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Wang J, Shi R, Luo H, Yang P, Luo H, Gao Z, Wang D, Zeng X. Transcatheter arterial embolization followed by laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy for spontaneous rupture of a giant hepatic angiomyolipoma: a case report. Front Surg 2023; 10:1329535. [PMID: 38186388 PMCID: PMC10771282 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1329535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic angiomyolipoma is a rare and possibly cancerous mesenchymal tumor that consists of three components: blood vessels, smooth muscle cells, and adipose tissue. In this paper, we reported a case of a 36-year-old man who had a giant hepatic angiomyolipoma with spontaneous rupture and hemorrhage. The patient was admitted to our hospital with sudden upper abdominal pain for 3 h. A giant tumor was found in the left and caudate lobes of the liver, as well as significant blood collection around the liver and in the pelvis. Hemoglobin, liver function test results, and serum tumor maker levels were all within normal ranges. To prevent bleeding, emergency angiography and embolization were performed. During angiography, it was discovered that the tumor was supplied by the left hepatic artery and had a very rich internal blood supply. A massive left hepatic mass of about 11 cm in diameter was found bulging from the surface of the liver and rupturing there during laparoscopic exploration a week later. The rupture was strongly adhered to the smaller curvature of the stomach. The patient underwent laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy and caudate lobectomy, and the tumor specimen was brown, with clear boundaries with the surrounding normal liver parenchyma, and there were a large number of necrotic lesions inside the tumor. Histopathological results confirmed the mass as hepatic angiomyolipoma with negative resection margins. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that the tumor had positive homatropine methylbromide-45. After 13 months of follow-up, no tumor recurrence or metastasis occurred in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Ruizi Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Huiwen Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Ziqing Gao
- Department of Pathology, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Department of Urology, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Xintao Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
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Adhikari G, Pandey P, Bhattarai K, Khadka C, Adhikari G. Incidental finding of tuberous sclerosis complex in a woman with hematuria: A case report of renal angiomyolipoma and review of the literature. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e6913. [PMID: 36789315 PMCID: PMC9909168 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic multisystem disorder that was first described by Von Recklinghausen. We describe a case of a female, who initially presented with hematuria and was later found to have multiple manifestations of the disease. The report emphasizes the value of investigations on suspected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Adhikari
- Department of Internal MedicineNepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences‐College of MedicineKathmanduNepal
| | - Prabin Pandey
- Department of Radio‐diagnosis and ImagingNational Academy of Medical SciencesKathmanduNepal
| | - Kishor Bhattarai
- Department of Radio‐diagnosis and ImagingNational Academy of Medical SciencesKathmanduNepal
| | - Chhabi Khadka
- Department of Radio‐diagnosis and ImagingNational Academy of Medical SciencesKathmanduNepal
| | - Gopal Adhikari
- Department of Internal MedicineNepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences‐College of MedicineKathmanduNepal
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3
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D'Silva M, Na HY, Cho JY, Han HS, Yoon YS, Lee HW, Lee JS, Lee B, Kim M. Diagnosis and surgical treatment of a rare hepatic angiomyolipoma with internal hemorrhage. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2021; 25:532-535. [PMID: 34845127 PMCID: PMC8639315 DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.2021.25.4.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although angiomyolipoma (AML) is commonly found in the kidney, its appearance in the liver is rare. The first hepatic AML was reported by Ishak in 1976. Since then, there have been various reports of AML. An AML is a tumour affecting adipocytes, muscle tissues, and blood vessels. Hepatic AML has been associated with tuberous sclerosis. Its spontaneous occurrence has also been noticed. It can have a varied presentation with some being asymptomatic, others presenting with a dull aching pain, while some with disastrous consequences due to rupture and torrential bleeding intra-abdominally. Herein, we present a case of a 47-year-old female with a large hepatic AML having an internal hemorrhage that caused changes in hepatic arteries. In our case, magnetic resonance imaging was unable to establish a diagnosis. Intraoperatively, AML caused dilatation and engorgement of vessels around the porta. Immediately post resection, vessel dilatation and engorgement were reduced on table. Another notable feature was that these changes caused no intra-operative or post-operative hemodynamic changes. We report a case of a huge hepatic AML with internal hemorrhage associated with perihepatic vascular changes having a successful surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizelle D'Silva
