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Electrochromic shift supports the membrane destabilization model of Tat-mediated transport and shows ion leakage during Sec transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018122118. [PMID: 33723047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018122118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism and pore architecture of the Tat complex during transport of folded substrates remain a mystery, partly due to rapid dissociation after translocation. In contrast, the proteinaceous SecY pore is a persistent structure that needs only to undergo conformational shifts between "closed" and "opened" states when translocating unfolded substrate chains. Where the proteinaceous pore model describes the SecY pore well, the toroidal pore model better accounts for the high-energy barrier that must be overcome when transporting a folded substrate through the hydrophobic bilayer in Tat transport. Membrane conductance behavior can, in principle, be used to distinguish between toroidal and proteinaceous pores, as illustrated in the examination of many antimicrobial peptides as well as mitochondrial Bax and Bid. Here, we measure the electrochromic shift (ECS) decay as a proxy for conductance in isolated thylakoids, both during protein transport and with constitutively assembled translocons. We find that membranes with the constitutively assembled Tat complex and those undergoing Tat transport display conductance characteristics similar to those of resting membranes. Membranes undergoing Sec transport and those with the substrate-engaged SecY pore result in significantly more rapid electric field decay. The responsiveness of the ECS signal in membranes with active SecY recalls the steep relationship between applied voltage and conductance in a proteinaceous pore, while the nonaccelerated electric field decay with both Tat transport and the constitutive Tat complex under the same electric field is consistent with the behavior of a toroidal pore.
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Evlard A, Sergeant K, Ferrandis S, Printz B, Renaut J, Guignard C, Paul R, Hausman JF, Campanella B. Physiological and proteomic responses of different willow clones (Salix fragilis x alba) exposed to dredged sediment contaminated by heavy metals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2014; 16:1148-1169. [PMID: 24933908 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2013.821448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High biomass producing species are considered as tools for remediation of contaminated soils. Willows (Salix spp.) are prominent study subjects in this regard. In this study, different willow clones (Salix fragilis x alba) were planted on heavy-metal polluted dredging sludge. A first objective was assessment of the biomass production for these clones. Using a Gupta statistic, four clones were identified as high biomass producers (HBP). For comparison, a group of four clones with lowest biomass production were selected (LBP). A second objective was to compare metal uptake as well as the physiological and proteomic responses of these two groups. All these complementary data's allow us to have a better picture of the health of the clones that would be used in phytoremediation programs. Cd, Zn, and Ni total uptake was higher in the HBPs but Pb total uptake was higher in LBPs. Our proteomic and physiological results showed that the LBPs were able to maintain cellular activity as much as the HBPs although the oxidative stress response was more pronounced in the LBPs. This could be due to the high Pb content found in this group although a combined effect of the other metals cannot be excluded.
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Degradation of PsbO by the Deg protease HhoA Is thioredoxin dependent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45713. [PMID: 23029195 PMCID: PMC3446894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely distributed members of the Deg/HtrA protease family play an important role in the proteolysis of misfolded and damaged proteins. Here we show that the Deg protease rHhoA is able to degrade PsbO, the extrinsic protein of the Photosystem II (PSII) oxygen-evolving complex in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and in spinach. PsbO is known to be stable in its oxidized form, but after reduction by thioredoxin it became a substrate for recombinant HhoA (rHhoA). rHhoA cleaved reduced eukaryotic (specifically, spinach) PsbO at defined sites and created distinct PsbO fragments that were not further degraded. As for the corresponding prokaryotic substrate (reduced PsbO of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803), no PsbO fragments were observed. Assembly to PSII protected PsbO from degradation. For Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, our results show that HhoA, HhoB, and HtrA are localized in the periplasma and/or at the thylakoid membrane. In agreement with the idea that PsbO could be a physiological substrate for Deg proteases, part of the cellular fraction of the three Deg proteases of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (HhoA, HhoB, and HtrA) was detected in the PSII-enriched membrane fraction.
