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Torregrosa-Crespo J, Montero Z, Fuentes JL, Reig García-Galbis M, Garbayo I, Vílchez C, Martínez-Espinosa RM. Exploring the Valuable Carotenoids for the Large-Scale Production by Marine Microorganisms. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E203. [PMID: 29890662 PMCID: PMC6025630 DOI: 10.3390/md16060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are among the most abundant natural pigments available in nature. These pigments have received considerable attention because of their biotechnological applications and, more importantly, due to their potential beneficial uses in human healthcare, food processing, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. These bioactive compounds are in high demand throughout the world; Europe and the USA are the markets where the demand for carotenoids is the highest. The in vitro synthesis of carotenoids has sustained their large-scale production so far. However, the emerging modern standards for a healthy lifestyle and environment-friendly practices have given rise to a search for natural biocompounds as alternatives to synthetic ones. Therefore, nowadays, biomass (vegetables, fruits, yeast and microorganisms) is being used to obtain naturally-available carotenoids with high antioxidant capacity and strong color, on a large scale. This is an alternative to the in vitro synthesis of carotenoids, which is expensive and generates a large number of residues, and the compounds synthesized are sometimes not active biologically. In this context, marine biomass has recently emerged as a natural source for both common and uncommon valuable carotenoids. Besides, the cultivation of marine microorganisms, as well as the downstream processes, which are used to isolate the carotenoids from these microorganisms, offer several advantages over the other approaches that have been explored previously. This review summarizes the general properties of the most-abundant carotenoids produced by marine microorganisms, focusing on the genuine/rare carotenoids that exhibit interesting features useful for potential applications in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Torregrosa-Crespo
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology division, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Zaida Montero
- Algal Biotechnology Group, University of Huelva, CIDERTA and Faculty of Science, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Parque Huelva Empresarial S/N, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Juan Luis Fuentes
- Algal Biotechnology Group, University of Huelva, CIDERTA and Faculty of Science, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Parque Huelva Empresarial S/N, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Manuel Reig García-Galbis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Atacama, Copayapu 2862, CP 1530000 Copiapó, Chile.
| | - Inés Garbayo
- Algal Biotechnology Group, University of Huelva, CIDERTA and Faculty of Science, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Parque Huelva Empresarial S/N, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Carlos Vílchez
- Algal Biotechnology Group, University of Huelva, CIDERTA and Faculty of Science, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Parque Huelva Empresarial S/N, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology division, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Welc R, Luchowski R, Grudzinski W, Puzio M, Sowinski K, Gruszecki WI. A Key Role of Xanthophylls That Are Not Embedded in Proteins in Regulation of the Photosynthetic Antenna Function in Plants, Revealed by Monomolecular Layer Studies. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:13056-13064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b10393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Welc
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafal Luchowski
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Grudzinski
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michal Puzio
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Karol Sowinski
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wieslaw I. Gruszecki
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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Janik E, Bednarska J, Zubik M, Sowinski K, Luchowski R, Grudzinski W, Matosiuk D, Gruszecki WI. The xanthophyll cycle pigments, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, modulate molecular organization of the photosynthetic antenna complex LHCII. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 592:1-9. [PMID: 26773208 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, two main carotenoids of the xanthophyll cycle, on molecular organization of LHCII, the principal photosynthetic antenna complex of plants, was studied in a model system based on lipid-protein membranes, by means of analysis of 77 K chlorophyll a fluorescence and "native" electrophoresis. Violaxanthin was found to promote trimeric organization of LHCII, contrary to zeaxanthin which was found to destabilize trimeric structures. Moreover, violaxanthin was found to induce decomposition of oligomeric LHCII structures formed in the lipid phase and characterized by the fluorescence emission band at 715 nm. Both pigments promoted formation of two-component supramolecular structures of LHCII and xanthophylls. The violaxanthin-stabilized structures were composed mostly of LHCII trimers while, the zeaxanthin-stabilized supramolecular structures of LHCII showed more complex organization which depended periodically on the xanthophyll content. The effect of the xanthophyll cycle pigments on molecular organization of LHCII was analyzed based on the results of molecular modeling and discussed in terms of a physiological meaning of this mechanism. Supramolecular structures of LHCII stabilized by violaxanthin, prevent uncontrolled oligomerization of LHCII, potentially leading to excitation quenching, therefore can be considered as structures protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against energy loses at low light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Janik
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Bednarska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Zubik
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Karol Sowinski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland; Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafal Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Grudzinski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Wieslaw I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland.
