Distribution patterns in glycoconjugate expression during the development of the rat palate

Jag2-Notch1 signaling regulates oral epithelial differentiation and palate development

During mammalian palatogenesis, palatal shelves initially grow vertically from the medial sides of the paired maxillary processes flanking the developing tongue and subsequently elevate and fuse with each other above the tongue to form the intact secondary palate. Pathological palate-mandible or palate-tongue fusions have been reported in humans and other mammals, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms that prevent such aberrant adhesions during normal palate development are unknown. We previously reported that mice deficient in Jag2, which encodes a cell surface ligand for the Notch family receptors, have cleft palate associated with palate-tongue fusions. In this report, we show that Jag2 is expressed throughout the oral epithelium and is required for Notch1 activation during oral epithelial differentiation. We show that Notch1 is normally highly activated in the differentiating oral periderm cells covering the developing tongue and the lateral oral surfaces of the mandibular and maxillary processes during palate development. Oral periderm activation of Notch1 is significantly attenuated during palate development in the Jag2 mutants. Further molecular and ultrastructural analyses indicate that oral epithelial organization and periderm differentiation are disrupted in the Jag2 mutants. Moreover, we show that the Jag2 mutant tongue fused to wild-type palatal shelves in recombinant explant cultures. These data indicate that Jag2-Notch1 signaling is spatiotemporally regulated in the oral epithelia during palate development to prevent premature palatal shelf adhesion to other oral tissues and to facilitate normal adhesion between the elevated palatal shelves.

A histopathological and lectin-histochemical study of the lining epithelium in postoperative maxillary cysts

OBJECTIVE

Histopathological and lectin-histochemical characteristics were studied in the lining epithelium of postoperative maxillary cysts (POMC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Histological (HE, PAS, AB), immunohistochemical (CD3 and L26) and lectin (wheat germ agglutinin, WGA; Ulex europaeus agglutinin I, UEA-I; concanavalin A, ConA) stainings were performed in the 360 POMC specimens. The number of goblet cells and inflammatory cells was counted and statistically analyzed.

RESULTS

The lining epithelium was classified into three types based on histopathological characteristics; pseudostratified ciliated epithelium (pSCE), transitional epithelium (TE) and stratified squamous epithelium (SSE). Local infiltration of inflammatory cells into the cyst wall was associated with an increased number of goblet cells in the lining epithelium. The observed association between the infiltration of inflammatory cells and an increase in the number of goblet cells was statistically significant in groups with lining pSCE and TE. Glycoconjugate histochemical analysis revealed that the surfaces of the lining epithelium with squamous metaplasia showed an increased degree of staining reactivity with UEA-I, whereas the staining reactivity with ConA was reduced. Goblet cells were able to be stained with WGA and UEA-I, but showed extremely low reactivity with ConA.

CONCLUSION

Changes in the glycoconjugate expression of the metaplastic lining epithelium and goblet cell development play an important role in the local defense mechanisms against inflammatory factors in POMC.

Nasal and pharyngeal abnormalities caused by the mouse goosecoid gene mutation

The Goosecoid (gsc) gene is a homeobox-containing gene expressed first in the gastrula, and later during organogenesis in development. The gsc gene transcript is found in the first and second branchial arches, frontonasal mass in its late phase of expression. We have previously shown that targeted mutation of the mouse gsc gene leads to neonatal death and craniofacial defects. In this study, we performed histological studies on craniofacial phenotypes in order to elucidate the processes underlying the neonatal death of gsc mutant mice. We found that gsc mutant mice have aplastic nasal cavities and lack the Sinus Paranasalis. We also showed that secretory olfactory glands in the basal layers are aplastic. This is suggested to be essential defects for olfaction. gsc mutant mice also show several pharyngeal phenotypes, including defects in the pharyngeal muscles and the pharyngeal mucosa. It is therefore suggested that mutant mice develop lethal gastro-intestinal phenotypes caused by defects in breathing and sucking of milk as a consequence of these craniofacial disorders. These results should help elucidating the molecular genetic programs essential to the neonatal development of mammals.