways promote microglia activation through inhibiting CMA-mediated NLRP3 degradation in Parkinson's disease, which could be a potential therapeutic strategy for PD. Graphical abstract p38-TFEB pathways promote microglia activation through inhibiting CMA-mediated NLRP3 degradation in Parkinson's disease. In this model, p38 activates NLRP3 inflammasome via inhibiting TFEB in microglia. TFEB signaling negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome through increasing LAMP2A expression, which binds to NLRP3 and promotes its degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). NLRP3-mediated microglial activation promotes the death of dopaminergic neurons. ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02349-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Chen
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan,, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kanmin Mao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Honglin Yu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yue Wen
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua She
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - He Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan,, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Linhua Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan,, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingque Li
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan,, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
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14
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Barrera MJ, Aguilera S, Castro I, Matus S, Carvajal P, Molina C, González S, Jara D, Hermoso M, González MJ. Tofacitinib counteracts IL-6 overexpression induced by deficient autophagy: implications in Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:1951-1962. [PMID: 33216905 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altered homeostasis of salivary gland (SG) epithelial cells in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) could be the initiating factor that leads to inflammation, secretory dysfunction and autoimmunity. Autophagy is an important homeostatic mechanism, whose deficiency is associated with inflammation and accumulation of Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) components. We aimed to evaluate whether autophagy is altered in labial SG (LSG) epithelial cells from primary SS (pSS) patients and whether this contributes to inflammation through the JAK-STAT pathway. Furthermore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib in autophagy-deficient (ATG5 knockdown) three-dimensional (3D)-acini. METHODS We analysed LSG biopsies from 12 pSS patients with low focus score and 10 controls. ATG5-deficient 3D-acini were generated and incubated with IL-6 in the presence or absence of tofacitinib. Autophagy markers, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and JAK-STAT pathway activation were evaluated by PCR or western blot, along with correlation analyses between the evaluated markers and clinical parameters. RESULTS LSG from pSS patients showed increased p62 and decreased ATG5 expression, correlating negatively with increased activation of JAK-STAT pathway components (pSTAT1 and pSTAT3). Increased expression of STAT1 and IL-6 correlated with EULAR Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index and the presence of anti-Ro antibodies. ATG5-deficient 3D-acini reproduced the findings observed in LSG from pSS patients, showing increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-6, which was reversed by tofacitinib. CONCLUSION Decreased expression of ATG5 in LSG epithelial cells from pSS patients possibly contributes to increased inflammation associated with JAK-STAT pathway activation, as evidenced in ATG5-deficient 3D-acini. Interestingly, these results suggest that tofacitinib could be used as an anti-inflammatory agent in pSS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Castro
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Matus
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Carvajal
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Molina
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio González
- Escuela de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Jara
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hermoso
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Julieta González
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Wang X, Dai C, Yin Y, Wu L, Jin W, Fu Y, Chen Z, Hao K, Lu B. Blocking the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK pathways suppresses the proliferation of gastrointestinal cancers by inducing apoptosis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:492-503. [PMID: 34128372 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated crosstalk between different signaling pathways contributes to tumor development, including resistance to cancer therapy. In the present study, we found that the mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor trametinib failed to suppress the proliferation of PANC-1 and MGC803 cells by activating the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway, while the JAK2 inhibitor fedratinib failed to inhibit the growth of the PANC-1 cells upon stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. In particular, the most prominent enhancement of the anti-proliferative effect resulted from the concurrent blockage of the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways. Furthermore, the combination of the two inhibitors resulted in a reduced tumor burden in mice. Our evidence suggests novel crosstalk between JAK2/STAT3 and ERK signaling in gastric cancer (GC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and provides a therapeutic strategy to overcome potential resistance in gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Chunyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yifei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lin Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Weiyang Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Yufei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Ke Hao
- Research Center of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
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Abstract
The mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) is considered as a critical regulatory enzyme involved in essential signaling pathways affecting cell growth, cell proliferation, protein translation, regulation of cellular metabolism, and cytoskeletal structure. Also, mTOR signaling has crucial roles in cell homeostasis via processes such as autophagy. Autophagy prevents many pathogen infections and is involved on immunosurveillance and pathogenesis. Immune responses and autophagy are therefore key host responses and both are linked by complex mTOR regulatory mechanisms. In recent years, the mTOR pathway has been highlighted in different diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and infectious and parasitic diseases including leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, and malaria. The current review underlines the implications of mTOR signals and intricate networks on pathogen infections and the modulation of this master regulator by parasites. Parasitic infections are able to induce dynamic metabolic reprogramming leading to mTOR alterations in spite of many other ways impacting this regulatory network. Accordingly, the identification of parasite effects and interactions over such a complex modulation might reveal novel information regarding the biology of the abovementioned parasites and might allow the development of therapeutic strategies against parasitic diseases. In this sense, the effects of inhibiting the mTOR pathways are also considered in this context in the light of their potential for the prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases.
