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Murillo MDP, Aronsson P, Winder M, Carlsson T. Desipramine, commonly used as a noradrenergic neuroprotectant in 6-OHDA-lesions, leads to local functional changes in the urinary bladder and gastrointestinal tract in healthy rats. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05472. [PMID: 33251357 PMCID: PMC7679251 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model is one of the most common animal models of Parkinson's disease. When experimentally inducing dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal pathway using 6-OHDA, the noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor desipramine is often systemically injected in order to protect against damages to the noradrenergic system in the brain. An increasing number of studies are focusing on understanding the pathophysiological changes underlying autonomic non-motor symptoms, in particular urinary bladder and gastrointestinal dysfunctions, of the disease. Several of these studies have investigated the contractile properties and the activation of smooth muscle in the 6-OHDA rat model. Since the injection of desipramine is commonly placed in close proximity to the urinary bladder and gastrointestinal tract, in the current study we wanted to understand if the drug alone has an effect. For this, we have injected a single dose (25 mg/kg) of desipramine either intraperitonially or subcutaneously and investigated smooth muscle contractility in vitro in the urinary bladder, proximal colon and distal ileum four weeks post injection. Our data show that desipramine significantly alters smooth muscle contractility of the urinary bladder and proximal colon in healthy rats. Conclusively, we suggest, based on our data, that desipramine should be omitted when using the 6-OHDA rat model to investigate smooth muscle function in Parkinson's disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Pilar Murillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Aronsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Winder
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Carlsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Canciani L, Giaroni C, Zanetti E, Giuliani D, Pisani R, Moro E, Trinchera M, Crema F, Lecchini S, Frigo G. Functional interaction between α2-adrenoceptors, μ- and κ-opioid receptors in the guinea pig myenteric plexus: Effect of chronic desipramine treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 553:269-79. [PMID: 17055479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a functional interplay between alpha(2)-adrenoceptor and opioid receptor inhibitory pathways modulating neurotransmitter release has been demonstrated in the enteric nervous system by development of sensitivity changes to alpha(2)-adrenoceptor, mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agents on enteric cholinergic neurons after chronic sympathetic denervation. In the present study, to further examine this hypothesis we evaluated whether manipulation of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor pathways by chronic treatment with the antidepressant drug, desipramine (10 mg/kg i.p. daily, for 21 days), could entail changes in enteric mu- and kappa-opioid receptor pathways in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig distal colon. In this region, subsensitivity to the inhibitory effect of both UK14,304 and U69,593, respectively alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor and kappa-opioid receptor agonist, on the peristaltic reflex developed after chronic desipramine treatment. On opposite, in these experimental conditions, supersensitivity developed to the inhibitory effect of [D-Ala, N-Me-Phe4-Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO), mu-opioid receptor agonist, on propulsion velocity. Immunoreactive expression levels of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors, mu- and kappa-opioid receptors significantly decreased in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig colon after chronic desipramine treatment. In these experimental conditions, mRNA levels of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors, mu- and kappa-opioid receptors significantly increased, excluding a direct involvement of transcription mechanisms in the regulation of receptor expression. Levels of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2/3 and of inhibitory G(i/o) proteins were significantly reduced in the myenteric plexus after chronic treatment with desipramine. Such changes might represent possible molecular mechanisms involved in the development of subsensitivity to UK14,304 and U69,593 on the efficiency of peristalsis. Alternative molecular mechanisms, including a higher efficiency in the coupling between receptor activation and downstream intracellular effector systems, possibly independent from inhibitory G(i/o) proteins, may be accounted for the development of supersensitivity to DAMGO. Increased sensitivity to the mu-opioid agonist might compensate for the development of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor and kappa-opioid receptor subsensitivity. On the whole, the present data further strengthen the concept that, manipulation of alpha(2)-adrenergic inhibitory receptor pathways in the enteric nervous system entails changes in opioid inhibitory receptor pathways, which might be involved in maintaining homeostasis as suggested for mu-opioid, but not for kappa-opioid receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/pharmacology
- Benzeneacetamides/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Brimonidine Tartrate
- Desipramine/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/biosynthesis
- GTP-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Guinea Pigs
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Myenteric Plexus/drug effects
- Peristalsis/drug effects
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Synaptosomes/drug effects
- Synaptosomes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Canciani
- Clinical and Applied Pharmacology Centre, University of Insubria and University of Pavia, via O Rossi 9, I-21100 Varese, Italy
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Abstract