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee Young Na
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jai Young Cho
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Han
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yoo-Seok Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hae Won Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jun Suh Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Moonhwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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4
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Calame P, Tyrode G, Weil Verhoeven D, Félix S, Klompenhouwer AJ, Di Martino V, Delabrousse E, Thévenot T. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma: A literature review. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2299-2311. [PMID: 34040323 PMCID: PMC8130035 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i19.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
First reported in 1976, hepatic angiomyolipoma (HAML) is a rare mesenchymal liver tumor occurring mostly in middle-aged women. Diagnosis of the liver mass is often incidental on abdominal imaging due to the frequent absence of specific symptoms. Nearly 10% of HAMLs are associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. HAML contains variable proportions of blood vessels, smooth muscle cells and adipose tissue, which renders radiological diagnosis hazardous. Cells express positivity for HMB-45 and actin, thus these tumors are integrated into the group of perivascular epithelioid cell tumors. Typically, a HAML appears on magnetic resonance imaging (or computed tomography scan) as a hypervascular solid tumor with fatty areas and with washout, and can easily be misdiagnosed as other liver tumors, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma. The therapeutic strategy is not clearly defined, but surgical resection is indicated for symptomatic patients, for tumors showing an aggressive pattern (i.e., changes in size on imaging or high proliferation activity and atypical epithelioid pattern on liver biopsy), for large (> 5 cm) biopsy-proven HAML, and if doubts remain on imaging or histology. Conservative management may be justified in other conditions, since most cases follow a benign clinical course. In summary, the correct diagnosis of HAML is challenging on imaging and relies mainly on pathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Calame
- Department of Radiology, Jean Minjoz University Hospital, Besançon 25030, France
| | - Gaëlle Tyrode
- Department of Hepatology, Jean Minjoz University Hospital, Besançon 25030, France
| | | | - Sophie Félix
- Department of Pathology, Jean Minjoz University Hospital, Besançon 25000, France
| | - Anne Julia Klompenhouwer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam PO Box 2040, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Di Martino
- Department of Hepatology, Jean Minjoz University Hospital, Besançon 25030, France
| | - Eric Delabrousse
- Department of Radiology, Jean Minjoz University Hospital, Besançon 25030, France
| | - Thierry Thévenot
- Department of Hepatology, Jean Minjoz University Hospital, Besançon 25030, France
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Xu Z, Wu J, Xu G, Luo H. Abdominal ultrasonographic manifestations in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Transl Pediatr 2020; 9:757-767. [PMID: 33457297 PMCID: PMC7804489 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disease which leads to formation of benign tumors in the brain and other organs of the body. Ultrasound (US) can detect the location, quantity, size and internal echo of TSC-associated renal diseases, liver angiomyolipoma (AML), and co-existing lesions, providing important diagnostic basis for clinical diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the abdominal ultrasonographic features of pediatric TSC and explore the advantages of abdominal ultrasonography in clinical practice. METHODS Data of children with TSC, who presented to the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, between January 2016 and November 2018, were analyzed by a retrospective chart review. The cases were identified from electronic medical records (EMR) system and underwent ultrasonography, we yielded a total of 12 patients. RESULTS The 12 pediatric patients, including 5 boys and 7 girls, ranged in age from 9 months to 13 years old. And they all had a history of epilepsy. All the patients underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) examination, which revealed a scattered distribution of multiple hyperintense nodules. Of the 12 patients, 10 had TSC-associated bilateral renal AMLs, 5 had hepatic AML, and 4 had renal cysts. CONCLUSIONS US is a useful and non-invasive tool for the detection of TSC-associated renal and liver lesions and for clinical follow-up among pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Xu
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junbo Wu
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guimin Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Luo
