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Villao-Uzho L, Chávez-Navarrete T, Pacheco-Coello R, Sánchez-Timm E, Santos-Ordóñez E. Plant Promoters: Their Identification, Characterization, and Role in Gene Regulation. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1226. [PMID: 37372407 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the strategies to overcome diseases or abiotic stress in crops is the use of improved varieties. Genetic improvement could be accomplished through different methods, including conventional breeding, induced mutation, genetic transformation, or gene editing. The gene function and regulated expression through promoters are necessary for transgenic crops to improve specific traits. The variety of promoter sequences has increased in the generation of genetically modified crops because they could lead to the expression of the gene responsible for the improved trait in a specific manner. Therefore, the characterization of the promoter activity is necessary for the generation of biotechnological crops. That is why several analyses have focused on identifying and isolating promoters using techniques such as reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), genetic libraries, cloning, and sequencing. Promoter analysis involves the plant genetic transformation method, a potent tool for determining the promoter activity and function of genes in plants, contributing to understanding gene regulation and plant development. Furthermore, the study of promoters that play a fundamental role in gene regulation is highly relevant. The study of regulation and development in transgenic organisms has made it possible to understand the benefits of directing gene expression in a temporal, spatial, and even controlled manner, confirming the great diversity of promoters discovered and developed. Therefore, promoters are a crucial tool in biotechnological processes to ensure the correct expression of a gene. This review highlights various types of promoters and their functionality in the generation of genetically modified crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Villao-Uzho
- Biotechnological Research Center of Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Gustavo Galindo Campus Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
| | - Tatiana Chávez-Navarrete
- Biotechnological Research Center of Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Gustavo Galindo Campus Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
| | - Ricardo Pacheco-Coello
- Biotechnological Research Center of Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Gustavo Galindo Campus Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Sánchez-Timm
- Biotechnological Research Center of Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Gustavo Galindo Campus Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
- Faculty of Life Sciences, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Gustavo Galindo Campus Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
| | - Efrén Santos-Ordóñez
- Biotechnological Research Center of Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Gustavo Galindo Campus Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
- Faculty of Life Sciences, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Gustavo Galindo Campus Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
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Karami Z, Duangmal K. Health Promoting and Functional Activities of Peptides from Vigna Bean and Common Bean Hydrolysates: Process to Increase Activities and Challenges. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2122988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Karami
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kiattisak Duangmal
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Emerging Processes for Food Functionality Design Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Orona-Tamayo D, Valverde ME, Paredes-López O. Bioactive peptides from selected latin american food crops – A nutraceutical and molecular approach. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1949-1975. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1434480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domancar Orona-Tamayo
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados de Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, CP
| | - María Elena Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados de Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, CP
| | - Octavio Paredes-López
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados de Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, CP
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Jolliffe NA, Di Cola A, Marsden CJ, Lord JM, Ceriotti A, Frigerio L, Roberts LM. The N-terminal ricin propeptide influences the fate of ricin A-chain in tobacco protoplasts. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:23377-85. [PMID: 16774920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602678200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant toxin ricin is synthesized in castor bean seeds as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeted precursor. Removal of the signal peptide generates proricin in which the mature A- and B-chains are joined by an intervening propeptide and a 9-residue propeptide persists at the N terminus. The two propeptides are ultimately removed in protein storage vacuoles, where ricin accumulates. Here we have demonstrated that the N-terminal propeptide of proricin acts as a nonspecific spacer to ensure efficient ER import and glycosylation. Indeed, when absent from the N terminus of ricin A-chain, the non-imported material remained tethered to the cytosolic face of the ER membrane, presumably by the signal peptide. This species appeared toxic to ribosomes. The propeptide does not, however, influence catalytic activity per se or the vacuolar targeting of proricin