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Misra AN, Vladkova R, Singh R, Misra M, Dobrikova AG, Apostolova EL. Action and target sites of nitric oxide in chloroplasts. Nitric Oxide 2014; 39:35-45. [PMID: 24731839 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule in plants under physiological and stress conditions. Here we review the influence of NO on chloroplasts which can be directly induced by interaction with the photosynthetic apparatus by influencing photophosphorylation, electron transport activity and oxido-reduction state of the Mn clusters of the oxygen-evolving complex or by changes in gene expression. The influence of NO-induced changes in the photosynthetic apparatus on its functions and sensitivity to stress factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra N Misra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 435020, India.
| | - Radka Vladkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Ranjeet Singh
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 435020, India
| | - Meena Misra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 435020, India
| | - Anelia G Dobrikova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Emilia L Apostolova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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Roberts AG, Gregor W, Britt RD, Kramer DM. Acceptor and donor-side interactions of phenolic inhibitors in Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1604:23-32. [PMID: 12686418 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(03)00021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Certain phenolic compounds represent a distinct class of Photosystem (PS) II Q(B) site inhibitors. In this paper, we report a detailed study of the effects of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) and other phenolic inhibitors, bromoxynil and dinoseb, on PS II energetics. In intact PS II, phenolic inhibitors bound to only 90-95% of Q(B) sites even at saturating concentrations. The remaining PS II reaction centers (5-10%) showed modified Q(A) to Q(B) electron transfer but were sensitive to urea/triazine inhibitors. The binding of phenolic inhibitors was 30- to 300-fold slower than the urea/triazine class of Q(B) site inhibitors, DCMU and atrazine. In the sensitive centers, the S(2)Q(A)(-) state was 10-fold less stable in the presence of phenolic inhibitors than the urea/triazine herbicides. In addition, the binding affinity of phenolic herbicides was decreased 10-fold in the S(2)Q(A)(-) state than the S(1)Q(A) state. However, removal of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) and associated extrinsic polypeptides by hydroxylamine (HA) washing abolished the slow binding kinetics as well as the destabilizing effects on the charge-separated state. The S(2)-multiline electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal and the 'split' EPR signal, originating from the S(2)Y(Z) state showed no significant changes upon binding of phenolic inhibitors at the Q(B) site. We thus propose a working model where Q(A) redox potential is lowered by short-range conformational changes induced by phenolic inhibitor binding at the Q(B) niche. Long-range effects of HA-washing eliminate this interaction, possibly by allowing more flexibility in the Q(B) site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur G Roberts
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Stadium Way, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive molecule involved in diverse physiological functions in plants. Here we demonstrate that NO is capable of regulating the activity of photophosphorylation in chloroplasts. The electron transport activity in photosystem II determined from chlorophyll a fluorescence was inhibited by NO. NO also inhibited light-induced DeltapH formation across the thylakoid membrane. High concentrations of nitrite and nitrate did not show such inhibitory effects, suggesting that the inhibition is not due to uncoupling effects of the oxidized products of NO. ATP synthesis activity upon illumination was severely inhibited by NO (IC(50)=0.7 microM). The inhibition was found to be temporary and the activity was completely recovered by removing NO. Bovine hemoglobin and bicarbonate were effective in preventing NO-dependent inhibition of photophosphorylation. These results indicate that NO is a reversible inhibitor of photosynthetic ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Functional Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan
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van Rensen JJ, Tonk WJ, de Bruijn SM. Involvement of bicarbonate in the protonation of the secondary quinone electron acceptor of photosystem II via the non-haem iron of the quinone-iron acceptor complex. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)81452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Binding of carboxylate anions at the non-heme Fe(II) of PS II. I. Effects on the Q−AFe2+ and QAFe3+ EPR spectra and the redox properties of the iron. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vermaas W, Vass I, Eggers B, Styring S. Mutation of a putative ligand to the non-heme iron in Photosystem II: implications for QA reactivity, electron transfer, and herbicide binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Koulougliotis D, Kostopoulos T, Petrouleas V, Diner BA. Evidence for CN− binding at the PS II non-heme Fe2+. Effects on the EPR signal for Q−AFe2+ and on QAQB electron transfer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90053-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sundby C, Schiött T. Characterization of the reversible state of photoinhibition occurring in vitro under anaerobic conditions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1992; 33:195-202. [PMID: 24408663 DOI: 10.1007/bf00030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/1991] [Accepted: 03/16/1992] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoid membranes were subjected to photoinhibitory illumination. The use of oxygen-consuming enzymes to obtain strictly anaerobic conditions showed that while the absence of oxygen is a prerequisite for the formation of a reversibly photoinhibited state, the presence of oxygen is required for the recovery in the dark. The formation of the reversibly photoinhibited state did not protect the thylakoid membranes against irreversible damage. The effects of both bicarbonate and formate were found to be qualitatively different for photoinhibition under strictly anaerobic conditions compared to the effects observed under normal aerobic photoinhibition. It is suggested that there are two different mechanisms of photoinhibition, occurring to different extent under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively, involving QA in both cases, but the QB-site in the former only.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sundby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
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Hansson O, Wydrzynski T. Current perceptions of Photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 23:131-162. [PMID: 24421057 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/1989] [Accepted: 06/05/1989] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years our knowledge of the structure and function of Photosystem II in oxygen-evolving organisms has increased significantly. The biochemical isolation and characterization of essential protein components and the comparative analysis from purple photosynthetic bacteria (Deisenhofer, Epp, Miki, Huber and Michel (1984) J Mol Biol 180: 385-398) have led to a more concise picture of Photosystem II organization. Thus, it is now generally accepted that the so-called D1 and D2 intrinsic proteins bind the primary reactants and the reducing-side components. Simultaneously, the nature and reaction kinetics of the major electron transfer components have been further clarified. For example, the radicals giving rise to the different forms of EPR Signal II have recently been assigned to oxidized tyrosine residues on the D1 and D2 proteins, while the so-called Q400 component has been assigned to the ferric form of the acceptor-side iron. The primary charge-separation has been meaured to take place in about 3 ps. However, despite all recent major efforts, the location of the manganese ions and the water-oxidation mechanism still remain largely unknown. Other topics which lately have received much attention include the organization of Photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane and the role of lipids and ionic cofactors like bicarbonate, calcium and chloride. This article attempts to give an overall update in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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Diner BA, Petrouleas V. Formation by NO of nitrosyl adducts of redox components of the Photosystem II reaction center. II. Evidence that HCO−3/CO2 binds to the acceptor-side non-heme iron. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90225-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Eaton-Rye JJ, Govindjee. Electron transfer through the quinone acceptor complex of Photosystem II after one or two actinic flashes in bicarbonate-depleted spinach thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Garab G, Rozsa Z, Govindjee. Carbon dioxide affects charge accumulation in leaves. Naturwissenschaften 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00361289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Electron transfer through the quinone acceptor complex of Photosystem II in bicarbonate-depleted spinach thylakoid membranes as a function of actinic flash number and frequency. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Janssen LH, Van Hasselt PR. Temperature-induced alterations of in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence induction in cucumber as affected by DCMU. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 15:153-162. [PMID: 24430860 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/1987] [Accepted: 10/05/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Induction of chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthesis as affected by temperature were measured in cucumber leaf discs. Abrupt changes of the maximal variable fluorescence, Fv(p), and photosynthesis were observed around 9° and 21°C when the temperature was decreased from 30° to 0°C. The temperature-dependent maximal fluorescence of DCMU-treated leaf discs showed a single change around 21°C. Temperature-induced chlorophyll a fluorescence alterations are discussed in relation to electron transport activity of the two photosystems and photosynthetic activity of the cucumber leaf discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Janssen
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA, Haren, The Netherlands
