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Zhang C, Hou Y, Hao Q, Chen H, Chen L, Yuan S, Shan Z, Zhang X, Yang Z, Qiu D, Zhou X, Huang W. Genome-wide survey of the soybean GATA transcription factor gene family and expression analysis under low nitrogen stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125174. [PMID: 25886477 PMCID: PMC4401516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA transcription factors are transcriptional regulatory proteins that contain a characteristic type-IV zinc finger DNA-binding domain and recognize the conserved GATA motif in the promoter sequence of target genes. Previous studies demonstrated that plant GATA factors possess critical functions in developmental control and responses to the environment. To date, the GATA factors in soybean (Glycine max) have yet to be characterized. Thus, this study identified 64 putative GATA factors from the entire soybean genomic sequence. The chromosomal distributions, gene structures, duplication patterns, phylogenetic tree, tissue expression patterns, and response to low nitrogen stress of the 64 GATA factors in soybean were analyzed to further investigate the functions of these factors. Results indicated that segmental duplication predominantly contributed to the expansion of the GATA factor gene family in soybean. These GATA proteins were phylogenetically clustered into four distinct subfamilies, wherein their gene structure and motif compositions were considerably conserved. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of the GATA factor zinc finger domain sequences in soybean, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and rice (Oryza sativa) revealed four major classes. The GATA factors in soybean exhibited expression diversity among different tissues; some of these factors showed tissue-specific expression patterns. Numerous GATA factors displayed upregulation or downregulation in soybean leaf in response to low nitrogen stress, and two GATA factors GATA44 and GATA58 were likely to be involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in soybean. Overexpression of GmGATA44 complemented the reduced chlorophyll phenotype of the Arabidopsis ortholog AtGATA21 mutant, implying that GmGATA44 played an important role in modulating chlorophyll biosynthesis. Overall, our study provides useful information for the further analysis of the biological functions of GATA factors in soybean and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingnan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Limiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Songli Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Shan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonglu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dezhen Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Prosser IM, Massonneau A, Smyth AJ, Waterhouse RN, Forde BG, Clarkson DT. Nitrate assimilation in the forage legume Lotus japonicus L. PLANTA 2006; 223:821-34. [PMID: 16200407 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate assimilation in the model legume, Lotus japonicus, has been investigated using a variety of approaches. A gene encoding a nitrate-inducible nitrate reductase (NR) has been cloned and appears to be the only NR gene present in the genome. Most of the nitrate reductase activity (NRA) is found in the roots and the plant assimilates the bulk of its nitrogen in that tissue. We calculate that the observed rates of nitrate reduction are compatible with the growth requirement for reduced nitrogen. The NR mRNA, NRA and the nitrate content do not show a strong diurnal rhythm in the roots and assimilation continues during the dark period although export of assimilated N to the shoot is lower during this time. In shoots, the previous low NR activity may be further inactivated during the dark either by a phosphorylation mechanism or due to reduced nitrate flux coincident with a decreased delivery through the transpiration stream. From nitrate-sufficient conditions, the removal of nitrate from the external medium causes a rapid drop in hydraulic conductivity and a decline in nitrate and reduced-N export. Root nitrate content, NR and nitrate transporter (NRT2) mRNA decline over a period of 2 days to barely detectable levels. On resupply, a coordinated increase of NR and NRT2 mRNA, and NRA is seen within hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Prosser
- Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Integrated Plant Physiology Group, Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, UK.
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Lexa M, Genkov T, Brzobohatý B. Inhibitory effects of elevated endogenous cytokinins on nitrate reductase in ipt-expressing tobacco are eliminated by short-term exposure to benzyladenine. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 115:284-290. [PMID: 12060247 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1150215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using a novel system for expressing ipt gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Petit Havana SR1), we were able to grow seedlings and teratoma-like tissue with increased content of cytokinins. This material enabled us to investigate new regulatory aspects of nitrate reduction. We grew control plants and plants with elevated cytokinins on MS media, with or without nitrate and benzyladenine (BA). We determined in vitro nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) activity (NRA) in this plant material. Initially, we found that ipt-expressing plants always displayed lowered levels of NRA when compared to wild-type SR1 plants. We determined that long-term exposure of tobacco plants and tissue to cytokinins caused up to 60% decrease in NRA. Exposure to 40 mM nitrate was able to induce the activity in such plants 3-fold, increasing the activity in SR1 plants more than 5-fold. We were able to restore wild-type levels of NRA in ipt-expressing plants by simultaneous induction of NR with BA and nitrate. Our results suggest that regulation of NR by nitrate and cytokinin is a result of overlaying cytokinin-driven regulatory processes, with those acting in the short-term having a positive effect on NRA, and those acting over extended periods of time having inhibitory effects on NRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Lexa
- Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Masaryk University Brno, Faculty of Science, Kotlárská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
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