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Helou K, Yan Q, Yuan XJ, Kunz HW, Levan G, Gill TJ. Cytogenetic localization of the growth and reproduction complex (Grc) in the rat and in the mouse and its position in relation to RT1.EC and other loci in the rat MHC. Hereditas 2001; 130:105-9. [PMID: 10479997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The segment of rat chromosome 20 (RNO20p12) that contains the classical loci of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC; RT1.A-RT1.E) also contains genes affecting growth, reproduction and susceptibility to chemical carcinogens (the Grc) and multiple genes encoding class I MHC antigens (the EC region). The relative positions of the MHC, Grc, and EC region have not been demonstrated explicitly, although they have been postulated from genetic mapping studies. The present study was undertaken to map these regions cytogenetically by several different approaches using cosmids specific for the Rps 18, Hspa1 and Bat1 genes. The order was shown to be: centromere-Rps 18-Hspa1-Bat1-EC-Grc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Helou
- Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Ioannidu S, Walter L, Dressel R, Günther E. Physical map and expression profile of genes of the telomeric class I gene region of the rat MHC. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3957-65. [PMID: 11238641 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.3957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The rat is an important model for studying organ graft rejection and susceptibility to certain complex diseases. The MHC, the RT1 complex, plays a decisive role in controlling these traits. We have cloned the telomeric class I region of the RT1 complex, RT1-C/E/M, of the BN inbred rat strain in a contig of overlapping P1-derived artificial chromosome clones encompassing approximately 2 Mb, and present a physical map of this MHC region. Forty-five class I exon 4-hybridizing BAM:HI fragments were detected, including the previously known rat class I genes RT1-E, RT-BM1, RT1-N, RT1-M2, RT1-M3, and RT1-M4. Twenty-six non-class I genes known to map to the corresponding part of the human and mouse MHC were tested and could be fine mapped in the RT1-C/E/M region at orthologous position. Four previously known microsatellite markers were fine mapped in the RT1-C/E/M region and found to occur in multiple copies. In addition, a new, single-copy polymorphic microsatellite has been defined. The expression profiles of several class I genes and the 26 non-class I genes were determined in 13 different tissues and exhibited restricted patterns in most cases. The data provide further molecular information on the MHC for analyzing disease susceptibility and underline the usefulness of the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ioannidu
- Division of Immunogenetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Yuan XJ, Kunz HW, Gill TJ. Physical mapping and sequencing of class I genes in a 150-kb contig in the EC region. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:1507-12. [PMID: 10330984 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(99)00020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X J Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
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Gill TJ. Mechanisms of action of major-histocompatibility-complex-linked genes affecting reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol 1999; 41:23-33. [PMID: 10097784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To provide insight into the mechanisms of action of the major-histocompatibility-complex (MHC)-linked genes affecting reproduction. METHOD OF STUDY The data were obtained using a variety of cellular and molecular techniques in experimental animals and from population genetic studies in humans. RESULTS In the mouse, the preimplantation embryonic development (Ped) locus, whose functional gene is Q9, regulates fast and slow cleavage of the early embryo. There is also evidence for a growth and reproduction complex (Grc)-like region from serologic, molecular, and cytogenetic studies. In the human, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G gene has been associated with an increased rate of embryonic cleavage in those embryos that express the HLA-G antigen. Sharing of HLA antigens in couples has been associated with recurrent spontaneous abortions, gestational trophoblastic tumors, and unexplained infertility. Detailed mapping studies showed that the genes responsible are not the HLA genes themselves, but genes closely linked to the HLA-DR-DQ-B genes. The HLA region genes can interact epistatically with the C3 allele of transferrin to increase the incidence of fetal loss. In the rat, the Grc region, which is closely linked to the MHC, has been associated with embryonic loss, growth defects, and susceptibility to chemical carcinogens. The Grc can interact epistatically with the tail anomaly lethal (Tal) gene or the hood restriction (Hre) gene to enhance these effects. CONCLUSIONS There are two basic mechanisms for the effects of MHC-linked genes on reproduction and development: individual gene effects (Ped [Q9], HLA-G) and extended genetic effects (MHC-linked genes in the rat [Grc] and in the human). The nature of these genetic effects, particularly the MHC-linked effects, can also provide some insight into the different theories of human origins: These effects are most consistent with the monogenic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Gill
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA, USA
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Gill TJ, Salgar SK, Yuan XJ, Kunz HW. Current status of the genetic and physical maps of the major histocompatibility complex in the rat. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:1657-9. [PMID: 9142220 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(97)00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Gill