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Blubaugh DJ. The molecular mechanism of the bicarbonate effect at the plastoquinone reductase site of photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 19:85-128. [PMID: 24425370 DOI: 10.1007/bf00114571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/1987] [Accepted: 03/30/1988] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for some time that bicarbonate reverses the inhibition, by formate under HCO3 (-)-depletion conditions, of electron transport in thylakoid membranes. It has been shown that the major effect is on the electron acceptor side of photosystem II, at the site of plastoquinone reduction. After presenting a historical introduction, and a minireview of the bicarbonate effect, we present a hypothesis on how HCO3 (-) functions in vivo as (a) a proton donor to the plastoquinone reductase site in the D1-D2 protein; and (b) a ligand to Fe(2+) in the QA-Fe-QB complex that keeps the D1-D2 proteins in their proper functional conformation. They key points of the hypothesis are: (1) HCO3 (-) forms a salt bridge between Fe(2+) and the D2 protein. The carboxyl group of HCO3 (-) is a bidentate ligand to Fe(2+), while the hydroxyl group H-bonds to a protein residue. (2) A second HCO3 (-) is involved in protonating a histidine near the QB site to stabilize the negative charge on QB. HCO3 (-) provides a rapidly available source of H(+) for this purpose. (3) After donation of a H(+), CO3 (2-) is replaced by another HCO3 (-). The high pKa of CO3 (2-) ensures rapid reprotonation from the bulk phase. (4) An intramembrane pool of HCO3 (-) is in equilibrium with a large number of low affinity sites. This pool is a H(+) buffering domain functionally connecting the external bulk phase with the quinones. The low affinity sites buffer the intrathylakoid [HCO3 (-)] against fluctuations in the intracellular CO2. (5) Low pH and high ionic strength are suggested to disrupt the HCO3 (-) salt bridge between Fe(2+) and D2. The resulting conformational change exposes the intramembrane HCO3 (-) pool and low affinity sites to the bulk phase.Two contrasting hypotheses for the action of formate are: (a) it functions to remove bicarbonate, and the low electron transport left in such samples is due to the left-over (or endogenous) bicarbonate in the system; or (b) bicarbonate is less of an inhibitor and so appears to relieve the inhibition by formate. Hypothesis (a) implies that HCO3 (-) is an essential requirement for electron transport through the plastoquinones (bound plastoquinones QA and QB and the plastoquinone pool) of photosystem II. Hypothesis (b) implies that HCO3 (-) does not play any significant role in vivo. Our conclusion is that hypothesis (a) is correct and HCO3 (-) is an essential requirement for electron transport on the electron acceptor side of PS II. This is based on several observations: (i) since HCO3 (-), not CO2, is the active species involved (Blubaugh and Govindjee 1986), the calculated concentration of this species (220 μM at pH 8, pH of the stroma) is much higher than the calculated dissociation constant (Kd) of 35-60 μM; thus, the likelihood of bound HCO3 (-) in ambient air is high; (ii) studies on HCO3 (-) effect in thylakoid samples with different chlorophyll concentrations suggest that the "left-over" (or "endogenous") electron flow in bicarbonate-depleted chloroplasts is due to "left-over" (or endogenous) HCO3 (-) remaining bound to the system (Blubaugh 1987).
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Blubaugh
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Illinois, 289 Morrill Hall, 505, South Goodwin Avenue, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
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Ireland CR, Baker NR, Long SP. Evidence for a physiological role of CO2 in the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport in intact leaves. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Eaton-Rye JJ. Electron transfer through photosystem II acceptors: Interaction with anions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 10:365-379. [PMID: 24435384 DOI: 10.1007/bf00118302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present an overview of anionic interactions with the oxidation-reduction reactions of photosystem II (PSII) acceptors. In section 1, a framework is laid for the electron acceptor side of PSII: the overview begins with a current scheme of the electron transport pathway and of the localization of components in the thylakoid membrane, which is followed by a brief description of the electron acceptor Q or QA and the various heterogeneities associated with it. In section 2, we review briefly the nature of the active species of the bicarbonate (HCO3 (-)) effect, the location of the site of action of HCO3 (-), and its relationship to interactions with other anions. In section 3, we review data on the anion effects on the reoxidation of QA (-) and on the various reactions involved in the two-electron gate mechanism of PSII, and provide a hypothesis as to the action of HCO3 (-) on the protonation reactions. New data obtained by one of us (G) in collaboration with J.J.S. van Rensen, J.F.H Snel and W. Tonk for HCO3 (-)-depleted thylakoids, demonstrating the abolition of the binary oscillations contained within the periodicity of 4 observed for proton release, are also reviewed. In section 4, we comment on the measured binding constant of HCO3 (-) at the anion binding site. And, in section 5, we review our current concept of the mechanism of the HCO3 (-) effect on the electron acceptor side of PSII, and comment on the possible physiological roles for HCO3 (-). Measurements of HCO3 (-) reversible anionic inhibition in intact cells of a green alga Scenedesmus are also reviewed.
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