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The extrinsic proteins of Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:121-42. [PMID: 21801710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we examine the structure and function of the extrinsic proteins of Photosystem II. These proteins include PsbO, present in all oxygenic organisms, the PsbP and PsbQ proteins, which are found in higher plants and eukaryotic algae, and the PsbU, PsbV, CyanoQ, and CyanoP proteins, which are found in the cyanobacteria. These proteins serve to optimize oxygen evolution at physiological calcium and chloride concentrations. They also shield the Mn(4)CaO(5) cluster from exogenous reductants. Numerous biochemical, genetic and structural studies have been used to probe the structure and function of these proteins within the photosystem. We will discuss the most recent proposed functional roles for these components, their structures (as deduced from biochemical and X-ray crystallographic studies) and the locations of their proposed binding domains within the Photosystem II complex. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Popelkova H, Yocum CF. PsbO, the manganese-stabilizing protein: Analysis of the structure–function relations that provide insights into its role in photosystem II. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:179-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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6
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Pobeguts OV, Smolova TN, Timoshevsky DS, Klimov VV. Interaction of bicarbonate with the manganese-stabilizing protein of photosystem II. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2010; 100:30-7. [PMID: 20466559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of reversible removal of HCO(3)(-) on structural re-arrangements in the Mn-stabilizing protein (MSP) of photosystem II, isolated from pea leaves, was studied using measurements of characteristic alterations in fluorescence of hydrophobic probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonic acid (ANS). It was shown that the treatments capable of removal of HCO(3)(-) (or CO(2)) from possible binding sites in MSP (pH lowering from 6.5 to 3.5, addition of a structurally similar anion HCO(3)(-) in concentration 1-20mM or air evacuation at pH 3.5) result in a significant (up to 370%) increase of ANS fluorescence (indicative of structural changes in MSP), whereas HCO(3)(-) lowers the ANS fluorescence to the initial level observed in untreated protein at pH 6.5. Since the effects are revealed at (sub)micromolar concentrations of HCO(3)(-), the specific high-affinity binding of HCO(3)(-) (or CO(2)) to MSP (required for its native structure preservation) is proposed. Possible bicarbonate binding sites and its physiological role within the water-oxidizing complex of photosystem II are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Pobeguts
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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7
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Pineda M, Sajnani C, Barón M. Changes induced by the Pepper mild mottle tobamovirus on the chloroplast proteome of Nicotiana benthamiana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 103:31-45. [PMID: 19823941 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the chloroplast proteome of Nicotiana benthamiana using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry followed by a database search. In order to improve the resolution of the two-dimensional electrophoresis gels, we have made separate maps for the low and the high pH range. At least 200 spots were detected. We identified 72 polypeptides, some being isoforms of different multiprotein families. In addition, changes in this chloroplast proteome induced by the infection with the Spanish strain of the Pepper mild mottle virus were investigated. Viral infection induced the down-regulation of several chloroplastidic proteins involved in both the photosynthetic electron-transport chain and the Benson-Calvin cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pineda
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, (CSIC) C/Profesor Albareda no. 1, C.P. 18008 Granada, Spain
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8
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Williamson AK. Structural and functional aspects of the MSP (PsbO) and study of its differences in thermophilic versus mesophilic organisms. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:365-89. [PMID: 18780158 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Manganese Stabilizing Protein (MSP) of Photosystem II (PSII) is a so-called extrinsic subunit, which reversibly associates with the other membrane-bound PSII subunits. The MSP is essential for maximum rates of O(2) production under physiological conditions as stabilizes the catalytic [Mn(4)Ca] cluster, which is the site of water oxidation. The function of the MSP subunit in the PSII complex has been extensively studied in higher plants, and the structure of non-PSII associated MSP has been studied by low-resolution biophysical techniques. Recently, crystal structures of PSII from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus have resolved the MSP subunit in its PSII-associated state. However, neither any crystal structure is available yet for MSP from mesophilic organisms, higher plants or algae nor has the non-PSII associated form of MSP been crystallized. This article reviews the current understanding of the structure, dynamics, and function of MSP, with a particular focus on properties of the MSP from T. elongatus that may be attributable to the thermophilic ecology of this organism rather than being general features of MSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele K Williamson
- Research School of Biological Sciences, the Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.
