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Zhao H, Cheng X, Yan L, Mi F, Wang W, Hu Y, Liu X, Fan Y, Min Q, Wang Y, Zhang W, Wu Q, Zhan Q. APC/C-regulated CPT1C promotes tumor progression by upregulating the energy supply and accelerating the G1/S transition. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:283. [PMID: 38783346 PMCID: PMC11112774 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to functioning as a precise monitoring mechanism in cell cycle, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is reported to be involved in regulating multiple metabolic processes by facilitating the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of key enzymes. Fatty acid oxidation is a metabolic pathway utilized by tumor cells that is crucial for malignant progression; however, its association with APC/C remains to be explored. METHODS Cell cycle synchronization, immunoblotting, and propidium iodide staining were performed to investigate the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 C (CPT1C) expression manner. Proximity ligation assay and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to detect interactions between CPT1C and APC/C. Flow cytometry, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2 H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assays, cell-scratch assays, and transwell assays and xenograft transplantation assays were performed to investigate the role of CPT1C in tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tumor tissue microarray to evaluate the expression levels of CPT1C and explore its potential clinical value. RESULTS We identified CPT1C as a novel APC/C substrate. CPT1C protein levels exhibited cell cycle-dependent fluctuations, peaking at the G1/S boundary. Elevated CPT1C accelerated the G1/S transition, facilitating tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, CPT1C enhanced fatty acid utilization, upregulated ATP levels, and decreased reactive oxygen species levels, thereby favoring cell survival in a harsh metabolic environment. Clinically, high CPT1C expression correlated with poor survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results revealed a novel interplay between fatty acid utilization and cell cycle machinery in tumor cells. Additionally, CPT1C promoted tumor cell proliferation and survival by augmenting cellular ATP levels and preserving redox homeostasis, particularly under metabolic stress. Therefore, CPT1C could be an independent prognostic indicator in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Liping Yan
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Fang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yuying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xingyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yuyan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Qingjie Min
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Qingnan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Qimin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
- Soochow University Cancer Institute, Suzhou, 215000, China.
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Abstract
Tumor dormancy is a phenomenon whereby cancer cells persist below the threshold of diagnostic detection for months to decades. This condition may arise due to either cell cycle arrest or a dynamic equilibrium state in which cell proliferation is in balance with cells undergoing apoptosis. Tumor dormancy is usually a reference to occult cancer cells that persist for an extended period of time after treatment, but primary cancers can also exhibit extended growth plateaus below the limits of detection. For example, autopsies of individuals who died of trauma reveal that most individuals harbor microscopic primary cancers. Mechanisms that operate independently or successively may restrict tumor expansion throughout tumor progression from incipiency to late-stage cancer. Proposed mechanisms include cell cycle withdrawal, immune surveillance, and blocked angiogenesis. The precise mechanisms underlying dormancy remain to be established, and relevant models will have an important impact on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for treating cancer. This review summarizes the phenomenon of tumor dormancy, experimental models, and potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taturo Udagawa
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Roela RA, Brentani MM, Katayama MLH, Reis M, Federico MHH. Simultaneous changes in the function and expression of beta 1 integrins during the growth arrest of poorly differentiated colorectal cells (LISP-1). Braz J Med Biol Res 2003; 36:1091-9. [PMID: 12886464 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2003000800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells usually lose adhesion and increase proliferation and migration during malignant transformation. Here, we studied how proliferation can affect the other two characteristics, which ultimately lead to invasion and metastasis. We determined the expression of beta 1 integrins, as well as adhesion and migration towards laminin-1, fibronectin, collagens type I and type IV presented by LISP-1 colorectal cancer cells exposed to 2.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an agent capable of decreasing proliferation in this poorly differentiated colorectal cell line. Untreated cells (control), as shown by flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies, expressed alpha 2 (63.8 11.3% positive cells), alpha 3 (93.3 7.0%), alpha 5 (50.4 12.0%) and alpha 6 (34.1 4.9%) integrins but not alpha1, alpha 4, alpha v or 4. Cells adhered well to laminin-1 (73.4 6.0%) and fibronectin (40.0 2.0%) substrates but very little to collagens. By using blocking monoclonal antibodies, we showed that alpha 2, alpha 3 and alpha 6 mediated laminin-1 adhesion, but neither alpha 3 nor alpha 5 contributed to fibronectin adherence. DMSO arrested cells at G0/G1 (control: 55.0 2.4% vs DMSO: 70.7 2.5%) while simultaneously reducing alpha 5 (24.2 19%) and alpha 6 (14.3 10.8%) expression as well as c-myc mRNA (7-fold), the latter shown by Northern blotting. Although the adhesion rate did not change after exposure to DMSO, alpha 3 and alpha 5 played a major role in laminin-1 and fibronectin adhesion, respectively. Migration towards laminin-1, which was clearly increased upon exposure to DMSO (control: 6 2 cells vs DMSO: 64 6 cells), was blocked by an antibody against alpha 6. We conclude that the effects of DMSO on LISP-1 proliferation were accompanied by concurrent changes in the expression and function of integrins, consequently modulating adhesion/migration, and revealing a complex interplay between function/expression and the proliferative state of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Roela