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Seow J, McGill M, Wang W, Smith P, Goodwin M. Imaging hepatic angiomyolipomas: key features and avoiding errors. Clin Radiol 2019; 75:88-99. [PMID: 31677881 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2019.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic angiomyolipomas (HAMLs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms, which have highly variable imaging appearances, often leading to misdiagnosis. They belong to the family of perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms (PEComas). HAMLs have a wide spectrum of imaging appearances due to variable amounts of smooth muscle cells, adipose tissue, and blood vessels in their makeup. Although typically sporadic, they are also associated with tuberous sclerosis. Sporadic lesions tend to be solitary whilst patients with tuberous sclerosis often have multiple HAMLs invariably accompanied by renal AMLs. Having been originally considered benign hamartomas, increasing reports of complications, including malignant behaviour, has also resulted in uncertainty in regard to their optimal management. Typically described imaging characteristics are of a hypervascular fat-containing lesion with prominent intratumoural vessels and an early draining vein; however HAMLs commonly demonstrate a paucity of fat or wash-out on contrast-enhanced imaging, and not all HAML lesions are hypervascular. HAMLs can therefore easily be misdiagnosed as other hepatic lesions, in particular hepatocellular carcinoma. This review describes the imaging characteristics of HAMLs, illustrating the wide variety of potential appearances across ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, and highlights the challenges and potential errors that can be made. This review will aid radiologists in avoiding potentially major pitfalls when faced with this rare but important liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seow
- Radiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - M McGill
- Radiology Department, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia
| | - W Wang
- Radiology Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Smith
- Epworth Medical Imaging, Geelong, Australia
| | - M Goodwin
- Radiology Department, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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Blokhin I, Chernina V, Menglibaev M, Kalinin D, Schima W, Karmazanovsky G. Giant hepatic angiomyolipoma: a case report. BJR Case Rep 2018; 5:20180072. [PMID: 31131134 PMCID: PMC6519506 DOI: 10.1259/bjrcr.20180072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic angiomyolipoma (AML) is a rare mesenchymal tumour with an undetermined malignant potential. Clinical symptoms are non-specific. The radiological hallmarks are high vascularization of lesion and presence of macroscopic fat. The proportion of fatty tissue varies significantly and discrepancies between pre-operative imaging and histological findings are observed in more than 50% of cases. Visualization of the draining vein may aid in differentiation between AML and hepatocellular carcinoma with abundant fatty component. Biopsy is indicated in ambiguous cases. Presence of clinical symptoms warrants surgical treatment. We present a clinical case of giant hepatic AML, discuss its typical features and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Blokhin
- Radiology Department, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Chernina
- Radiology Department, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Murat Menglibaev
- Radiology Department, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kalinin
- Pathology Department, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Wolfgang Schima
- Department of Radiology, Göttlicher Heiland Krankenhaus, Barmherzige Schwestern Krankenhaus and Sankt Josef Krankenhaus, Vinzenzgruppe, Vienna, Austria
| | - Grigory Karmazanovsky
- Radiology Department, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Liver Angiomyolipomas in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex-Their Incidence and Course. Pediatr Neurol 2018; 78:20-26. [PMID: 29249553 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology and clinical significance of hepatic angiomyolipomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging data from 187 patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. The prevalence, progression, and potential relationship between liver lesions and other clinical findings, including genetic associations, were assessed. RESULTS Twenty-eight of 187 patients (14.9%) had hepatic lesions. There was a predominance of female over male patients in individuals with liver lesions (17 versus 11), with statistical significance in patients under five years of age (P < 0.05). All individuals having hepatic lesions who also had available genetic testing data (n = 20) were diagnosed with a TSC2 gene mutation. All patients with liver lesions had coexisting renal angiomyolipomas (AMLs) (P < 0.05). The age of onset of renal lesions was lower and their prevalence was significantly higher in patients with liver involvement (P < 0.05). In most instances, hepatic lesions measured several millimeters in diameter and were clinically asymptomatic. Progressive lesion growth was documented in six individuals but with no clinical consequences to date. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the association of hepatic lesions with TSC2 mutations, a common origin of liver and renal AMLs, as well as the predominance of female patients in this group. Hepatic AMLs are relatively common but mostly benign lesions.