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Miqyass M, van Gorkom HJ, Yocum CF. The PSII calcium site revisited. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 92:275-87. [PMID: 17235491 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-006-9124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of H2O by photosystem II is a unique redox reaction in that it requires Ca2+ as well as Cl- as obligatory activators/cofactors of the reaction, which is catalyzed by Mn atoms. The properties of the binding site for Ca2+ in this reaction resemble those of other Ca2+ binding proteins, and recent X-ray structural data confirm that the metal is in fact ligated at least in part by amino acid side chain oxo anions. Removal of Ca2+ blocks water oxidation chemistry at an early stage in the cycle of redox reactions that result in O-O bond formation, and the intimate involvement of Ca2+ in this reaction that is implied by this result is confirmed by an ever-improving set of crystal structures of the cyanobacterial enzyme. Here, we revisit the photosystem II Ca2+ site, in part to discuss the additional information that has appeared since our earlier review of this subject (van Gorkom HJ, Yocum CF In: Wydrzynski TJ, Satoh K (eds) Photosystem II: the light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase), and also to reexamine earlier data, which lead us to conclude that all S-state transitions require Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miqyass
- Department of Biophysics, Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, Leiden, RA 2300, The Netherlands
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Lundin B, Hansson M, Schoefs B, Vener AV, Spetea C. The Arabidopsis PsbO2 protein regulates dephosphorylation and turnover of the photosystem II reaction centre D1 protein. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 49:528-39. [PMID: 17217465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The extrinsic photosystem II (PSII) protein of 33 kDa (PsbO), which stabilizes the water-oxidizing complex, is represented in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) by two isoforms. Two T-DNA insertion mutant lines deficient in either the PsbO1 or the PsbO2 protein were retarded in growth in comparison with the wild type, while differing from each other phenotypically. Both PsbO proteins were able to support the oxygen evolution activity of PSII, although PsbO2 was less efficient than PsbO1 under photoinhibitory conditions. Prolonged high light stress led to reduced growth and fitness of the mutant lacking PsbO2 as compared with the wild type and the mutant lacking PsbO1. During a short period of treatment of detached leaves or isolated thylakoids at high light levels, inactivation of PSII electron transport in the PsbO2-deficient mutant was slowed down, and the subsequent degradation of the D1 protein was totally inhibited. The steady-state levels of in vivo phosphorylation of the PSII reaction centre proteins D1 and D2 were specifically reduced in the mutant containing only PsbO2, in comparison with the mutant containing only PsbO1 or with wild-type plants. Phosphorylation of PSII proteins in vitro proceeded similarly in thylakoid membranes from both mutants and wild-type plants. However, dephosphorylation of the D1 protein occurred much faster in the thylakoids containing only PsbO2. We conclude that the function of PsbO1 in Arabidopsis is mostly in support of PSII activity, whereas the interaction of PsbO2 with PSII regulates the turnover of the D1 protein, increasing its accessibility to the phosphatases and proteases involved in its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Lundin
- Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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van Gorkom HJ, Yocum CF. The Calcium and Chloride Cofactors. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-4254-x_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Pérez-Bueno ML, Rahoutei J, Sajnani C, García-Luque I, Barón M. Proteomic analysis of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II under biotec stress: Studies on Nicotiana benthamiana infected with tobamoviruses. Proteomics 2004; 4:418-25. [PMID: 14760711 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that tobamovirus infection induces an inhibition of photosystem II electron transport, disturbing the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). In the infected plants, the OEC polypeptide pattern was modified when compared to healthy plants, the levels of the PsbP and PsbQ extrinsic proteins being lowered to different extents. In this work we have further investigated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) the changes on the OEC protein pattern of thylakoid membranes isolated from Nicotiana benthamiana Domin plants infected with the Spanish strain of pepper mild mottle virus. When the thylakoid membranes from healthy plants were analyzed for the presence of PsbO and PsbP proteins by 2-DE (pI range 4-7) and further immunoassayed by using specific-antisera against these two proteins, it was observed that four polypeptides cross-reacted with each antiserum. These data, along with the N-terminal amino acid sequence determined for the eight polypeptides, indicate that the N. benthamiana PsbO and PsbP