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Payyavula RS, Navarre DA, Kuhl JC, Pantoja A, Pillai SS. Differential effects of environment on potato phenylpropanoid and carotenoid expression. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:39. [PMID: 22429339 PMCID: PMC3342224 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant secondary metabolites, including phenylpropanoids and carotenoids, are stress inducible, have important roles in potato physiology and influence the nutritional value of potatoes. The type and magnitude of environmental effects on tuber phytonutrients is unclear, especially under modern agricultural management that minimizes stress. Understanding factors that influence tuber secondary metabolism could facilitate production of more nutritious crops. Metabolite pools of over forty tuber phenylpropanoids and carotenoids, along with the expression of twenty structural genes, were measured in high-phenylpropanoid purple potatoes grown in environmentally diverse locations in North America (Alaska, Texas and Florida). RESULTS Phenylpropanoids, including chlorogenic acid (CGA), were higher in samples from the northern latitudes, as was the expression of phenylpropanoid genes including phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), which had over a ten-fold difference in relative abundance. Phenylpropanoid gene expression appeared coordinately regulated and was well correlated with metabolite pools, except for hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinatehydroxcinnamoyl transferase (HQT; r = -0.24). In silico promoter analysis identified two cis-acting elements in the HQT promoter not found in the other phenylpropanoid genes. Anthocyanins were more abundant in Alaskan samples and correlated with flavonoid genes including DFR (r = 0.91), UFGT (r = 0.94) and F3H (r = 0.77). The most abundant anthocyanin was petunidin-3-coum-rutinoside-5-glu, which ranged from 4.7 mg g-1 in Alaska to 2.3 mg g-1 in Texas. Positive correlations between tuber sucrose and anthocyanins (r = 0.85), suggested a stimulatory effect of sucrose. Smaller variation was observed in total carotenoids, but marked differences occurred in individual carotenoids, which had over a ten-fold range. Violaxanthin, lutein or zeaxanthin were the predominant carotenoids in tubers from Alaska, Texas and Florida respectively. Unlike in the phenylpropanoid pathway, poor correlations occurred between carotenoid transcripts and metabolites. CONCLUSION Analysis of tuber secondary metabolism showed interesting relationships among different metabolites in response to collective environmental influences, even under conditions that minimize stress. The variation in metabolites shows the considerable phenotypical plasticity possible with tuber secondary metabolism and raises questions about to what extent these pathways can be stimulated by environmental cues in a manner that optimizes tuber phytonutrient content while protecting yields. The differences in secondary metabolites may be sufficient to affect nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja S Payyavula
- Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Duroy A Navarre
- Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, 24106 N. Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Joseph C Kuhl
- The Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442339, Moscow, ID 84844, USA
| | - Alberto Pantoja
- USDA- Agricultural Research Service, Subarctic Agricultural Research Unit, P.O. Box 757200, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Syamkumar S Pillai
- Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
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Woitsch S, Römer S. Expression of xanthophyll biosynthetic genes during light-dependent chloroplast differentiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:1508-17. [PMID: 12857831 PMCID: PMC167089 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.019364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2002] [Revised: 02/04/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, etioplast to chloroplast differentiation is characterized by dramatic ultrastructural changes of the plastid and a concomitant increase in chlorophylls and carotenoids. Whereas the formation and function of carotenes and their oxygenated derivatives, the xanthophylls, have been well studied, little is known about the regulation of the genes involved in xanthophyll biosynthesis. Here, we analyze the expression of three xanthophyll biosynthetic genes (i.e. beta-carotene hydroxylase [bhy], zeaxanthin epoxidase [zep], and violaxanthin de-epoxidase [vde]) during de-etiolation of seedlings of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Samsun) under different light conditions. White-light illumination caused an increase in the amount of all corresponding mRNAs. The expression profiles of bhy and zep not only resembled each other but were also similar to the pattern of a gene encoding a major light-harvesting protein of photosystem II. This finding indicates a coordinated synthesis during formation of the antenna complex. In contrast, the expression pattern of vde was clearly different. Furthermore, the gene expression of bhy was shown to be modulated after illumination with different white-light intensities. The expression of all xanthophyll biosynthetic genes under examination was up-regulated upon exposure to red, blue, and white light. Gene expression of bhy and vde but not of zep was more pronounced under red-light illumination, pointing at an involvement of the phytochrome system. Expression analysis in the presence of the photosynthetic electron transport inhibitors 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone indicated a redox control of transcription of two of the xanthophyll biosynthetic genes (bhy and zep).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Woitsch
- Fachbereich Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie und Biochemie der Pflanzen, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78434 Konstanz, Germany
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6