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9
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Kim SH, Kang TW, Lim K, Joh HS, Kang J, Sinn DH. A case of ruptured hepatic angiomyolipoma in a young male. Clin Mol Hepatol 2017; 23:179-183. [PMID: 28449573 PMCID: PMC5497672 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2016.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 31-year-old male visited a local hospital due to sudden-onset severe abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a solid cystic mass with a size of approximately 12 cm and exhibiting both hemorrhage and fluid collection in the pelvic cavity. Emergency angiography and embolization were performed, and a large hepatic tumor was subsequently surgically resected. The tumor cells stained positive for human melanoma black-45 and smooth-muscle actin, and the pathologic diagnosis was hepatic angiomyolipoma. This case report also discusses the spontaneous rupture of a hepatic angiomyolipoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hwa Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Wook Kang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunghee Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Sung Joh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiseok Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Sinn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kai K, Miyosh A, Aishima S, Wakiyama K, Nakashita S, Iwane S, Azama S, Irie H, Noshiro H. Granulomatous reaction in hepatic inflammatory angiomyolipoma after chemoembolization and spontaneous rupture. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9675-9682. [PMID: 26327777 PMCID: PMC4548130 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i32.9675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A 77-year-old Japanese woman was transported to a nearby hospital due to sudden abdominal pain and transient loss of consciousness. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) suggested hemoperitoneum and hepatic nodule. She was conservatively treated. Contrast-enhanced CT two months later revealed an increased mass size, and the enhancement pattern suggested the possibility of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Under a clinical diagnosis of HCC, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) was performed. A subsequent imaging study revealed that most of the lipiodol used for the embolization was washed out. Therefore, surgical resection was performed. Histologically, the nodule contained numerous inflammatory cells including small lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Notably, epithelioid granulomatous features with multinucleated giant cells were observed in both the nodule and background liver. Some of the multinucleated giant cells contained oil lipid. Among the infiltrating inflammatory cells, spindle-shaped, histiocytoid or myoid tumor cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm were found. The tumor cells were positive for Melan A and HMB45. The nodule contained many IgG4-positive plasma cells; these were counted and found to number 72.6 cells/HPF (range: 61-80). The calculated IgG4:IgG ratio was 33.2%. The nodule was finally diagnosed as previously ruptured inflammatory angiomyolipoma modified by granulomatous reaction after TACE.
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12
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Aoki H, Arata T, Morihiro T, Kanaya N, Takeda S, Sui K, Shigeyasu K, Katsuda K, Tanakaya K, Takeuchi H. Spontaneous rupture of a hepatic angiomyolipoma: Report of a case. Clin J Gastroenterol 2014; 7:429-33. [PMID: 26184024 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-014-0517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A 70-year-old female experienced sudden onset of back pain on the right side and was admitted to our hospital in December 2010. Abdominal computed tomography revealed an S7 hepatic mass measuring 7 cm in diameter accompanied by a subcapsular hematoma. Emergency angiography confirmed the diagnosis of a ruptured hepatic mass, and hemostasis was carried out by embolization of A8 and A7 of the liver. A right hepatic lobectomy was carried out 39 days following transarterial embolization. Although almost all aspects of the tumor were necrotic, residual tumor cells stained positive for HMB-45, and negative for α-SMA, S-100, CD 34, c-kit, CAM 5.2, and hepatocytes. The MIB-1 index was 2 %. Pathological diagnosis was hepatic angiomyolipoma (HAML). The patient has shown no signs of recurrence at 42 months following surgery. Here, we report on this case of spontaneous HAML rupture and discuss therapeutic strategies for HAML and ruptured hepatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Aoki
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Iwakuni Clinical Center, 1-1-1 Atago-cho, Iwakuni, Yamaguchi, 740-8510, Japan,
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13
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Tajima S, Suzuki A, Suzumura K. Ruptured hepatic epithelioid angiomyolipoma: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Oncol 2014; 7:369-75. [PMID: 24987358 PMCID: PMC4067709 DOI: 10.1159/000363690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 38-year-old male was admitted to our hospital due to upper abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed a hepatic angiomyolipoma (AML; 10.5 × 9.5 × 7.0 cm in size), which had ruptured into the space between the liver and the diaphragm. Following transcatheter arterial embolization, surgical resection was performed. The tumor consisted of epithelioid cells (50–60%), mature fat (40–50%), and thickened-wall blood vessels. Considering the amount of epithelioid cells and their positivity for E-cadherin and β-catenin, the tumor was diagnosed as hepatic epithelioid AML. Cases of ruptured hepatic AML are rare. To the best of our knowledge, this is the sixth case reported in the English literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tajima
