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Million-year-old DNA sheds light on the genomic history of mammoths. Nature 2021; 591:265-269. [PMID: 33597750 PMCID: PMC7116897 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Temporal genomic data hold great potential for studying evolutionary processes, including speciation. However, sampling across speciation events would in many cases require genomic time series that stretch well into the Early Pleistocene (>1 million years). Although theoretical models suggest that DNA should survive on this timescale1, the oldest genomic data recovered so far is from a 560-780 ka old horse specimen2. Here we report the recovery of genome-wide data from three Early and Middle Pleistocene mammoth specimens, two of which are more than one million years old. We find that two distinct mammoth lineages were present in eastern Siberia during the Early Pleistocene. One of these gave rise to the woolly mammoth, whereas the other represents a previously unrecognised lineage that was ancestral to the first mammoths to colonise North America. Our analyses reveal that the North American Columbian mammoth traces its ancestry to a Middle Pleistocene hybridisation between these two lineages, with roughly equal admixture proportions. Finally, we show that the majority of protein-coding changes associated with cold adaptation in woolly mammoths were present already a million years ago. These findings highlight the potential of deep time palaeogenomics to expand our understanding of speciation and long-term adaptive evolution.
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Pinho D, Sousa T, Morato M, Tavares I, Albino-Teixeira A. Lesion of the caudal ventrolateral medulla prevents the induction of hypertension by adenosine receptor blockade in rats. Brain Res 2006; 1073-1074:374-82. [PMID: 16457788 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The continuous infusion for 7 days of the adenosine receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulfophenylxanthine (DPSPX) causes a sustained hypertension in rats, with an enhancement of sympathetic neurotransmission and activation of the renin-angiotensin system. We studied the involvement of the caudal ventrolateral medulla in the establishment of this hypertensive model by evaluating the effect of local lesioning in blood pressure (BP). Male adult Wistar rats received stereotaxic injections of 0.3 mul of saline or quinolinic acid (QA; 180 mM) in the caudal ventrolateral medulla followed by abdominal implant of minipump for infusion of saline or DPSPX (90 microg(-1) kg(-1) h(-1)). BP was measured in conscious animals every 2 days for 12 days. The sustained increase of BP (22.1 mm Hg; P < 0.001) detected in rats infused with DPSPX was reverted (6.7 mm Hg; P > 0.05) from day six onwards in animals with lesion of the lateralmost part of caudal ventrolateral medulla (VLMlat). The present results suggest that the development of hypertension induced by adenosine receptor antagonist involves the participation of the VLMlat. They further add new data as to the functional complexity of this medullary area involved in a variety of functions such as cardiovascular, respiratory, motor and pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Pinho
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of Porto and IBMC, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Morato M, Pinho D, Sousa T, Guimarães S, Moura D, Albino-Teixeira A. Pre- and postjunctional effects of angiotensin II in hypertension due to adenosine receptor blockade. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 531:209-16. [PMID: 16438958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prejunctional facilitation of [3H]noradrenaline release induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation and postjunctional contractile effects of angiotensin II were studied in the mesenteric artery and vein of 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulfophenylxanthine (DPSPX)-hypertensive rats. Male Wistar rats received infusions of saline or DPSPX (90 microg/kg/h) i.p.. Blood pressure was determined by tail-cuff. The prejunctional effect of angiotensin II was similar in artery and vein preparations of control rats and was increased in DPSPX-hypertensive rats. In contrast, the contractile effect of angiotensin II was much more pronounced in the mesenteric vein than in the mesenteric artery of control rats and was markedly reduced in DPSPX-hypertensive rats. We conclude that (1) the increased prejunctional effect of angiotensin II may contribute to, while (2) the decreased contractile effect of angiotensin II may attenuate DPSPX-induced hypertension. This study also supports the hypothesis that pre- and postjunctional angiotensin II receptors are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Morato