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Baier M, Bilger W, Wolf R, Dietz KJ. Photosynthesis in the basal growing zone of barley leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1996; 49:169-181. [PMID: 24271614 DOI: 10.1007/bf00117667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/1995] [Accepted: 07/15/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation, elongation, determination and differentiation mainly take place in the basal 5 mm of a barley leaf, the so-called basiplast. A considerable portion of cDNAs randomly selected from a basiplast cDNA library represented photosynthetic genes such as CP29, RUBISCO-SSU and type I-LHCP II. Therefore, we became interested in the role of the basiplast in establishing photosynthesis. (1) Northern blot analysis revealed expression of photosynthetic genes in the basiplast, although at a low level. Analysis of basiplasts at different developmental stages of the leaves revealed maximal expression of photosynthetic genes during early leaf development. The activity of these genes shows that plastid differentiation involves the development of the photosynthetic apparatus even at this early state of leaf cell expansion. (2) This conclusion was supported by the fact that chlorophylls and carotenoids are synthesized in the basiplast. The qualitative pattern of pigment composition was largely similar to that of fully differentiated green leaves. (3) The transition from proplastids to chloroplasts progressed in the basal 5 mm of the leaf, so that the number of grana lamellae per thylakoid stack increased with distance from the meristem from zero to about five. (4) Photosynthetic function was studied by chlorophyll a-fluorescence measurements. In dark-adapted 8-day-old primary leaves, the fluorescence ratio (FP-Fo)/FP was little decreased in basiplasts as compared to leaf blades. During steady state photosynthesis, the ratio (FM'-Fo)/FM' was high in leaf blade (0.5), but low in the sheath (0.25) and in the basiplast (0.18), indicating the existence of functional, albeit low light-adapted chloroplasts in the basiplast. (5) Further on, chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis in relation to seedling age revealed efficient photosynthetic performance in the basiplast of 3- to 6-day-old seedlings which later-on differentiates into leaf blade as compared to the basiplast of 7- to 12-day-old seedlings which develops into leaf sheath and finally ceases to grow. The leaf age dependent changes in basiplast photosynthesis were reflected by changes in pigment contents and LHCP II expression both of which also revealed a maximum in the basiplast of 4-day-old seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baier
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften der Universität, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
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7
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Pfündel E, Bilger W. Regulation and possible function of the violaxanthin cycle. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1994; 42:89-109. [PMID: 24306498 DOI: 10.1007/bf02187121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/1994] [Accepted: 08/17/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses biochemical and regulatory aspects of the violaxanthin cycle as well as its possible role in photoprotection. The violaxanthin cycle responds to environmental conditions in the short-term and long-term by adjusting rates of pigment conversions and pool sizes of cycle pigments, respectively. Experimental evidence indicating a relationship between zeaxanthin formation and non-photochemical energy dissipation is reviewed. Zeaxanthin-associated energy dissipation appears to be dependent on transthylakoid ΔpH. The involvement of light-harvesting complex II in this quenching process is indicated by several studies. The current hypotheses on the underlying mechanism of zeaxanthin-dependent quenching are alterations of membrane properties, including conformational changes of the light-harvesting complex II, and singlet-singlet energy transfer from chlorophyll to zeaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pfündel
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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8
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Sarry JE, Montillet JL, Sauvaire Y, Havaux M. The protective function of the xanthophyll cycle in photosynthesis. FEBS Lett 1994; 353:147-50. [PMID: 7926040 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The rapid conversion of the carotenoid violaxanthin to zeaxanthin via antheraxanthin (xanthophyll cycle) in potato leaves exposed at 23 degrees C to a strong white light of 2000 microE.m-2.s-1 was associated with a slight inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (as estimated from chlorophyll fluorescence measurements) and a low lipid peroxidation (as estimated from ethane measurements). When the xanthophyll cycle was blocked by dithiothreitol (3 mM) or low temperature (3 degrees C), photoinhibition of electron transport was exacerbated and pronounced lipid peroxidation occurred concomitantly. Accumulation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin in potato leaves by a non-photoinhibitory light treatment at 23 degrees C (900 microE.m-2.s-1 for 1 h) considerably reduced the level of lipid peroxidation during subsequent light stress at 3 degrees C. The presented results indicate that one of the functions of the xanthophyll cycle could be the protection of thylakoid membranes against lipid peroxidation, suggesting that zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin synthesized in strong light are present as free pigments in the membrane lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Sarry
- Département de Physiologie Végétale et Ecosystèmes, CEA, Sciences du Vivant, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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9