- Department of Pathology, Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Suzumura
- Department of Surgery, Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
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14
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Black ME, Hedgire SS, Camposano S, Paul E, Harisinghani M, Thiele EA. Hepatic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex: a genotypic and phenotypic analysis. Clin Genet 2012; 82:552-7. [PMID: 22251200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex: a genotypic and phenotypic analysis. A retrospective review of the clinical records and radiological images of 205 patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) was performed to evaluate the prevalence and progression of hepatic lesions; examine the association of hepatic phenotype with genotype, age, and gender; and investigate the relationships between hepatic, renal, and pulmonary involvement. Hepatic angiomyolipomas (AML), cysts, and other benign lesions were identified in 30% of the cohort, and some lesions grew significantly over time. However, no patient had clinical symptoms or complications from hepatic lesions. TSC2 patients exhibited a higher frequency of AML compared to TSC1 patients (p = 0.037), and patients with no mutation identified exhibited a higher frequency of cysts compared to TSC2 patients (p = 0.023). Age was positively correlated with frequency of hepatic involvement (p < 0.001), whereas hepatic phenotype was independent of gender. Presence of hepatic AML was associated with presence of renal AML (p = 0.001). These findings confirm a high rate of asymptomatic hepatic lesions in TSC and further characterize the TSC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Black
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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15
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Ding GH, Liu Y, Wu MC, Yang GS, Yang JM, Cong WM. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic angiomyolipoma. J Surg Oncol 2011; 103:807-12. [PMID: 21283992 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hepatic angiomyolipoma is more frequently encountered in clinical practice, its diagnosis is difficult, its treatment remains controversial. We review a single-center experience in the treatment of hepatic angiomyolipoma. METHOD The clinical data of 79 patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma treated at the authors' institute between January 1992 and December 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS During a period of 15 years, a total of 79 patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma underwent liver resection at our hospital. There are 58 women and 21 men. The tumor size varied from 1 to 25 cm in diameter (6.1 ± 4.08). Fifty-four patients (68%) were asymptomatic. Accurate preoperative diagnosis was made in 41 patients (52%). Tumors less than 6 cm in size were more frequently misdiagnosed. Spontaneous rupture occurred in one patient. One patient had tumor recurrence 6 years after the surgery, and died of the disease 1 year later. Symptom relief was achieved in 92% of the symptomatic patients. Median survival was 90 months (90.12 ± 30.84). CONCLUSIONS Hepatic angiomyolipoma poses a diagnostic challenge clinically and radiologically. Surgical resection is a safe and effective treatment option. It is important to realize the potential of malignant transformation and risk of rupture as life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Hepatic angiomyolipoma: a clinical experience in diagnosis and treatment. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:3235-40. [PMID: 20165978 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic angiomyolipoma is a rare mesenchyme-derived neoplasm often misdiagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma, and the treatment for it remains controversial. AIMS To develop the optimal preoperative diagnoses means and treatment modalities of hepatic angiomyolipoma. METHODS Retrospective analysis of the clinical features, treatment, and prognostic data of 17 hepatic AML patients admitted to Chinese People's Liberation Army Generation Hospital between 1996 and 2006. RESULTS Most hepatic angiomyolipoma were solitary. The overall preoperative diagnostic rate was 18% and the most common misdiagnosis was hepatocellular carcinoma (10/17, 59%). In three patients, observation was performed for 2-3 years before being admitted. The tumors increased 1-9 cm in size in all patients. All of the 17 patients finally received various liver resection procedures, and postoperative mortality and morbidity was 0 and 12% (2/17). After a median follow-up period of 73 months, the tumor recurred only in one patient 9 years post-operatively. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic angiomyolipoma should be suspected in liver tumor patients with normal α-fetoprotein levels and no concomitant hepatitis. Preoperative MRI combined with percutaneous fine-needle biopsy should be the diagnostic methods of choice. Small hepatic AML proved through pathologic examination (<5 cm) may be managed by observation with close follow-up, but surgery is indicated in patients suffering from large tumors or significantly larger tumors during follow-up.