or the rate of retrotranslocation/degradation of A-chain in the cytosol. The likely implications of these findings to the survival of the toxin-producing tissue are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Jolliffe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The mechanism for vacuolar sorting of seed storage proteins is as yet poorly understood and no receptor has been identified to date. The homotrimeric glycoprotein phaseolin, which is the major storage protein of the common bean, requires a transient tetrapeptide at the C-terminus for its vacuolar sorting. A mutated construct without the tetrapeptide is secreted. We show here that coexpression of wild-type phaseolin and the mutated, secreted form in transgenic tobacco results in the formation of mixed trimers and partial vacuolar delivery of the mutated polypeptides and partial secretion of wild-type polypeptides. This indicates that the sorting signal has a cumulative effect within a phaseolin trimer. The result is discussed in the light of the hypothesized mechanisms for vacuolar sorting of seed storage proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Holkeri
- Istituto Biosintesi Vegetali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Katsube T, Kang IJ, Takenaka Y, Adachi M, Maruyama N, Morisaki T, Utsumi S. N-glycosylation does not affect assembly and targeting of proglycinin in yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1379:107-17. [PMID: 9468338 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycinin, a simple protein, and beta-conglycinin, a glycoprotein, are the dominant storage proteins of soybean and are suggested to be derived from a common ancestor. To investigate why glycinin does not require glycosylation for its maturation, we attempted N-glycosylation of proglycinin A1aB1b using site-directed mutagenesis and yeast expression system. An N-glycosylation consensus sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr was created at positions 103, 183, 196, 284 and 457 in the variable regions being strongly hydrophilic revealed from the alignment of amino acid sequences of various glycinin-type proteins. Among five mutant proglycinins (Q103N, H183N, G198T, S284N, N459T), Q103N was fully glycosylated, and H183N and N459T were partly (around 20% of the expressed proteins), whereas others were barely or not glycosylated. The glycosylated proglycinin was susceptible to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosamidase and N-glycanase cleavages. N-glycosylation did not cause inconveniences to processing of signal peptide, assembly into trimers and targeting into the vacuoles. Thermal and trypsin sensitivity analyses of the glycosylated proglycinin suggested that N-linked glycan prevents protein-protein interaction but does not stabilize the protein conformation. The reason why glycinin does not require N-glycosylation for its maturation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Katsube
- Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
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The Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Embryo Storage Proteins. ADVANCES IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8909-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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van der Geest AH, Hall TC. A 68 bp element of the beta-phaseolin promoter functions as a seed-specific enhancer. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 32:579-88. [PMID: 8980510 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In beans, expression of the beta-phaseolin gene (phas), encoding the major seed storage protein of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is confined to the cotyledons of developing embryos. Phaseolin has not been detected in the endosperm, which remains liquid and is lost early in development. However, fusion constructs between the phas promoter and the gus-coding region yield expression in both embryo and endosperm of developing seeds from transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. Although elements extending 1470 bp upstream of the transcription start site are known to modulate phas expression, the proximal 295 bp (p295) are sufficient to drive high levels of seed-specific GUS activity. This region was dissected into three elements: a 68 bp element (seed specific enhancer, SSE: -295 to -227), a middle region (-227 to -109) and a basal phas promoter (-109 to +20: p109). Different promoter constructs containing the SSE or middle region upstream of p109 or a CaMV 35S basal promoter (-64 to +6) were fused to gus. Each construct was expressed in seed, but not in vegetative tissues. Use of the various phas promoter regions yielded notable differences in relative GUS activity in embryo or endosperm. Addition of both the SSE and middle region resulted in higher activity than the sum of adding either element alone to p109, indicating synergistic interaction between these elements. Seeds from plants transformed with the proximal 227 bp of promoter (p227) showed embryo-specific GUS activity. In contrast, constructs containing two copies of the SSE element were preferentially expressed in the endosperm. These results illustrate the modular nature of the proximal phas promoter, where distinct elements contribute to high levels of expression in different parts of the seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H van der Geest
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-3155, USA