proteins correspond to protein families. In the silver-stained 2-DE gels of thylakoid membranes isolated at different days postinoculation from virus-infected plants, it was observed that the content of PsbP polypeptides decreased dramatically with respect to those of PsbO, during the progress of the infection. Interestingly, there was a differential decrease of the different PsbP proteins, indicative of a distinct regulation of their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Pérez-Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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Murakami R, Ifuku K, Takabayashi A, Shikanai T, Endo T, Sato F. Characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with impaired psbO, one of two genes encoding extrinsic 33-kDa proteins in photosystem II. FEBS Lett 2002; 523:138-42. [PMID: 12123820 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 33-kDa protein component of the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II is essential for photosynthesis, and it has been believed that mutants with deletion of this 33-kDa protein are not found in higher plants. We report here the first isolation of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with a defect in one of the genes for the 33-kDa proteins, psbO, and an intact gene (psbO2). This mutant showed considerable growth retardation, suggesting that there is a functional difference between psbO and psbO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Murakami
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
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Tohri A, Suzuki T, Okuyama S, Kamino K, Motoki A, Hirano M, Ohta H, Shen JR, Yamamoto Y, Enami I. Comparison of the structure of the extrinsic 33 kDa protein from different organisms. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:429-39. [PMID: 11978871 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The psbO gene encoding the extrinsic 33 kDa protein of oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PSII) complex was cloned and sequenced from a red alga, Cyanidium caldarium. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 333 residues, of which the first 76 residues served as transit peptides for transfer across the chloroplast envelope and thylakoid membrane. The mature protein consists of 257 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 28,290 Da. The sequence homology of the mature 33 kDa protein was 42.9-50.8% between the red alga and cyanobacteria, and 44.7-48.6% between the red alga and higher plants. The cloned gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was purified, subjected to protease-treatments. The cleavage sites of the 33 kDa protein by chymotrypsin or V8 protease were determined and compared among a cyanobacterium (Synechococcus elongatus), a euglena (Euglena gracilis), a green alga (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) and two higher plants (Spinacia oleracea and Oryza sativa). The cleavage sites by chymotrypsin were at 156F and 190F for the cyanobacterium, 159M, 160F and 192L for red alga, 11Y and 151F for euglena, 10Yand 150F for green alga, and 16Y for spinach, respectively. The cleavage sites by V8 protease were at 181E (cyanobacterium), 182E and 195E (red alga), 13E, 67E, 69E, 153D and 181E (euglena), 176E and 180E (green alga), and 18E or 19E (higher plants). Since most of the residues at these cleavage sites were conserved among the six organisms, the results indicate that the structure of the 33 kDa protein, at least the structure based on the accessibility by proteases, is different among these organisms. In terms of the cleavage sites, the structure of the 33 kDa protein can be divided into three major groups: cyanobacterial and red algal-type has cleavage sites at residues around 156-195, higher plant-type at residues 16-19, and euglena and green algal-type at residues of both cyanobacterial and higher plant-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Tohri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science University of Tokyo, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601 Japan
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Inagaki J, Fujita Y, Hase T, Yamamoto Y. Protein translocation within chloroplast is similar in Euglena and higher plants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 277:436-42. [PMID: 11032741 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is currently thought that chloroplasts of higher plants were derived from endosymbiont oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (primary endosymbiosis), while Euglena, a photosynthetic protista, gained chloroplasts by secondary endosymbiosis (i.e., incorporation of a photosynthetic eukaryote into heterotrophic eukaryotic host). To examine if the protein transport inside chloroplasts is similar between these organisms, we carried out heterologous protein import experiments with Euglena precursor proteins and spinach chloroplasts. The precursor of a 30-kDa subunit of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC30) from the thylakoid lumen of Euglena chloroplasts contained the N-terminal signal, stroma targeting, and thylakoid transfer domains. Truncated preOEC30s lacking the N-terminal domain were post-translationally imported into spinach chloroplasts, transported into the thylakoid lumen, and processed to a mature protein. These results showed that protein translocations within chloroplasts in Euglena and higher plants are similar and supported the hypothesis that Euglena chloroplasts are derived from the ancestral Chlorophyta.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Inagaki