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
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Gill TJ. Role of the major histocompatibility complex region in reproduction, cancer, and autoimmunity. Am J Reprod Immunol 1996; 35:211-5. [PMID: 8962649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM A diverse body of evidence indicates that there is an association among reproductive failure, development, cancer, and autoimmunity. The evidence for the relationship of genes linked to the major histocompatibility complex to these diseases will be evaluated. METHODS The published results of both experimental studies in animals and of clinical observations in humans will be summarized and analyzed. RESULTS Experimental studies in the rat have demonstrated a relationship between the MHC-linked region and growth, development, and susceptibility to chemical carcinogens. Data from other species support these observations. Clinical studies in humans have demonstrated an association between the MHC region and recurrent spontaneous abortions and a variety of other diseases; between recurrent spontaneous abortion and several autoimmune diseases; and between isolated populations and deficiencies of HLA homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS Genes in the MHC-linked region play an important role in the control of reproduction, growth and development, and susceptibility to a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Gill
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
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Yuan XJ, Salgar SK, Hassett AL, McHugh KP, Kunz HW, Gill TJ. Physical mapping of the E/C and grc regions of the rat major histocompatibility complex. Immunogenetics 1996; 44:9-18. [PMID: 8613150 DOI: 10.1007/bf02602652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alignment of class I-hybridizing cosmids from an R21 (AlBlDlEugrc+) genomic DNA library gave two contigs: one [150 kilobases (kb)] encompassed the E/C region, or a large part thereof, and the other (110 kb) contained the grc region which has genes influencing resistance to chemical carcinogens (rcc), fertility (ft), and growth (dw-3). Amplification of gene sequences in the four cosmids in the E/C region using Eu-specific and LW2 (RT1.C)-specific primers showed that each cosmid contained both Eu-like and C-like genes. They are clearly different but closely associated, and they show some variation from the prototypic E (Eu) and C (LW2) genes, respectively. Comparison of DNA from grc+ and grc- strains of rats showed that the deletion in the grc- strains was approximately 50 kb, and that it was located on two of the three cosmids in the grc-region contig. The use of specific class I probes showed that the grc region contained tandemly duplicated RT1.O-RT1.N genes and that the RT.BM1 loci lay outside of the grc region. Neither contig reacted with probes specific for class II, TNFA, Hsp70, or RT1.M genes. The data presented here and the previous data in the literature (summarized in Gill et al. 1995) suggest that the gene order in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and MHC-linked region of the rat is: A-E/C-grc-M.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA, 15261, USA
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Wang CR, Lambracht D, Wonigeit K, Howard JC, Lindahl KF. Rat RT1 orthologs of mouse H2-M class Ib genes. Immunogenetics 1995; 42:63-7. [PMID: 7797270 DOI: 10.1007/bf00164989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C R Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 76235-9050, USA
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Wang R, Liew CC. The human BAT3 ortholog in rodents is predominantly and developmentally expressed in testis. Mol Cell Biochem 1994; 136:49-57. [PMID: 7854331 DOI: 10.1007/bf00931604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A partial cDNA clone, RLC34, was isolated from a rat brain cDNA library. Its sequence exhibits high identity with BAT3 (88.4% and 94.9% for DNA and the deduced amino acid sequence, respectively), a gene located within the region of human major histocompatibility complex III (MCHIII region). RLC34 detected a transcript the same size in human and rat, similar to that reported for BAT3. Southern blot analysis of RLC34 showed similar restriction patterns as those of the human BAT3 gene. A panel of rodent tissue samples were examined and the RLC34 was found to be predominantly expressed in the germ cells of rodent testes. The expression is developmentally regulated with increased transcripts seen at 17-20 days after birth. Its testicular expression, its association with spermatogenesis, and its location in MCHIII suggest a correlation of RLC34 with the growth-reproduction complex (grc). This finding may also provide a clue to study the function of other genes localized in this area of the MCHIII region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kirisits MJ, Sawai H, Kunz HW, Gill TJ. Multiple TL-like loci in the grc-G/C region of the rat. Immunogenetics 1994; 39:301-15. [PMID: 8168848 DOI: 10.1007/bf00189226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The grc-G/C region of the rat is homologous to the Q/TL region of the mouse, and deletions in this region are associated with fetal mortality, developmental defects, and decreased resistance to cancer. Several cosmids spanning approximately 45 kilobases of this region were analyzed for their class I loci, using a mouse general class I probe (pAG64c), grc-specific probes (pGRC1.4, pGRC1.7), and four probes derived from the TL-like locus RT1.N1. The results showed that TL-like genes other than RT1.N1 exist in the rat: a duplicated gene, RT1.N2, was identified, sequenced, and shown to be 99.3% similar to RT1.N1; and a third TL-like gene, RT1.N3, was isolated from a cDNA library, sequenced, and shown to be 92.8% similar to RT1.N1. These observations suggest that the rat TL-like loci are duplicated and that there is more than one cluster of these duplicated genes. The TL-like genes are transcribed predominantly in the thymus, except in grc- strains, and their level of transcription increases during fetal life and reaches its maximum at birth. Finally, a cosmid that appears to identify the end of the deletion in grc- strains was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kirisits
