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Li R, Zou J, Sun D, Jing Y, Wu D, Lian M, Teng W, Zhan Y, Li W, Zhao X, Han Y. Fine-Mapping and Functional Analyses of a Candidate Gene Controlling Isoflavone Content in Soybeans Seed. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:865584. [PMID: 35548294 PMCID: PMC9084227 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.865584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones, one of the most important secondary metabolites produced by soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), are important for a variety of biological processes, and are beneficial for human health. To identify genetic loci underlying soybean isoflavone content, a mapping population containing 119 F5:18 recombinant inbred lines, derived by crossing soybean cultivar "Zhongdou27" with "Dongong8004," was used. We identified 15 QTLs associated with isoflavone contents. A novel loci, qISO19-1, was mapped onto soybean chromosome 19 and was fine-mapped to a 62.8 kb region using a BC2F2 population. We considered GmMT1 as a candidate gene for the qISO19-1 locus due to the significant positive correlation recovered between its expression level and isoflavone content in the seeds of 43 soybean germplasms. Overexpression of GmMT1 in Arabidopsis and soybean cultivars increased isoflavone contents. Transgenic soybeans overexpressing GmMT1 also exhibited improved resistance to pathogenic infection, while transgenic Arabidopsis resisted salt and drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jing
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Depeng Wu
- College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, China
| | - Ming Lian
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Weili Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingpeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Herz HM, Garruss A, Shilatifard A. SET for life: biochemical activities and biological functions of SET domain-containing proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:621-39. [PMID: 24148750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Martin Herz
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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Huang J, Berger SL. The emerging field of dynamic lysine methylation of non-histone proteins. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008; 18:152-8. [PMID: 18339539 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein structure and function. Lysine methylation abundantly decorates histone proteins and has recently been detected on non-histone proteins. In particular, the tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53 has provided a model for lysine methylation on a non-histone protein. As found for histones, lysine methylation is dynamic and can be reversed by demethylation. Lysine methylation regulates function via several distinct mechanisms. Methyl lysine provides docking sites for binding of effector proteins. Methylation can serve to inhibit alternate PTMs on the same lysine residue. In addition, lysine can be monomethylated, dimethylated, or trimethylated, and these levels of methylation correlate with distinct genomic locations and functions. Taking into account combinatorial activity with numerous other PTMs, lysine methylation provides enormous functional diversity and regulatory complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19087, United States
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Magnani R, Nayak NR, Mazarei M, Dirk LMA, Houtz RL. Polypeptide substrate specificity of PsLSMT. A set domain protein methyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:27857-64. [PMID: 17635932 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702069200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubisco large subunit methyltransferase (PsLSMT) is a SET domain protein responsible for the trimethylation of Lys-14 in the large subunit of Rubisco. The polypeptide substrate specificity determinants for pea Rubisco large subunit methyltransferase were investigated using a fusion protein construct between the first 23 amino acids from the large subunit of Rubisco and human carbonic anhydrase II. A total of 40 conservative and non-conservative amino acid substitutions flanking the target Lys-14 methylation site (positions P(-3) to P(+3)) were engineered in the fusion protein. The catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of PsLSMT was determined using each of the substitutions and a polypeptide consensus recognition sequence deduced from the results. The consensus sequence, represented by X-(Gly/Ser)-(Phe/Tyr)-Lys-(Ala/Lys/Arg)-(Gly/Ser)-pi, where X is any residue, Lys is the methylation site, and pi is any aromatic or hydrophobic residue, was used to predict potential alternative substrates for PsLSMT. Four chloroplast-localized proteins were identified including gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (gamma-TMT). In vitro methylation assays using PsLSMT and a bacterially expressed form of gamma-TMT from Perilla frutescens confirmed recognition and methylation of gamma-TMT by PsLSMT in vitro. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the PsLSMT homologue (NtLSMT) in transgenic tobacco plants resulted in a 2-fold decrease of alpha-tocopherol, the product of gamma-TMT. The results demonstrate the efficacy of consensus sequence-driven identification of alternative substrates for PsLSMT as well as identification of functional attributes of protein methylation catalyzed by LSMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Magnani
- Department of Horticulture, Plant Physiology/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, USA
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Dirk LMA, Trievel RC, Houtz RL. 7 Non-histone protein lysine methyltransferases: Structure and catalytic roles. Enzymes 2007; 24:179-228. [PMID: 26718041 DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(06)80009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-histone protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) represent an exceptionally diverse and large group of PKMTs. Even accepting the possibility of multiple protein substrates, if the number of different proteins with methylated lysyl residues and the number of residues modified is indicative of individual PKMTs there are well over a hundred uncharacterized PKMTs. Astoundingly, only a handful of PKMTs have been studied, and of these only a few with identifiable and well-characterized structure and biochemical properties. Four representative PKMTs responsible for trimethyllysyl residues in ribosomal protein LI 1, calmodulin, cytochrome c, and Rubisco are herein examined for enzymological properties, polypeptide substrate specificity, functional significance, and structural characteristics. Although representative of non-histone PKMTs, and enzymes for whichcollectively there is a large amount of information, individually each of the PKMTs discussed in this chapter suffers from a lack of at least some critical information. Other than the obvious commonality in the AdoMet substrate cofactor and methyl group transfer, these enzymes do not have common structural features, polypeptide substrate specificity, or protein sequence. However, there may be a commonality that supports the hypothesis that methylated lysyl residues act as global determinants regulating specific protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette M A Dirk
- Department of Horticulture University of Kentucky 407 Plant Science Building Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Raymond C Trievel
- Department of Biological Chemistry University of Michigan Medical School Medical Science Building 1 Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert L Houtz