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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16
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Kieselbach T, Bystedt M, Hynds P, Robinson C, Schröder WP. A peroxidase homologue and novel plastocyanin located by proteomics to the Arabidopsis chloroplast thylakoid lumen. FEBS Lett 2000; 480:271-6. [PMID: 11034343 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A study by two-dimensional electrophoresis showed that the soluble, lumenal fraction of Arabidopsis thaliana thylakoids can be resolved into 300 protein spots. After subtraction of low-intensity spots and accounting for low-level stromal contamination, the number of more abundant, lumenal proteins was estimated to be between 30 and 60. Two of these proteins have been identified: a novel plastocyanin that also was the predominant component of the total plastocyanin pool, and a putative ascorbate peroxidase. Import studies showed that these proteins are routed to the thylakoid lumen by the Sec- and delta pH-dependent translocation pathways, respectively. In addition, novel isoforms of PsbO and PsbQ were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kieselbach
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medical Nutrition, Huddinge, Sweden
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17
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Tramontini LS, McColl S, Hilary Evans E. Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)-binding and a putative calmodulin type Ca(2+)-binding site in Synechococcus Photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1996; 50:233-241. [PMID: 24271962 DOI: 10.1007/bf00033122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/1996] [Accepted: 11/15/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoids and Photosystem II particles prepared from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942 washed with a HEPES/glycerol buffer exhibited low rates of light-induced oxygen evolution. Addition of either Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) to both thylakoids and Photosystem II particles increased oxygen evolution independently, maximal rates being obtained by addition of both ions. If either preparation was washed with NaCl, light induced O2 evolution was completely inhibited, but re-activated in the same manner by Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) but to a lower level. In the presence of Mg(2+), the reactivation of O2 evolution by Ca(2+) allowed sigmoid kinetics, implying co-operative binding. The results are interpreted as indicating that not only Ca(2+), but also Mg(2+), is essential for light-induced oxygen evolution in thylakoids and Photosystem II particles from Synechococcus PC 7942. The significance of the reactivation kinetics is discussed. Reactivation by Ca(2+) was inhibited by antibodies to mammalian calmodulin, indicating that the binding site in Photosystem II may be analogous to that of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Tramontini
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, L3 2AF, Liverpool, UK
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seidler
- Séction de Bioénergétique (CNRS URA 1290), Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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19
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Zhang LX, Liang HG, Wang J, Li WR, Yu TZ. Fluorescence and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic studies on the role of disulfide bond in the calcium binding in the 33 kDa protein of Photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1996; 48:379-384. [PMID: 24271478 DOI: 10.1007/bf00029470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/1995] [Accepted: 03/19/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The 33 kDa protein of Photosystem II has one intrachain disulfide bond. Fluorescence spectroscopy shows that the major groups in the protein that bind to Ca(2+) should be the carboxylic side groups of glutamic acid and/or aspartic acid. Fluorescence and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies indicate that the conformation of the 33 kDa protein is altered upon reduction, while the reduced protein still retains the secondary structure. FTIR spectroscopy also shows that the metal ions induce a relative decrease of unordered structure and β-sheet, and a substantial increase of α-helix in both the intact and the reduced 33 kDa protein. This indicates that the addition of cations results in a much more compact structure and that both the intact and the reduced 33 kDa proteins have the ability to bind calcium. The above results may suggest that the disulfide bridge is not essential for calcium binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L X Zhang