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Havaux M, Gruszecki WI. HEAT- AND LIGHT-INDUCED CHLOROPHYLL a FLUORESCENCE CHANGES IN POTATO LEAVES CONTAINING HIGH OR LOW LEVELS OF THE CAROTENOID ZEAXANTHIN: INDICATIONS OF A REGULATORY EFFECT OF ZEAXANTHIN ON THYLAKOID MEMBRANE FLUIDITY. Photochem Photobiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb04940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pfündel EE. IS ZEAXANTHIN CAPABLE OF ENERGY TRANSFER TO CHLOROPHYLL a IN PARTIALLY GREENED LEAVES? A STUDY OF FLUORESCENCE EXCITATION SPECTRA DURING VIOLAXANTHIN DEEPOXIDATION. Photochem Photobiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yamasaki H, Okayama S, Shibata M, Nishimura M. Inhibition of the light-induced H+ release from uncoupled thylakoid membranes by N-ethylmaleimide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 182:1277-81. [PMID: 1540171 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91870-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The light-induced H+ release from thylakoids, which can be observed under completely uncoupled conditions, was inhibited by the SH reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and its analogs, while the conventional H+ uptake and electron transfer were not affected. The half-inhibiting concentration of NEM for the H+ release was 10 mM and 4 mM in thylakoids in the presence of nigericin and in CF1-depleted thylakoids, respectively. The inhibitory effect increased with the increase in hydrophobicity of the NEM analogs: N-methylmaleimide less than N-ethylmaleimide less than N-phenylmaleimide. It is suggested that SH groups in hydrophobic interior within the membrane are essential to the release of protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamasaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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12
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Gruszecki WI, Strzaŀka K. Does the xanthophyll cycle take part in the regulation of fluidity of the thylakoid membrane? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Bilger W, Björkman O. Temperature dependence of violaxanthin de-epoxidation and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching in intact leaves of Gossypium hirsutum L. and Malva parviflora L. PLANTA 1991; 184:226-34. [PMID: 24194074 DOI: 10.1007/bf00197951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/1990] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the rate of de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin was determined in leaves of chilling-sensitive Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) and chilling-resistant Malva parviflora L. by measurements of the increase in absorbance at 505 nm (ΔA 505) and in the contents of antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin that occur upon exposure of predarkened leaves to excessive light. A linear relationship between ΔA 505 and the decrease in the epoxidation state of the xanthophyll-cycle pigment pool was obtained over the range 10-40° C. The maximal rate of de-epoxidation was strongly temperature dependent; Q10 measured around the temperature at which the leaf had developed was 2.1-2.3 in both species. In field-grown Malva the rate of de-epoxidation at any given measurement temperature was two to three times higher in leaves developed at a relatively low temperature in the early spring than in those developed in summer. Q10 measured around 15° C was in the range 2.2-2.6 in both kinds of Malva leaves, whereas it was as high as 4.6 in cotton leaves developed at a daytime temperature of 30° C. Whereas the maximum (initial) rate of de-epoxidation showed a strong decrease with decreased temperature the degree of de-epoxidation reached in cotton leaves after a 1-2 · h exposure to a constant photon flux density increased with decreased temperature as the rate of photosynthesis decrease. The zeaxanthin content rose from 2 mmol · (mol chlorophyll)(-1) at 30° C to 61 mmol · (mol Chl)(-1) at 10° C, corresponding to a de-epoxidation of 70% of the violaxanthin pool at 10° C. The degree of de-epoxidation at each temperature was clearly related to the amount of excessive light present at that temperature. The relationship between non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and zeaxanthin formation at different temperatures was determined for both untreated control leaves and for leaves in which zeaxanthin formation was prevented by dithiothreitol treatment. The rate of development of that portion of non-photochemical quenching which was inhibited by dithiothreitol decreased with decreasing temperature and was linearly related to the rate of zeaxanthin formation over a wide temperature range. In contrast, the rate of development of the dithiothreitol-resistant portion of non-photochemical quenching was remarkably little affected by temperature. Evidently, the kinetics of the development of non-photochemical quenching upon exposure of leaves to excessive light is therefore in large part determined by the rate of zeaxanthin formation. For reasons that remain to be determined the relaxation of dithiothreitolsensitive quenching that is normally observed upon darkening of illuminated leaves was strongly inhibited at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bilger
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 290 Panama Street, 94305-1297, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Havaux M, Gruszecki WI, Dupont I, Leblanc RM. Increased heat emission and its relationship to the xanthophyll cycle in pea leaves exposed to strong light stress. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80112-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Pfündel E, Baake E. A quantitative description of fluorescence excitation spectra in intact bean leaves greened under intermittent light. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 26:19-28. [PMID: 24420406 DOI: 10.1007/bf00048973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/1989] [Accepted: 04/06/1990] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple approach for the calculation of in vivo fluorescence excitation spectra from measured absorbance spectra of the isolated pigments involved. Taking into account shading of the pigments by each other, energy transfer from carotene to chlorophyll a, and light scattering by the leaf tissue, we arrive at a model function with 6 free parameters. Fitting them to the measured fluorescence excitation spectrum yields good correspondence between theory and experiment, and parameter estimates which agree with independent measurements. The results are discussed with respect to the origin and the interpretation of in vivo excitation spectra in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pfündel
- Institute of Biology, Dept. of Bioenergetics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-7000, Stuttgart 80, FRG
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16
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Carotenoids and photoprotection in plants: A role for the xanthophyll zeaxanthin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90088-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1117] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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