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17
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Lenci I, Angelico M, Tisone G, Orlacchio A, Palmieri G, Pinci M, Bombardieri R, Curatolo P. Massive hepatic angiomyolipoma in a young woman with tuberous sclerosis complex: significant clinical improvement during tamoxifen treatment. J Hepatol 2008; 48:1026-9. [PMID: 18436329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Isolated liver angiomyolipomas (AMLs) occur in about 40% of TSC patients. Because of their slow growth, these tumors are often asymptomatic. Since AMLs express estrogen and progesteron receptors we suggest the possible benefits of tamoxifen for the treatment of liver AMLs. METHODS We report the case of a 26-year-old female affected by tuberous sclerosis (TSC2) with cerebral, renal and hepatic involvement admitted to the Liver Unit for severe malnutrition, anorexia and abdominal pain. MRI showed a grossly enlarged liver, causing severe gastric compression. The liver was entirely filled with multiple nodular lesions of different sizes. Liver biopsy showed tumoral tissue with microscopic and ultrastructural features of angiomyolipoma. All liver function tests were repeatedly normal. Prior to considering the patient for partial hepatectomy, she was administered tamoxifen (20mg b.i.d). RESULTS After 6 months of tamoxifen treatment a greatly improved quality of life and a significant weight gain were observed. After 12 months the clinical conditions further improved and the MRI showed a significant reduction of the largest lesion with a liquid central area and a diminished compression of the stomach. CONCLUSIONS This is to our knowledge the first report in which tamoxifen has been successfully used in a TSC patient with multiple liver angiomyolipomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lenci
- Liver Unit, Tor Vergata University, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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18
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Carloni A, Tranchart H, Beauthier V, Mas AEL, Dagher I, Dumas De La Roque A, Landau A, Franco D. [Symptomatic hepatic angiomyolipoma]. GASTROENTEROLOGIE CLINIQUE ET BIOLOGIQUE 2007; 31:555-6. [PMID: 17541350 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(07)89428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Carloni
- Service de Chirurgie Générale; Hôpital Antoine Béclère - Université Paris Sud, 157, rue de la Porte de Trivaux, BP405, 92141 Clamart Cedex, France
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19
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Kacar S, Kuran S, Temucin T, Odemis B, Karadeniz N, Sasmaz N. Rectal angiolipoma: A case report and review of literature. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:1460-5. [PMID: 17457984 PMCID: PMC4146937 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i9.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiolipoma is a rare vascular variant of the benign lipomatous tumors and is generally seen in subcutaneous tissues. We report a 70-year-old female with abdominal distension not related to rectal small polypoid mass with peduncule described as angiolipoma by histologically, and review the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabite Kacar
- Gastroenterology Department, Türkiye Yüksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Avila NA, Dwyer AJ, Rabel A, Moss J. Sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis and tuberous sclerosis complex with lymphangioleiomyomatosis: comparison of CT features. Radiology 2006; 242:277-85. [PMID: 17105849 PMCID: PMC2940246 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2421051767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To retrospectively compare the frequencies of computed tomographic (CT) findings in patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and LAM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained for the HIPAA-compliant study. In 256 patients with LAM (mean age, 44 years) and 67 patients with TSC/LAM (mean age, 40 years), CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis were reviewed by a single radiologist. The fraction of lung involvement with cysts was estimated from high-spatial-resolution CT scans. Other findings assessed included noncalcified pulmonary nodules, pleural effusion, thoracic duct dilatation, hepatic and renal angiomyolipomas (AMLs), lymphangioleiomyoma (LALM), ascites, nephrectomy, and renal embolization. Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests of differences in frequencies, comparison of age quartiles, RIDIT analysis, analysis of variance, and correlation coefficients were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS Patients with LAM had more extensive lung involvement (RIDIT score, 0.36) and higher frequency of LALM (29% vs 9%, P<.001), thoracic duct dilatation (4% vs 0, P=.3), pleural effusion (12% vs 6%, P=.2), or ascites (10% vs 6%, P=.3). Patients with TSC/LAM had higher frequency of noncalcified pulmonary nodules (12% vs 1%, P<.01), hepatic (33% vs 2%, P<.001) and renal (93% vs 32%, P<.001) AMLs, nephrectomy (25% vs 7%, P<.001), or renal artery embolization (9% vs 2%, P<.05). CONCLUSION The extent of lung disease is greater in LAM than TSC/LAM. Hepatic and renal AMLs and noncalcified lung nodules are more common in TSC/LAM, while lymphatic involvement-thoracic duct dilatation, chylous pleural effusion, ascites, and LALM-is more common in LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilo A Avila
- Diagnostic Radiology Department, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, and Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1182, USA.
