The physiology of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis immobilized in hollow-fibre bioreactors: glucose, lactose and citrate metabolism at high cell densities

Integrated processing of biotechnology products

Integrated bioprocessing in which a potentially inhibitory product is continuously removed from the fermentation broth as it is produced, has important advantages in improving yield and conversion relative to conventional processes. This review discusses integrated processing for ethanol, butanol, organic acids, antibiotics, and other products. A variety of recovery operations can be used to isolate the product, as discussed. Use of some of the available options is compared.