Enteric ganglia can maintain integrated functions, such as the peristaltic reflex, in the absence of input from the central nervous system, which has a modulatory role. Several clinical and experimental observations suggest that homeostatic control of gut function in a changing environment may be achieved through adaptive changes occurring in the enteric ganglia. A distinctive feature of enteric ganglia, which may be crucial during the development of adaptive responses, is the vicinity of the final effector cells, which are an important source of mediators regulating cell growth. The aim of this review is to focus on the possible mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity in the enteric nervous system and to consider approaches to the study of plasticity in this model. These include investigations of neuronal connectivity during development, adaptive mechanisms that maintain function after suppression of a specific neural input, and the possible occurrence of activity-dependent modifications of synaptic efficacy, which are thought to be important in storage of information in the brain. One of the applied aspects of the study of plasticity in the enteric nervous system is that knowledge of the underlying mechanisms may eventually enable us to develop strategies to correct neuronal alterations described in several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giaroni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Giaroni C, Somaini L, Marino F, Cosentino M, Senaldi A, De Ponti F, Lecchini S, Frigo G. Modulation of enteric cholinergic neurons by hetero- and autoreceptors: cooperation among inhibitory inputs. Life Sci 1999; 65:813-21. [PMID: 10466747 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the guinea-pig colon, acetylcholine (ACh) release from intrinsic cholinergic motor neurons is inhibited by adrenoceptors, opioid and muscarinic receptors. Chronic sympathetic denervation resulted in supersensitivity to the inhibitory effect of DAMGO (mu-opioid agonist) on ACh release and on the peristaltic reflex. After chronic treatment with naltrexone (NTX) supersensitivity to DAMGO and subsensitivity to UK14,304 (alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist) developed for both functional parameters. The facilitatory effect of scopolamine on ACh release remained unchanged after chronic NTX treatment, whereas it was potentiated after chronic sympathetic denervation. These data suggest the existence of a functional interaction between different inhibitory pathways modulating cholinergic motor neurons in the guinea-pig colon. Namely, chronic manipulation of an inhibitory pathway may entail adaptive sensitivity changes in another inhibitory pathway so that homeostasis can be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giaroni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Varese VA, Italy
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Luckensmeyer GB, Keast JR. Activation of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors by sympathetic nerve stimulation in the large intestine of the rat. J Physiol 1998; 510 ( Pt 2):549-61. [PMID: 9706003 PMCID: PMC2231039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.549bk.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation on the motility of the circular and longitudinal muscle of the large intestine were investigated in vitro, and the involvement of various adrenoceptor subtypes determined. A comparison between the sympathetic supply arising from the prevertebral and pelvic ganglia was also made. 2. In the longitudinal muscle of the distal colon, sympathetic nerve stimulation caused responses which were contractile (0.1-2 Hz), biphasic (5-10 Hz) or purely inhibitory (20-30 Hz). All contractile responses were removed with phentolamine (3 microM), whereas the inhibitory responses were significantly diminished by propranolol (0.1 microM) and completely abolished by alprenolol (3 microM) or nadolol (300 microM). 3. In the longitudinal muscle of the proximal colon, the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation were predominantly inhibitory. Some of this inhibition was removed by propranolol (0.1 microM), but was largely unaffected by alprenolol (3 microM). The remainder of the inhibitory response was probably non-noradrenergic as it was not removed by a combination of phentolamine (3 microM) and alprenolol (3 microM). 4. In the circular muscle of both the proximal and distal colon, sympathetic stimulation caused a strong contractile response which was completely removed by phentolamine (3 microM) to reveal an inhibitory response. This inhibitory response was unchanged by propranolol (0.1 microM) but was removed by alprenolol (3 microM), following which a weak non-noradrenergic contractile response was unmasked. 5. Stimulation of the hypogastric nerve to activate pelvic sympathetic pathways had no effect on the motility of the longitudinal muscle, but caused a contractile response in the circular muscle which was completely removed by phentolamine (3 microM). 6. We conclude that sympathetic nerves innervate adrenoceptors of different types in the various muscle layers and regions of the colon. They innervate a mixture of alpha-, and beta(3)-adrenoceptors in the longitudinal muscle of the proximal colon, alpha-, classical beta- and beta(3)-adrenoceptors in the distal colon, and primarily alpha-adrenoceptors with a few beta(3)-adrenoceptors in the circular muscle. In addition, the pelvic sympathetic innervation of the rectum differs from the prevertebral supply by innervating only excitatory alpha-adrenoceptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Electric Stimulation
- Ganglia, Autonomic/cytology
- Ganglia, Autonomic/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Intestines/drug effects
- Intestines/innervation
- Intestines/physiology
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
- Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effects
- Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Luckensmeyer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Okamoto H, Inoue K, Kamisaki T, Takahashi K, Sato M. Regional differences in calcium sensitivity in the guinea-pig intestine. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997; 49:981-4. [PMID: 9364406 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the Ca(2+)-channel antagonist nicardipine on the basal tone of six segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, proximal colon, distal colon and rectum) of the guinea-pig intestine has been investigated in muscle preparations. Nicardipine reduced the basal tone of the proximal and distal colon but not of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and rectum. Similarly, when each segment was incubated in Ca(2+)-free medium, the basal tone of the proximal and distal colon, but not that of the other four segments, was reduced. The reduced basal tone recovered after cumulative addition of Ca2+ in both colon preparations. The basal tone of the distal colon was partly reduced by tetrodotoxin, atropine and clonidine. Conversely, L-type Ca(2+)-channel antagonists (Cd2+, verapamil and nicardipine), but not the T-type Ca(2+)-channel antagonist Ni2+, completely reduced the basal tone of the distal colon. These results indicate that in the regulation of basal tone there are additional regional differences in the effect of Ca2+ influx into the cells from the extracellular fluid which might involve L-type-like Ca2+ channels and might partly be because of neuronal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okamoto
- Research Laboratories, Roussel Morishita Co. Ltd., Shiga, Japan
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Cosentino M, Marino F, Bombelli R, Ferrari M, Rasini E, Giaroni C, Lecchini S, Frigo G. Modulation of neurotransmitter release by opioid mu- and kappa-receptors from adrenergic terminals in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig colon: effect of alpha 2-autoreceptor blockade. Neurosci Lett 1997; 222:75-8. [PMID: 9111732 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)13344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of [D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO, opioid mu-receptor agonist) and ICI-204,448 (kappa-receptor agonist) on endogenous noradrenaline release in the guinea-pig isolated distal colon. DAMGO enhances noradrenaline over-flow and this effect is antagonized by naloxone (pIC50 = 10.27) and nor-binaltorphimine (pIC50 = 7.97), and concentration-dependently turned into inhibition by yohimbine. ICI-204,448 inhibits noradrenaline overflow and is antagonized by naloxone (pIC50 = 9.38) and nor-binaltorphimine (pIC50 = 10.48), but is not affected by yohimbine. Evidence is thus given that mu- and kappa-opioid receptors modulate noradrenaline release in the guinea-pig colon. Modifications by yohimbine of the effect of DAMGO indicate the existence of a functional relationship between mu-receptors and alpha(2)-autoreceptors in this model.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/metabolism
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Colon/innervation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electric Stimulation
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-
- Enkephalins/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- Myenteric Plexus/chemistry
- Myenteric Plexus/drug effects
- Myenteric Plexus/metabolism
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
- Norepinephrine/metabolism
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Yohimbine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cosentino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, II Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavia, Varese VA, Italy
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De Ponti F, Giaroni C, Cosentino M, Lecchini S, Frigo G. Adrenergic mechanisms in the control of gastrointestinal motility: from basic science to clinical applications. Pharmacol Ther 1996; 69:59-78. [PMID: 8857303 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(95)02031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, a vast literature has accumulated on the adrenergic mechanisms controlling gut motility, blood flow, and mucosal transport. The present review is intended as a survey of key information on the relevance of adrenergic mechanisms modulating gut motility and will provide an outline of our knowledge on the distribution and functional role of adrenoceptor subtypes mediating motor responses. alpha1-Adrenoceptors are located postsynaptically on smooth muscle cells and, to a lesser extent, on intrinsic neurons; alpha2-adrenoceptors may be present both pre- and postsynaptically, with presynaptic auto- and hetero-receptors playing an important role in the modulation of neurotransmitter release; beta-adrenoceptors are found mainly on smooth muscle cells. From a clinical standpoint, adrenoceptor agonists/antagonists have been investigated as potential motility inhibiting (antidiarrheal/antispasmodic) or prokinetic agents, although at present their field of application is limited to select patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Ponti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, II Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavia, Varese Va, Italy
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Cosentino M, Marino F, De Ponti F, Giaroni C, Somaini L, Leoni O, Lecchini S, Frigo G. Tonic modulation of neurotransmitter release in the guinea-pig myenteric plexus: effect of mu and kappa opioid receptor blockade and of chronic sympathetic denervation. Neurosci Lett 1995; 194:185-8. [PMID: 7478234 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11757-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of mu- and kappa-opioid receptor blockade on endogenous acetylcholine and noradrenaline overflow from the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig isolated colon. Cyprodime (putative mu-selective antagonist) and nor-binaltorphimine (kappa-selective antagonist) had a concentration-dependent facilitatory effect on both acetylcholine and noradrenaline overflow. Moreover, in colonic specimens obtained from sympathetically denervated animals, the effect of opioid antagonists on acetylcholine overflow was significantly higher with respect to normal preparations. Evidence is thus given in favour of an involvement of mu- and kappa-opioid receptor pathways in the tonic modulation of neurotransmitter release at the colonic level. Enhanced sensitivity to the effect of mu and kappa antagonists after chronic sympathetic denervation is strongly suggestive for the existence of a functional link between opioid and adrenergic pathways in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cosentino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, II Faculty of Medicine, Varese, Italy
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