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and IBMC, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Guimarães S, Morato M, Sousa T, Albino-Teixeira A. Hypertension due to blockade of adenosine receptors. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2003; 92:160-2. [PMID: 12753417 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.920404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic treatment of rats with 90 microg/kg/day DPSPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-sulphophenylxanthine) during seven days leads to a hypertensive state which is characterized by marked morphological changes of the blood vessel walls as well as by important functional alterations. While the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril and the antagonist of angiotensin II AT 1 receptors losartan prevent the development of both hypertension and morphological changes, the selective beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol could prevent only the increase in blood pressure. It is concluded that at least two factors are involved in the development of the hypertensive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafim Guimarães
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Hernani Monteiro 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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Morato M, Sousa T, Guimarães S, Moura D, Albino-Teixeira A. The role of angiotensin II in hypertension due to adenosine receptors blockade. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 455:135-41. [PMID: 12445579 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system may be involved in hypertension induced by adenosine receptors blockade with 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulfophenylxanthine (DPSPX). Contractions of the mesenteric vasculature to angiotensin II, noradrenaline and potassium chloride were studied in DPSPX-induced hypertension. Male Wistar rats received infusions of saline or DPSPX (90 microg kg(-1) h(-1), i.p.) for 3 or 7 days. Blood pressure was determined by the tail-cuff method. On days 3 or 14, concentration-response curves were obtained on mesenteric arteries and veins. Plasma angiotensin II levels, measured by radioimmunoassay, were higher in DPSPX-hypertensive rats. The maximum contractile effect of angiotensin II was lower in vessels from DPSPX-hypertensive rats while that for noradrenaline was higher. Potassium chloride-induced contractions were larger in veins from DPSPX-hypertensive rats but similar in arteries, when compared with control rats. We conclude that raised angiotensin II levels and altered vascular reactivity are consistent with a renin-angiotensin-mediated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Morato
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of Porto and IBMC, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Sousa T, Morato M, Albino-Teixeira A. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition prevents trophic and hypertensive effects of an antagonist of adenosine receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 441:99-104. [PMID: 12007926 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The continuous infusion of 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulfophenylxanthine (DPSPX), a non-selective antagonist of adenosine receptors, causes hypertension and marked cardiovascular structural changes in Wistar rats. Adenosine inhibits noradrenaline and renin release. We investigated the effects of sympathetic denervation, evaluated renin activity and the influence of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in DPSPX-treated rats. Captopril was given (30 or 100 mg kg(-l) day(-l); p.o.) from day -l to day 28. On day 0, constant infusions of DPSPX (90 microg kg(-l) h(-l); i.p.) or vehicle were started. On day 28, fragments of the left ventricle, mesenteric and tail arteries were processed for morphological studies. Plasma renin activity was increased in DPSPX-treated animals. Sympathetic denervation delayed and partially prevented blood pressure rise. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition prevented DPSPX-induced hypertension and morphological changes. Our results, although pointing to the involvement of the sympathetic system, suggest that other mechanisms are involved. We could not differentiate between the trophic and anti-hypertensive effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Sousa
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of Porto and IBMC, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Paiva MQ, Santos MJ, Albino-Teixeira A. Endothelium-dependent vascular responses in 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulphophenylxanthine (DPSPX) hypertensive rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997; 49:74-7. [PMID: 9120774 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to test the endothelium-mediated vascular responses in rats rendered hypertensive by chronic administration of 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulphophenylxanthine (DPSPX). The relaxant effect of carbachol (an endothelium-dependent relaxing drug) and of sodium nitroprusside (an endothelium-independent relaxing drug) as well as the potentiation of the contractile effect of noradrenaline by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) were compared in aortic rings from normotensive and DPSPX-hypertensive rats. Carbachol and sodium nitroprusside caused concentration-dependent relaxations in aortic rings precontracted by 1 microM noradrenaline. The relaxant effect being of carbachol was significantly reduced in tissues of DPSPX-hypertensive rats: the maximal relaxant effect being 86 +/- 3% and 64 +/- 4% (of the pre-existing tone) in normal and hypertensive rats, respectively, while there were no significant differences in the relaxant effect of sodium nitroprusside. L-NAME (100 microM) significantly reduced the EC50 values of noradrenaline (3.71 +/- 0.28 times, n = 8 and 2.96 +/- 0.27 times, n = 7, in normal and hypertensive rats, respectively) and significantly enhanced the maximal contractile effect of noradrenaline (46 +/- 8%, n = 8 and 35 +/- 6%, n = 7, in normal and hypertensive rats respectively): the factors of reduction of EC50 values and the percentages of enhancement of the maximal contractile effect in the aorta of normal and hypertensive rats were not significantly different. The results obtained provide evidence of functional impairment of the endothelium in DPSPX-hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Paiva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Façulty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal
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Guimarães S, Albino-Teixeira A. Hypertension due to chronic blockade of P1-purinoceptors. JOURNAL OF AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 16:367-70. [PMID: 9131418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.1996.tb00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
1. Long-term treatment of rats with 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulphophenylxanthine (DPSPX), a non-selective antagonist of adenosine receptors, causes a hypertensive state. 2. In DPSPX-hypertensive rats, prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors become supersensitive to the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist UK-14,304, while postjunctional adrenoceptor-mediated responses are not changed; furthermore, prejunctional beta-adrenoceptor-mediated facilitation of noradrenaline release is also enhanced. 3. In DPSPX-hypertensive rats, there are important morphological alterations of the small arteries, their lumina appearing strongly reduced and occasionally occluded by proliferation of the intimal cells. 4. In DPSPX-hypertensive rats, there is an increase in plasma renin, and captopril prevents not only the development of the hypertension but also the morphological changes in the arteries. 5. Other important changes occur in DPSPX-hypertensive rats: an alteration of the adrenergic regulation of the cardiac functions and an enhancement of perivascular neurotransmission. 6. These results suggest that adenosine may play an important role in the development of some kinds of human hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guimarães
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal
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Relevic V, Rubino A, Burnstock G. Augmented sensory-motor vasodilatation of the rat mesenteric arterial bed after chronic infusion of the P1-purinoceptor antagonist, DPSPX. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 118:1675-80. [PMID: 8842431 PMCID: PMC1909858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effect of long-term antagonism of P1-purinoceptors on vascular function was examined in the perfused mesenteric arterial bed isolated from rats which had received constant infusion of either the non-selective P1-purinoceptor antagonist, 1-3-dipropyl-8-sulphophenylxanthine (DPSPX, 30 micrograms kg-1 h-1, i.p.) or saline for seven days. Sympathetic and sensory-motor neurotransmission, smooth muscle and endothelial function were assessed. 2. Basal tone was similar in mesenteric arterial preparations from control and DPSPX-treated rats. Continuous perfusion with methoxamine (7-70 microM) induced similar increases in tone in control and DPSPX-treated preparations. In the presence of guanethidine (5 microM), electrical field stimulation (EFS; 1-12 Hz, 60V, 0.1 ms, 30 s) elicited frequency-dependent vasodilatation due to activation of sensory-motor nerves. In tissues from DPSPX-treated rats the nerve-mediated vasodilator responses were markedly augmented at all frequencies. Maximal relaxation at 8 Hz was 38.34 +/- 4.76% (n = 5) in controls and 65.92 +/- 3.68% (n = 5) after DPSPX-treatment (P < 0.01). Adenosine (3 microM) inhibited the frequency-dependent sensory-motor neurotransmission similar in preparations from controls and DPSPX-treated rats. 3. In raised-tone preparations calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; 5,15 and 50 pmol), the principal vasodilator transmitter of sensory-motor nerves in rat mesenteric arteries, produced similar relaxations in control and DPSPX-treated preparations. Vasodilator responses to the sensory neurotoxin capsaicin (50 and 500 pmol) were also similar between the groups. 4. Assay of tissue CGRP levels of the superior mesenteric artery by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed no significant difference in tissue levels of CGRP in controls, 120.25 +/- 26.34 pmol g-1 tissue (n = 6) and with DPSPX-treatment, 82.12 +/- 24.42 pmol g-1 tissue (n = 6). 5. In raised-tone preparations dose-dependent endothelium-dependent vasodilatation to acetylcholine and ATP, and endothelium-independent vasodilatation to sodium nitroprusside were similar in control and DPSPX-treated preparations. 6. EFS (4-32 Hz, 90V, 1 ms, 30 s) elicited frequency-dependent vasoconstriction due to activation of sympathetic nerves which was similar in controls and in DPSPX-treated preparations. Adenosine (10 and 30 microM) inhibited sympathetic neurotransmission similarly in control and DPSPX-treated preparations. Dose-dependent vasoconstriction to noradrenaline (NA) and ATP, and to KCI (0.15 mmol) was similar between the groups. 7. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of tissue NA showed no significant difference in NA content of the superior mesenteric artery from DPSPX-treated (1.38 +/- 0.09 ng mg-1, n = 6) and control rats (1.46 +/- 0.17 ng mg-1, n = 6). 8. In conclusion, in rats with hypertension due to 7 days treatment with the P1-purinoceptor antagonist, DPSPX, there is an increase in sensory-motor vasodilatation of the mesenteric arterial bed. There is no change in sympathetic nerve, endothelial or smooth muscle function. Augmented sensory-motor neurotransmission, which does not involve a change in postjunctional responsiveness to CGRP or in the CGRP content of sensory-motor nerves, could be a compensatory change in response to the DPSPX- induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Relevic
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London
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Gonçalves J, Queiroz G. Purinoceptor modulation of noradrenaline release in rat tail artery: tonic modulation mediated by inhibitory P2Y- and facilitatory A2A-purinoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 117:156-60. [PMID: 8825357 PMCID: PMC1909367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of analogues of adenosine and ATP on noradrenaline release elicited by electrical stimulation (5 Hz, 2700 pulses) were studied in superfused preparations of rat tail artery. The effects of purinoceptor antagonists, of adenosine deaminase and of adenosine uptake blockade were also examined. Noradrenaline was measured by h.p.l.c. electrochemical detection. 2. The A1-adenosine receptor agonist, N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA; 0.1-100 nM) reduced, whereas the A2A-receptor agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680; 3-30 nM) increased evoked noradrenaline overflow. These effects were antagonized by the A1-adenosine receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; 20 nM) and the A2-adenosine receptor antagonist, 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX; 100 nM), respectively. The P2Y-purinoceptor agonist, 2-methylthio-ATP (1-100 microM) reduced noradrenaline overflow, an effect prevented by the P2-purinoceptor antagonist, cibacron blue 3GA (100 microM) and suramin (100 microM). 3. Adenosine deaminase (2 u ml-1), DMPX (100 nM) and inhibition of adenosine uptake with S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI; 50 nM) decreased evoked noradrenaline overflow. DPCPX alone did not change noradrenaline overflow but prevented the inhibition caused by NBTI. The P2Y-purinoceptor antagonist, cibacron blue 3GA (100 microM) increased evoked noradrenaline overflow as did suramin, a non-selective P2-antagonist. 4. It is concluded that, in rat tail artery, inhibitory (A1 and P2Y) and facilitatory (A2A) purinoceptors are present and modulate noradrenaline release evoked by electrical stimulation. Endogenous purines tonically modulate noradrenaline release through activation of inhibitory P2Y and facilitatory A2A purinoceptors, whereas a tonic activation of inhibitory A1 purinoceptors seems to be prevented by adenosine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gonçalves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Porto, Portugal
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Guimarães S, Albino-Teixeira A, Paiva MQ. Hypertension and enhanced beta-adrenoceptor-mediated facilitation of noradrenaline release produced by chronic blockade of adenosine receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114:1595-8. [PMID: 7599927 PMCID: PMC1510374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The study was undertaken to compare the beta-adrenoceptor-mediated facilitation of noradrenaline release in the tail artery of vehicle-treated rats and of rats rendered hypertensive by chronic administration of 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulphophenylxanthine (DPSPX). Artery rings were loaded with [3H]-noradrenaline, and five periods of electrical stimulation (1 Hz for 2 min) were applied. To eliminate the influence of prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors, the tissues were pre-exposed to 1 microM phenoxybenzamine. 2. Isoprenaline caused a concentration-dependent increase of tritium overflow elicited by electrical stimulation. It was more effective in arteries from DPSPX-treated than in those from vehicle-treated rats; isoprenaline (27.8 nM) increased by 30% tritium overflow in vessels from vehicle-treated rats whereas isoprenaline (7.0 nM) produced a 30% increase in vessels from DPSPX-treated animals. Furthermore, the maximal effect of isoprenaline was a 32.6% increase in control rats but a 48.6% increase in DPSPX-treated rats. 3. These results show that the sympathetic nerve endings of the rat tail artery are endowed with prejunctional beta-adrenoceptors which mediate facilitation of noradrenaline release elicited by electrical stimulation. They also suggest that adenosine receptors and beta-adrenoceptors interact at the prejunctional level and that impairment of this 'talk' may lead to the development of a hypertensive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guimarães
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal
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