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Dyer JM, Nelson JW, Murai N. Extensive modifications for methionine enhancement in the beta-barrels do not alter the structural stability of the bean seed storage protein phaseolin. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1995; 14:665-78. [PMID: 8747427 DOI: 10.1007/bf01886905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Common beans are widely utilized as a food source, yet are low in the essential amino acid methionine. As an initial step to overcome this defect the methionine content of the primary bean seed storage protein phaseolin was increased by replacing 20 evolutionarily variant hydrophobic residues with methionine and inserting short, methionine-rich sequences into turn and loop regions of the protein structure. Methionine enhancement ranged from 5 to 30 residues. An Escherichia coli expression system was developed to characterize the structural stability of the mutant proteins. Proteins of expected sizes were obtained for all constructs except for negative controls, which were rapidly degraded in E. coli. Thermal denaturation of the purified proteins demonstrated that both wild-type and mutant phaseolin proteins denatured reversibly at approximately 61 degrees C. In addition, urea denaturation experiments of the wild-type and a mutant protein (with 30 additional methionines) confirmed that the structural stability of the proteins was very similar. Remarkably, these results indicate that the phaseolin protein tolerates extensive modifications, including 20 substitutions and two loop inserts for methionine enhancement in the beta-barrel and loop structures, with extremely small effects on protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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Chapter 9 N-Glycosylation of Plant Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
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Kjemtrup S, Herman EM, Chrispeels MJ. Correct post-translational modification and stable vacuolar accumulation of phytohemagglutinin engineered to contain multiple methionine residues. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 226:385-91. [PMID: 8001556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb20063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Most legume seed storage proteins are deficient in sulfur amino acids. In this study, we demonstrate that replacing specific amino acid residues of a seed protein with methionine residues at positions known to be occupied by methionine residues in homologous proteins, is an effective strategy to create methionine-enriched seed proteins. Mutant phytohemagglutinin polypeptides with three or four methionine residues were found to undergo correct post-translational modifications in transformed cultured tobacco cells and to accumulate stably in the protein storage vacuoles of transgenic tobacco seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kjemtrup
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego 92093-0116
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Duranti M, Scarafoni A, Gius C, Negri A, Faoro F. Heat-induced synthesis and tunicamycin-sensitive secretion of the putative storage glycoprotein conglutin gamma from mature lupin seeds. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 222:387-93. [PMID: 8020476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SDS/PAGE, immune blotting with specific antibodies and amino acid sequence analyses revealed that 90% of the protein released from Lupinus albus seeds incubated in water at 60 degrees C for about 3 h was conglutin gamma, a putative storage glycoprotein already present in the protein bodies of mature seeds. Incorporation of [14C]leucine into the protein demonstrated that conglutin gamma was newly synthesized during the treatment and the use of protein synthesis inhibitors ruled out the secretion of constitutive conglutin gamma. Synthesis and secretion took place only over a narrow temperature range, 57.5-62.5 degrees C, and in a short time interval, 135-180 min, of incubation of the seed. The amount of secreted conglutin gamma, i.e. 1 mg/seed, was about three times that present inside the treated or untreated seed. Secreted conglutin gamma contained covalently linked carbohydrate as well as the constitutive protein. Inhibition of the glycosylation by tunicamycin did not affect conglutin gamma synthesis, but prevented its secretion from the seed, as indicated by quantifying conglutin gamma remaining in the seed. An accumulation of the protein outside the protein bodies and at the cotyledonary cell periphery was shown in these samples by immunocytochemistry. Peptide mapping of the fragments obtained by incubation of constitutive and secreted conglutin gamma with trypsin and pepsin revealed no difference between the two proteins. Lupin seeds were still viable after the treatment. However no similarities between conglutin gamma and heat-shock proteins were observed either in the amino acid sequence or other molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duranti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Italy
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Sturm A, Bergwerff AA, Vliegenthart JF. 1H-NMR structural determination of the N-linked carbohydrate chains on glycopeptides obtained from the bean lectin phytohemagglutinin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 204:313-6. [PMID: 1740144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin, the lectin of the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris, is a N-linked glycoprotein with one high-mannose-type and one xylose-containing oligosaccharide side chain per polypeptide. The high-mannose-type glycan is attached to Asn12 and the complex-type glycan to Asn60 [Sturm, A. & Chrispeels, M. J. (1986) Plant Physiol. 81, 320-322]. The structures of the oligosaccharides were elucidated from two glycopeptides obtained from the lectin by Pronase digestion, affinity chromatography on concanavalin-A--Sepharose and gel-filtration chromatography on a column of BioGel P-4. The N-linked glycan structures were investigated by 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy and were established to be: [formula; see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sturm
- Friedrich Miescher-Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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