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Abstract
Benign solid liver tumors are a heterogeneous group of lesions (adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, hemangioma, etc.) with highly varied epidemiological characteristics. Advances in diagnostic methods have improved preoperative diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging has become the key test, but there is still a percentage of cases in which definitive preoperative diagnosis is not feasible. The most frequent symptom is abdominal pain, although patients are frequently asymptomatic. Surgery is indicated when diagnosis is uncertain or there are complications (rupture, hemorrhage, etc.). Because of the risk of malignant transformation, adenomas should always be resected. Morbidity and mortality after resection of these tumors is very low since excision is limited, performed in young people without concomitant disease, and in healthy liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Ramia
- Unidad de Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática y Trasplante Hepático, Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
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22
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Fricke BL, Donnelly LF, Casper KA, Bissler JJ. Frequency and imaging appearance of hepatic angiomyolipomas in pediatric and adult patients with tuberous sclerosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182:1027-30. [PMID: 15039181 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.182.4.1821027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the frequency and imaging appearance of hepatic angiomyolipomas in pediatric and adult patients with tuberous sclerosis. CONCLUSION Multiple hepatic angiomyolipomas are often found in patients with tuberous sclerosis, particularly in those with bilateral diffuse renal angiomyolipomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L Fricke
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Ramia JM, Villegas MT, Mansilla A, Villar J, Garrote D, Ferron JA. Angiomiolipoma hepático en paciente afectada de esclerosis tuberosa. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2004; 27:42-3. [PMID: 14718111 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5705(03)70446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant disorder often associated with a chromosome 9 abnormality, although up to 60% of cases occur spontaneously. The incidence of the disorder is between 1/100,000 and 1/10,000, and it leads to multiple organ and skeletal abnormalities. The classical triad of epilepsy, mental retardation and adenoma sebaceum defines the syndrome clinically. Other cutaneous associations include shagreen patches, ash leaf-shaped areas of depigmentation, subungual fibromas and café-au-lait spots. This review describes the commoner radiological manifestations of the syndrome, and briefly mentions the rarer associations that have been reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Evans
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
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Tsui WM, Colombari R, Portmann BC, Bonetti F, Thung SN, Ferrell LD, Nakanuma Y, Snover DC, Bioulac-Sage P, Dhillon AP. Hepatic angiomyolipoma: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases and delineation of unusual morphologic variants. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23:34-48. [PMID: 9888702 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-199901000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic angiomyolipoma (AML) is frequently misdiagnosed. HMB-45 is a promising immunomarker for this tumor that leads to recognition of some AMLs with unusual morphology. The purpose of this collaborative study is to better define the morphologic variations of AML. Thirty AMLs were examined, including four biopsy specimens and two fine-needle aspirates. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of HMB-45-positive myoid cells. Almost half the cases were originally misdiagnosed as carcinomas or sarcomas. There was marked female predominance (25:5), and the mean age was 48.7 years (range 29-68). Three patients (10%) had evidence of tuberous sclerosis and all had renal AML. According to the line of differentiation and predominance of tissue components, the tumors was subcategorized into mixed, lipomatous (> or = 70% fat), myomatous (< or = 10% fat), and angiomatous type. The mixed type was the most common (11 resected cases), comprising sheets of epithelioid muscle cells admixed with islands of adipocytes, abnormal vessels, and frequently, hematopoietic cells. Six tumors (including three from biopsy specimens) were heavily fatty and showed predominantly adipocytes with epithelioid and short spindle myoid cells webbed between fat cells. Of 10 myomatous AMLs, five tumors showed a pure sinusoidal trabecular pattern and comprised mainly epithelioid cells. Typically, mature adipocytes were absent or scanty, but fat was seen as fine droplets within cytoplasm or as occasional large globules in sinusoids. Pelioid and inflammatory pseudotumor-like patterns were identified focally. Regarding cellular features of the myoid cells, most of the epithelioid cells were either eosinophilic or clear with spiderweb cell morphology. Three AMLs showed an almost purely oncocytic appearance with scanty fat. Large pleomorphic epithelioid cells existed as small foci. Spindle cells arranged in long fascicles were uncommon. D-PAS-positive globules were common around pelioid areas. Brown pigments with staining characteristics of hemosiderin and/or melanin were noted. In conclusion, we propose HMB-45-positive myoid cells as the defining criterion of hepatic AML, which is a tumor capable of dual myomatous and lipomatous differentiation and melanogenesis. Because of its protean morphologic appearance, recognition of the various variant patterns and cell types is important for a correct diagnosis, assisted by immunohistochemical confirmation with HMB-45. Trabecular and oncocytic cell tumors appear to stand out as distinctive subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Tsui
- Department of Pathology, Caritas Medical Centre, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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