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17
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García-Murria MJ, Duart G, Grau B, Diaz-Beneitez E, Rodríguez D, Mingarro I, Martínez-Gil L. Viral Bcl2s' transmembrane domain interact with host Bcl2 proteins to control cellular apoptosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6056. [PMID: 33247105 PMCID: PMC7695858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral control of programmed cell death relies in part on the expression of viral analogs of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) protein known as viral Bcl2s (vBcl2s). vBcl2s control apoptosis by interacting with host pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl2 family. Here, we show that the carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic region of herpesviral and poxviral vBcl2s can operate as transmembrane domains (TMDs) and participate in their homo-oligomerization. Additionally, we show that the viral TMDs mediate interactions with cellular pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 TMDs within the membrane. Furthermore, these intra-membrane interactions among viral and cellular proteins are necessary to control cell death upon an apoptotic stimulus. Therefore, their inhibition represents a new potential therapy against viral infections, which are characterized by short- and long-term deregulation of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jesús García-Murria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Gerard Duart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Brayan Grau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Elisabet Diaz-Beneitez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Mingarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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18
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Abstract
Autophagy is an adaptive catabolic process functioning to promote cell survival in the event of inappropriate living conditions such as nutrient shortage and to cope with diverse cytotoxic insults. It is regarded as one of the key survival mechanisms of living organisms. Cells undergo autophagy to accomplish the lysosomal digestion of intracellular materials including damaged proteins, organelles, and foreign bodies, in a bulk, non-selective or a cargo-specific manner. Studies in the past decades have shed light on the association of autophagy pathways with various diseases and also highlighted the therapeutic value of autophagy modulation. Hence, it is crucial to develop effective approaches for monitoring intracellular autophagy dynamics, as a comprehensive account of methodology establishment is far from complete. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the major current fluorescence-based techniques utilized for visualizing, sensing or measuring autophagic activities in cells or tissues, which are categorized firstly by targets detected and further by the types of fluorescence tools. We will mainly focus on the working mechanisms of these techniques, put emphasis on the insight into their roles in biomedical science and provide perspectives on the challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria 3086, Australia.
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19
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Chadha S, Behl T, Bungau S, Kumar A, Kaur R, Venkatachalam T, Gupta A, Kandhwal M, Chandel D. Focus on the Multimodal Role of Autophagy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Inflammation 2020; 44:1-12. [PMID: 32954452 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy exerts its dual role in eukaryotic cells and exerts its cytoprotective action through degradation mechanism and by regulating catabolic processes which results in elimination of pathogens. Under suitable conditions, autophagy is associated with recycling of cytoplasmic components which causes regeneration of energy whereas deregulated autophagy exerts its implicated role in development and pathogenesis of auto-immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The immune, innate, and adaptive responses are regulated through the development, proliferation, and growth of lymphocytes. Such innate and adaptive responses can act as mediator of arthritis; along with this, stimulation of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption takes place via transferring citrullinated peptides towards MHC (major histocompatibility complex) compartments, thereby resulting in degradation of bone. Processes such as apoptosis resistance are also regulated through autophagy. In this review, the current knowledge based on role of autophagy in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis is summarized along with proteins associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Chadha
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | | | - Amit Gupta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Mimansa Kandhwal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Deepak Chandel
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
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