- Disciplina de Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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L'hôte CGM, Thomas PH, Ganesan TS. Functional analysis of discoidin domain receptor 1: effect of adhesion on DDR1 phosphorylation. FASEB J 2002; 16:234-6. [PMID: 11772944 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0414fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), has been shown to be activated mainly by soluble fibrillar collagen. Unusually, the kinetics of phosphorylation of the receptor is slow, with maximal phosphorylation observed after 90 min. To understand the reasons for slow phosphorylation of the receptor, we examined several cell lines under different conditions. We confirm that endogenous DDR1 is phosphorylated slowly by collagen in adherent T47D and HCT116 cells. In detached and resuspended cells, collagen induced rapid phosphorylation of DDR1. This was further confirmed with a semiadherent cell line (COLO201) and one that grows as a suspension (K562), both of which express endogenous DDR1. Replating K562 on fibronectin to mimic adherent conditions altered the kinetics of phosphorylation from rapid to slow, similar to those of adherent cells. The slow kinetics of phosphorylation in the adherent state was probably not due to cell-cell contacts because EDTA had no major effect. However, pervanadate in the absence of collagen was able to induce strong DDR1 phosphorylation, indicating that a phosphatase may inhibit or delay the phosphorylation of DDR1. Further, downstream signals after phosphorylation of DDR1 by collagen were not transmitted through the classical mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In addition, a chimeric TrkA-DDR1 receptor failed to become phosphorylated on stimulation with nerve growth factor (NGF), although it dimerized normally. This is the first RTK whose kinetics of phosphorylation is dependent on cellular context. The interaction of the cells with the matrix, rather than cell-cell contact, is probably responsible for the inhibition of phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine G M L'hôte
- ICRF Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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Caruso DA, McIntyre BW. In an adhesion dependent human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line, integrin ligation without adhesion rescues from anoikis but is not sufficient for cell cycle progression. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:665-78. [PMID: 11464211 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2000] [Revised: 01/15/2001] [Accepted: 01/23/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
STAD cells are the adherent parental apoptotic line from which two sublines were cloned that differed in their response to suspended culturing conditions, one clone STAD.APO is apoptotic and the other STAD.ARR goes into cell cycle arrest. Using this system we have found that the addition of soluble collagen can rescue STAD and STAD.APO cells from anoikis, and it can also affect STAD.ARR cells by overcoming the suspension induced cell cycle arrest. In contrast, when cells were cultured with a soluble anti-beta1 integrin mAb 33B6, the apoptotic clones again were rescued from anoikis, but the cell cycle arresting clone remained quiescent. This result was somewhat surprising as it is generally accepted that cytoskeletal rearrangements that accompany integrin mediated adhesion and cell shape changes are required for the abrogation of anoikis, and it was unexpected that differences in the mechanism used for integrin triggering would yield variable results on growth regulation. This observation led us to further examine whether the addition of a monovalent anti-beta1 integrin agent could produce similar results as intact mAb. Therefore we employed Fab fragments of 33B6 in our culturing assay and found that indeed monovalent binding was capable of saving STAD and STAD.APO cells from anoikis but did not have an effect on STAD.ARR cells. Therefore in this study we have observed that integrin mediated dependent survival can occur by mere ligation of the beta1 integrin subunit, but that cell cycle arrest due to suspended conditions can not. Thus integrins can play differential roles in cell fate decisions and mediate these effects by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Caruso
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Benaud CM, Dickson RB. Regulation of the expression of c-Myc by beta1 integrins in epithelial cells. Oncogene 2001; 20:759-68. [PMID: 11314009 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2000] [Revised: 11/30/2000] [Accepted: 12/06/2000] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion promotes cellular proliferation through the regulation of gene expression, including the immediate early genes. However, the precise role of cell adhesion in the regulation of the c-Myc proto-oncogene is not clear, and the adhesion-dependent signaling pathway(s) regulating the expression of c-Myc has yet to be defined. We now show that integrin signaling directly regulates the expression of c-Myc in the mammary epithelial cell line 184A1N4 (A1N4). Adhesion of quiescent A1N4 cells to fibronectin, and to collagen types IV or I, induces the expression of c-Myc in an ECM concentration-dependent fashion. Cytoskeletal rearrangement, and integrin engagement and integrin clustering are required for the induction of c-Myc by fibronectin. Furthermore, beta1 integrin function-blocking antibodies prevent the adhesion-dependent induction of c-Myc. Adhesion of A1N4 cells results in the activation both of c-Src and of the Erk 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), each of which precedes the induction of c-Myc. Pharmacological inhibitors specific for either the c-Src family of kinases or for MEK1 block the adhesion-dependent induction of c-Myc. These observations indicate that beta1 integrins regulate the expression of c-Myc through the activation of the Src family of tyrosine kinases and the MAK kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Benaud
- Vincent T Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Udagawa T, McIntyre BW. ADP-ribosylation of the G protein Rho inhibits integrin regulation of tumor cell growth. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:12542-8. [PMID: 8647863 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.21.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a gastric derived tumor line, we investigated the involvement of beta 1 integrin and Rho in cell growth regulation in response to collagen. The addition of C3 exoenzyme from clostridium botulinum to specifically ribosylate and inhibit the function of the rho gene products inhibited cellular proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. C3 exoenzyme exhibited broad cytostatic activity toward a number of tumor lines and induced G0/G1 accumulation, cyclin A inhibition, and pronounced alterations in cell morphology. Integrin-mediated adhesion to collagen led to the expression of the cyclin A gene whose expression could be blocked using anti-beta 1 integrin monoclonal antibodies. Phospholipid levels were induced upon beta 1 integrin-mediated adhesion to collagen, and the phospholipid induction was inhibited by either antibodies to beta 1 integrin or pretreatment of cells with C3 exoenzyme. Significant reduction in phospholipid levels correlated with proliferation for a panel of tumor lines deprived of adhesion to substrate. These results implicate a novel role for integrins and Rho in the regulation of tumour growth in response to matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Udagawa
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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