- Department of Horticulture University of Kentucky 407 Plant Science Building Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Davis MJ, Ying Z. Development of Papaya Breeding Lines with Transgenic Resistance to Papaya ringspot virus. PLANT DISEASE 2004; 88:352-358. [PMID: 30812613 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2004.88.4.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya) was transformed via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with four constructs containing either the unmodified or modified coat protein (CP) gene of Florida isolate H1K of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). The CP genes were in the sense orientation (S-CP), antisense orientation (AS-CP), sense orientation with a frame-shift mutation (FS-CP), or sense orientation mutated with three-in-frame stop codons (SC-CP). In all, 256 putative transgenic lines with the CP constructs were inoculated mechanically with PRSV H1K. None of the lines was immune to PRSV; however, highly resistant lines were found in each CP transgene group. For breeding purposes, 21 PRSV-resistant lines representing the four transgene constructs were selected and crossed with six papaya genotypes. The lines from the FS-CP and SC-CP transgene groups were highly fertile, but those from the S-CP and AS-CP transgene groups were practically infertile. Plants derived from 54 crosses and representing 17 transgenic lines were planted in the field. After 1 year in the field, 293 of the 1,258 the plants (23.3%) became naturally infected with PRSV; whereas, 29 of 30 of the nontransgenic control plants (96.7%) became infected. The incidence of PRSV infection varied in the R1 progeny depending on both the transgenic line and the nontransgenic parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Tropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead 33031
| | - Zhentu Ying
- Tropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead 33031
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Houtz RL, Portis AR. The life of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase--posttranslational facts and mysteries. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 414:150-8. [PMID: 12781766 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The life of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), from gene to protein to irreplaceable component of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, has successfully served as a model for a number of essential cellular processes centered on protein chemistry and amino acid modifications. Once translated, the two subunits of Rubisco undergo a myriad of co- and posttranslational modifications accompanied by constant interactions with structurally modifying enzymes. Even after final assembly, the essential role played by Rubisco in photosynthetic CO2 assimilation is dependent on continuous conformation modifications by Rubisco activase. Rubisco is also continuously assaulted by various environmental factors, resulting in its turnover and degradation by processes that appear to be enhanced during plant senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Houtz
- Department of Horticulture, Plant Physiology/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology Program, N322D Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
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The Methyltransferase Gene Superfamily: A Tree with Multiple Branches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-9920(00)80012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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Ying Z, Mulligan RM, Janney N, Houtz RL. Rubisco small and large subunit N-methyltransferases. Bi- and mono-functional methyltransferases that methylate the small and large subunits of Rubisco. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:36750-6. [PMID: 10593982 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.51.36750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco)is methylated at the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal methionine of the processed form of the small subunit (SS), and at the epsilon-amino group of lysine-14 of the large subunit (LS) in some species. The Rubisco LS methyltransferase (LSMT) gene has been cloned and expressed from pea and specifically methylates lysine-14 of the LS of Rubisco. We determine here that both pea and tobacco Rubisco LSMT also exhibit (alpha)N-methyltransferase activity toward the SS of Rubisco, suggesting that a single gene product can produce a bifunctional protein methyltransferase capable of catalyzing both (alpha)N-methylation of the SS and (epsilon)N-methylation of the LS. A homologue of the Rubisco LSMT gene (rbcMT-S) has also been identified in spinach that is closely related to Rubisco LSMT sequences from pea and tobacco. Two mRNAs are produced from rbcMT-S, and both long and short forms of the spinach cDNAs were expressed in Escherichia coli cells and shown to catalyze methylation of the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal methionine of the SS of Rubisco. Thus, the absence of lysine-14 methylation in species like spinach is apparently a consequence of a monofunctional protein methyltransferase incapable of methylating Lys-14, with activity limited to methylation of the SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ying
- Plant Physiology/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology Program, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091, USA
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Kato M, Mizuno K, Fujimura T, Iwama M, Irie M, Crozier A, Ashihara H. Purification and characterization of caffeine synthase from tea leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:579-86. [PMID: 10364410 PMCID: PMC59297 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.2.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/1999] [Accepted: 03/14/1999] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine synthase (CS), the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent N-methyltransferase involved in the last two steps of caffeine biosynthesis, was extracted from young tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves; the CS was purified 520-fold to apparent homogeneity and a final specific activity of 5.7 nkat mg-1 protein by ammonium sulfate fractionation and hydroxyapatite, anion-exchange, adenosine-agarose, and gel-filtration chromatography. The native enzyme was monomeric with an apparent molecular mass of 61 kD as estimated by gel-filtration chromatography and 41 kD as analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme displayed a sharp pH optimum of 8.5. The final preparation exhibited 3- and 1-N-methyltransferase activity with a broad substrate specificity, showing high activity toward paraxanthine, 7-methylxanthine, and theobromine and low activity with 3-methylxanthine and 1-methylxanthine. However, the enzyme had no 7-N-methyltransferase activity toward xanthosine and xanthosine 5'-monophosphate. The Km values of CS for paraxanthine, theobromine, 7-methylxanthine, and S-adenosylmethionine were 24, 186, 344, and 21 microM, respectively. The possible role and regulation of CS in purine alkaloid biosynthesis in tea leaves are discussed. The 20-amino acid N-terminal sequence for CS showed little homology with other methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kato
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Related αN- and εN-Methyltransferases Methylate the Large and Small Subunits of Rubisco. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03542990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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