- Department of Biology, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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Xu Q, Nelson J, Bricker TM. Secondary structure of the 33 kDa, extrinsic protein of Photosystem II: a far-UV circular dichroism study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1188:427-31. [PMID: 7803456 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The 33 kDa extrinsic protein of Photosystem II is an important component of the oxygen-evolving apparatus which functions to stabilize the manganese cluster at physiological chloride concentrations and to lower the calcium requirement for oxygen evolution. Chou-Fasman analysis of the amino-acid sequence of this protein suggests that this component contains a high proportion of alpha-helical structure and only relatively small amounts of beta-sheet structure. A computational study using more sophisticated techniques (Beauregard, M. (1992) Environ. Exp. Bot. 32, 411-429) concluded that the protein contained little periodically ordered secondary structure. In this study, we have directly measured the relative proportions of secondary structure present in the 33 kDa protein using far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy. Our results indicate that, in solution, this protein contains a large proportion of beta-sheet structure (38%) and relatively small amounts of alpha-helical structure (9%). A structural model of the 33 kDa protein based on a constrained Chou-Fasman analysis (Teeter, M.M. and Whitlow, M (1988) Proteins 4, 262-273) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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21
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Abstract
We have previously used single-cell assays in a phytochrome-deficient tomato mutant to demonstrate that phytochrome signaling involves heterotrimeric G proteins, calcium, and calmodulin. While G protein activation could stimulate full chloroplast development and anthocyanin pigment biosynthesis, calcium and calmodulin could not induce anthocyanins and were only able to stimulate the development of immature chloroplasts lacking cytochrome b6f and photosystem I core components. We now report that cyclic GMP is able to trigger the production of anthocyanins, and that a combination of cyclic GMP with calcium can induce the development of fully mature chloroplasts containing all the photosynthetic machinery. Furthermore, using reporter genes for these different pathways (cab-gus, chs-gus, and fnr-gus) we demonstrate that cGMP and calcium act primarily by modulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bowler
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021-6399
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Shigemori Y, Inagaki J, Mori H, Nishimura M, Takahashi S, Yamamoto Y. The presequence of the precursor to the nucleus-encoded 30 kDa protein of photosystem II in Euglena gracilis Z includes two hydrophobic domains. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 24:209-215. [PMID: 8111018 DOI: 10.1007/bf00040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone for the extrinsic 30 kDa protein (OEC30) of photosystem II in Euglena gracilis Z was isolated and characterized. The open reading frame of the cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 338 amino acids, which consisted of a long presequence of 93 amino acids and a mature polypeptide of 245 amino acids. Two hydrophobic domains were identified in the presequence, in contrast to the presence of a single hydrophobic domain in the presequence of the corresponding proteins from higher plants. At the N- and C-terminal regions, respectively, of the presequence, a signal-peptide-like sequence and a thylakoid-transfer domain were identified. The presence of a long and unique presequence in the precursor to OEC30 is probably related to the complexity of the intracellular processes required for the synthesis and/or transport of the protein in Euglena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shigemori
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Japan
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Yamamoto Y, Tsuji H, Obokata J. Structure and expression of a nuclear gene for the PSI-D subunit of photosystem I in Nicotiana sylvestris. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 22:985-94. [PMID: 8400141 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The PSI-D subunit is the ferredoxin-binding site of photosystem I, and is encoded by the nuclear gene psaD. We isolated a psaD genomic clone from Nicotiana sylvestris, by screening a genomic library with a psaD cDNA which we previously cloned from N. sylvestris (Yamamoto et al., Plant Mol Biol 17: 1251, 1991). Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that this genomic clone contains a psaD gene, which does not correspond to the psaD cDNA, so we designated these genes psaDb and psaDa, respectively. The psaDb clone encodes a protein of 214 amino acids uninterrupted by introns. The N-terminal sequence determined for the N. sylvestris PSI-D protein encoded by psaDb begins at the 49th residue. The products of psaDa and psaDb share 82.7% and 79.5% identity at the amino acid and nucleotide levels, respectively. Genomic Southern analysis showed that two copies of psaD are present in the N. sylvestris genome. Ribonuclease protection assays and immunoblot analysis in N. sylvestris indicate that both genes are expressed in leaves, stems and flower buds, but neither is expressed in roots. During leaf development, the ratio of psaDb to psaDa mRNA increases from 0.12 in leaf buds to 0.36 in mature leaves. The relative abundance of the corresponding proteins decreased over the same developmental period. These results indicate that differential regulation mechanisms control psaDa and psaDb expression at both the mRNA and protein levels during leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamamoto