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261
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Abstract
Deficits of HLA-A, -B homozygotes observed many years ago in two inbred populations suggested negative selection against HLA homozygotes. To determine whether a similar deficiency would be observed in the S-leut Hutterites, a well-characterized Caucasian isolate of European ancestry, and to determine whether selection operated at the allele, locus, or haplotype level, observed and expected numbers of homozygotes were compared in 852 adult Hutterites. Deficits ranging from 11% to 24% were observed for all five loci examined (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ). However, these deficits were secondary to, and almost completely accounted for by, a 64% loss of individuals homozygous for the haplotype. There was no evidence of deficits affecting only a single allele or locus. The data indicate strong negative selection against HLA homozygotes. This could be due, at least in part, to decreased fecundability among couples sharing HLA-DR. However, these data suggest that additional selective factors acting at the level of the haplotype also operate in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Kostyu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Laitinen T. A set of MHC haplotypes found among Finnish couples suffering from recurrent spontaneous abortions. Am J Reprod Immunol 1993; 29:148-54. [PMID: 8373523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1993.tb00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM AND METHOD The role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in the etiology of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) was studied by analyzing the polymorphism of several, at least 14, immunogenetically important MHC genes either by serological or molecular methods in 56 Finnish RSA couples, and in 29 infants born to these families during the follow-up period of two years after the abortions. RESULTS The haplotype analysis showed that the RSA couples had significantly increased sharing of MHC fragments, compared to the control families. Furthermore, the MHC risk markers for abortions defined 12 different, extended MHC haplotypes that were found in a significantly higher proportion among persons in the RSA group (45%) than in the controls (11%). However, neither of these observations associated with the reproductive success of the study couples. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that extended MHC haplotypes, disadvantageous for reproduction, exist in some isolated populations, such as the Finns.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Laitinen
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Finnish Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Helsinki
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Crew MD. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex and the evolutionary genetics of lifespan. Genetica 1993; 91:225-38. [PMID: 8125272 DOI: 10.1007/bf01436000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mice that presumably differ just in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) chromosomal region provide the best evidence that MHC genes affect lifespan. Further evidence is that MHC region genes in some cases are known to influence reproduction, growth, and development. Moreover, MHC genetic associations with disease are well documented. This paper summarizes and defines aspects of the molecular biology, cellular function, and evolution of MHC genes (with special emphasis on the polymorphic MHC class I and II genes) which are important in aging, and attempts to integrate these into an evolutionary genetic perspective of senescence. It is suggested that MHC genes provide a mammalian paradigm for the genetics of lifespan because of their intra- and interspecies diversification, evolutionary selection, and age-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Crew
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
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Hunt SW, Cook ME, Ecklund SR. Fine map of a region homologous to the rat grc complex in the TL region of the mouse. Immunogenetics 1993; 37:386-9. [PMID: 8428772 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S W Hunt
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7280