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Miura K, Shimazu T, Motoki A, Kanai S, Hirano M, Katoh S. Nucleotide sequence of the Mn-stabilizing protein gene of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1172:357-60. [PMID: 8448216 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the psbO gene encoding the extrinsic 33 kDa protein (the Mn-stabilizing protein) from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence consisted of 272 residues; 26 for the signal peptide and 246 for the mature protein. The amino acid sequences of nine proteolytic peptides from the isolated protein completely agreed with the deduced amino acid sequence. Several unique variations of amino acids were found in the primary structure, of which some may be related to the high thermostability of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miura
- Biological Sciences Department, Toray Research Center, Inc., Kamakura, Japan
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Kuroda I, Inagaki J, Yamamoto Y. Precursor of the nuclear-encoded extrinsic 30 kDa protein in photosystem II of Euglena gracilis Z is not a polyprotein. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 21:171-176. [PMID: 7678760 DOI: 10.1007/bf00039627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyprotein-type precursors have been reported for the nuclear-encoded proteins such as the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and the apoproteins of light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein (LHC) in Euglena. We report here that the precursor of the extrinsic 30 kDa protein of photosystem II (PS II) encoded by nuclear DNA is not a polyprotein. The precursor was identified as a 45 kDa protein by immunoprecipitation of in vitro translation products of mRNA and by a pulse-chase experiment. It is probable that the structure of the precursor of the nuclear-encoded protein in Euglena chloroplast is closely related to the feature of assembly, as well as of transport, of the protein in chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kuroda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Japan
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Vermaas WF, Styring S, Schröder WP, Andersson B. Photosynthetic water oxidation: The protein framework. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1993; 38:249-263. [PMID: 24317979 DOI: 10.1007/bf00046750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/1993] [Accepted: 08/30/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20 protein subunits are associated with the PS II complex, not counting subunits of peripheral light-harvesting antenna complexes. However, it is not yet established which proteins specifically are involved in the water-oxidation process. Much evidence supports the concept that the D1/D2 reaction center heterodimer not only plays a central role in the primary photochemistry of Photosystem II, but also is involved in electron donation to P680 and in ligation of the manganese cluster. This evidence includes (a) the primary donor to P680 has been shown to be a redox-active tyrosyl residue (Tyr161) in the D1 protein, and (b) site-directed mutagenesis and computer-assisted modeling of the reaction center heterodimer have suggested several sites with a possible function in manganese ligation. These include Asp170, Gln165 and Gln189 of the D1 protein and Glu69 of the D2 protein as well as the C-terminal portion of the mature D1 protein. Also, hydrophilic loops of the chlorophyll-binding protein CP43 that are exposed at the inner thylakoid surface could be essential for the water-splitting process.In photosynthetic eukaryotes, three lumenal extrinsic proteins, PS II-O (33 kDa), PS II-P (23 kDa) and PS II-Q (16 kDa), influence the properties of the manganese cluster without being involved in the actual catalysis of water oxidation. The extrinsic proteins together may have multiple binding sites to the integral portion of PS II, which could be provided by the D1/D2 heterodimer and CP47. A major role for the PS II-O protein is to stabilize the manganese cluster. Most experimental evidence favors a connection of the PS II-P protein with binding of the Cl(-) and Ca(2+) ions required for the water oxidation, while the PS II-Q protein seems to be associated only with the Cl(-) requirement. The two latter proteins are not present in PS II of prokaryotic organisms, where their functions may be replaced by a 10-12 kDa subunit and a newly discovered low-potential cytochrome c-550.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Vermaas
- Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Xu Q, Bricker T. Structural organization of proteins on the oxidizing side of photosystem II. Two molecules of the 33-kDa manganese-stabilizing proteins per reaction center. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Debus RJ. The manganese and calcium ions of photosynthetic oxygen evolution. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1102:269-352. [PMID: 1390827 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90133-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 970] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Debus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside 92521-0129
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30
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Larsson KH, Napier JA, Gray JC. Import and processing of the precursor form of the gamma subunit of the chloroplast ATP synthase from tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1992; 19:343-9. [PMID: 1535803 DOI: 10.1007/bf00027359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding the complete precursor of the gamma subunit of chloroplast ATP synthase has been isolated from a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf cDNA library in lambda gt11. The 1.4 kb insert encodes a polypeptide of 377 amino acid residues, of which 55 residues constitute an N-terminal presequence and 322 residues make up the mature gamma subunit. Hybridisation of the cDNA to Southern blots of tobacco genomic DNA indicates the presence of two genes in the haploid genome. Transcription and translation of the cDNA in vitro produced a protein of 41 kDa which was imported by isolated pea chloroplasts and processed to the mature 36 kDa subunit. The gamma subunit precursor was processed to the mature size by a processing peptidase of 180 kDa present in pea stromal extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Larsson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK
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32
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Cline K, Ettinger WF, Theg SM. Protein-specific energy requirements for protein transport across or into thylakoid membranes. Two lumenal proteins are transported in the absence of ATP. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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33
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Douwe de Boer A, Weisbeek PJ. Chloroplast protein topogenesis: import, sorting and assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1071:221-53. [PMID: 1958688 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(91)90015-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Douwe de Boer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yocum CF. Calcium activation of photosynthetic water oxidation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Philbrick J, Diner B, Zilinskas B. Construction and characterization of cyanobacterial mutants lacking the manganese-stabilizing polypeptide of photosystem II. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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36
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Takahashi H, Ehara Y, Hirano H. A protein in the oxygen-evolving complex in the chloroplast is associated with symptom expression on tobacco leaves infected with cucumber mosaic virus strain Y. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 16:689-98. [PMID: 1868202 DOI: 10.1007/bf00023433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular basis of symptom expression in virus-infected plants, the changes in proteins between tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Ky57, leaves inoculated with cucumber mosaic virus strain Y [CMV(Y)] and strain O [CMV(O)], were compared by 2-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. The appearance of chlorotic spots in CMV(Y)-inoculated tobacco leaves accompanied an increase of 3 polypeptides and a decrease in 6 polypeptides, as compared with those in the CMV(O)-inoculated tobacco which showed no clear symptoms. The decrease in the amounts of two polypeptides of 22 and 23 kDa was particularly significant: these two polypeptides were compared with a 24 kDa polypeptide, which co-migrated with them in 2-D gel electrophoresis but did not clearly decrease at an early stage of infection, as well as major other proteins of CMV(Y)-inoculated tobacco leaves. However, the 22, 23 and 24 kDa polypeptides showed the same peptide mapping pattern. Furthermore, the 12 amino acid residues at N-termini of the three polypeptides match those of the extrinsic 23 kDa polypeptide of an oxygen-evolving complex from spinach. A comparative analysis of the 22, 23 and 24 kDa polypeptides in N. tabacum and its ancestral parents, N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis, revealed that the 22 kDa polypeptide derives from N. sylvestris and the 23 kDa polypeptide from N. tomentosiformis; the 24 kDa polypeptide derives from both ancestral Nicotiana species. The results indicate that the polypeptides whose amounts differentially decrease with the progress of symptom expression in N. tabacum inoculated with CMV(Y) are one component of the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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37
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Bauerle C, Dorl J, Keegstra K. Kinetic analysis of the transport of thylakoid lumenal proteins in experiments using intact chloroplasts. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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