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Kirisits MJ, Kunz HW, Hassett AL, Gill TJ. Genomic DNA sequence and organization of a TL-like gene in the grc-G/C region of the rat. Immunogenetics 1992; 35:365-77. [PMID: 1349585 DOI: 10.1007/bf00179792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genes in the grc-G/C region, which is linked to the rat major histocompatibility complex, influence the control of growth, development, and susceptibility to chemical carcinogens. As an initial approach to analyzing the structure and organization of these genes, a class I hybridizing fragment designated RT(5.8) was isolated from an R21 genomic DNA library and sequenced from overlapping restriction enzyme fragments. The RT(5.8) clone has 5788 base pairs and contains the eight exons characteristic of a class I gene. There are CAAT and TATA boxes upstream of the signal peptide, and the recognition sequence that precedes the site of polyadenylation is located downstream from the third cytoplasmic domain. Comparison of the RT(5.8) gene with representative class I genes from the rat and other species shows that the nucleotide sequences of RT(5.8) have a high level of similarity to those of TL region genes of several strains of mice. The peptide sequence deduced from the RT(5.8) clone is distinct from all previously published class I gene sequences, and at many positions there are amino acid residues that are unique to the RT(5.8) sequence. Probes have been isolated from the third exon and from the 5' and 3' flanking regions of the RT(5.8) clone, and Southern blot analysis with genomic DNA of various rat strains shows that these probes are specific for the RT(5.8) fragment. Northern blot analysis shows that the gene is transcribed in the thymus but not in the liver or spleen. The RT(5.8) sequence is more similar to some mouse TL genes (especially in the alpha 2 and cytoplasmic domains and in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions) than it is to other rat class I genes. Hence, TL-like genes are not restricted to the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kirisits
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA 15261
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Vardimon D, Locker J, Kunz HW, Gill TJ. Physical mapping of the MHC and grc by pulse field electrophoresis. Immunogenetics 1992; 35:166-75. [PMID: 1537608 DOI: 10.1007/bf00185110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of the physical map of the major histocompatibility complex of the rat was undertaken using pulse field gel electrophoresis of fragments of genomic DNA from the BIL/2 (grc+) and BIL/1 (grc-) strains obtained primarily from single and double digests with the enzymes Mlu I, Not I, and Sfi I and hybridized with a variety of mouse, rat, and human probes. Both strains are maintained by inbreeding the BIL heterozygote (forced heterozygosity; F31); hence, their differences lie almost entirely in the MHC-grc regions. The MHC-grc region was contained in five fragments of DNA comprising 3000-3200 kilobases (kb); thus, its size appears to be closer to that of the human MHC than to that of the mouse MHC. This distance may be an underestimate of the size of the entire region, however, because the cluster of class I loci in the RT1. A region could not be defined in detail in this study. The most striking difference between the BIL/2 strain, which has normal growth and reproductive characteristics, and the BIL/1 strain, which has growth and reproductive defects and an enhanced susceptibility to chemical carcinogens, is a deletion of approximately 70 kb in the latter strain. The studies on grc+ and grc- strains suggest that the phenotypic defects of the grc- strains may be due to the loss of genes that are normally present in this deleted region.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vardimon
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA 15261
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Silver LM, Artzt K, Barlow D, Fischer-Lindahl K, Lyon MF, Klein J, Snyder L. Mouse chromosome 17. Mamm Genome 1992; 3 Spec No:S241-60. [PMID: 1498437 DOI: 10.1007/bf00648435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Silver
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544-1014
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Kostyu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Artzt K, Barlow D, Dove WF, Fischer-Lindahl K, Klein J, Lyon MF, Silver LM. Mouse chromosome 17. Mamm Genome 1991; 1 Spec No:S280-300. [PMID: 1799805 DOI: 10.1007/bf00656498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Artzt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544-1014
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Neufeld E, Vincek V, Figueroa F, Klein J. Limits of the distal inversion in the t complex of the house mouse: evidence from linkage disequilibria. Mamm Genome 1991; 1:242-8. [PMID: 1794053 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The suppression of crossing-over and the consequent linkage disequilibrium of genetic markers within the t complex of the house mouse is caused by two large and two short inversions. The inversions encompass a region that is some 15 centiMorgans (cM) long in the homologous wild-type chromosome. The limits of the proximal inversions are reasonably well-defined, those of the distal inversions much less so. We have recently obtained seven new DNA markers (D17Tu) which in wild-type chromosomes map into the region presumably involved in the distal inversions of the t chromosomes. To find out whether the corresponding loci do indeed reside within the inversions, we have determined their variability among 26 complete and 12 partial t haplotypes. In addition, we also tested the same collection of t haplotypes for their variability at five D17Leh, Hba-ps4, Pim-1, and Crya-1 loci. The results suggest that the distal end of the most distal inversion lies between the loci D17Leh467 and D17Tu26. The proximal end of the large distal inversion was mapped to the region between the D17Tu43 and Hba-ps4 loci, but this assignment is rather ambiguous. The loci Pim-1, Crya-1, and the H-2 complex, which have been mapped between the Hba-ps4 and Grr within the large distal inversion, behave as if they recombine from time to time with their wild-type homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Neufeld
- Abteilung Immungenetik, Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Tübingen, Germany
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