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Szczepan M, Llorián-Salvador M, Chen M, Xu H. Immune Cells in Subretinal Wound Healing and Fibrosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:916719. [PMID: 35755781 PMCID: PMC9226489 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.916719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subretinal space is devoid of any immune cells under normal conditions and is an immune privileged site. When photoreceptors and/or retinal pigment epithelial cells suffer from an injury, a wound healing process will be initiated. Retinal microglia and the complement system, as the first line of retinal defense, are activated to participate in the wound healing process. If the injury is severe or persists for a prolonged period, they may fail to heal the damage and circulating immune cells will be summoned leading to chronic inflammation and abnormal wound healing, i.e., subretinal or intraretinal fibrosis, a sight-threatening condition frequently observed in rhematogenous retinal detachment, age-related macular degeneration and recurrent uveoretinitis. Here, we discussed the principles of subretinal wound healing with a strong focus on the conditions whereby the damage is beyond the healing capacity of the retinal defense system and highlighted the roles of circulating immune cells in subretinal wound healing and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Szczepan
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - María Llorián-Salvador
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Chen
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Heping Xu
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom,Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Heping Xu,
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Knudson CJ, Hartwig SM, Meyerholz DK, Varga SM. RSV vaccine-enhanced disease is orchestrated by the combined actions of distinct CD4 T cell subsets. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004757. [PMID: 25769044 PMCID: PMC4358888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no currently licensed vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) despite being the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Children previously immunized with a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine exhibited enhanced respiratory disease following natural RSV infection. Subsequent studies in animal models have implicated roles for CD4 T cells, eosinophils and non-neutralizing antibodies in mediating enhanced respiratory disease. However, the underlying immunological mechanisms responsible for the enhanced respiratory disease and other disease manifestations associated with FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease remain unclear. We demonstrate for the first time that while CD4 T cells mediate all aspects of vaccine-enhanced disease, distinct CD4 T cell subsets orchestrate discrete and specific disease parameters. A Th2-biased immune response, but not eosinophils specifically, was required for airway hyperreactivity and mucus hypersecretion. In contrast, the Th1-associated cytokine TNF-α was necessary to mediate airway obstruction and weight loss. Our data demonstrate that individual disease manifestations associated with FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease are mediated by distinct subsets of CD4 T cells. RSV is a significant healthcare burden and is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia during childhood. The failure of the 1960's FI-RSV vaccine trial to not only elicit protection against RSV infection, but also provoke enhanced morbidity and mortality in vaccinees has significantly hampered development of new RSV vaccines for fear of disease potentiation. Therefore we sought to determine the specific immunological mechanisms that mediate FI-RSV VED to provide a framework to evaluate factors associated with disease exacerbation. Work presented herein demonstrate for the first time that individual disease manifestations associated with FI-RSV-immunization are mediated by distinct CD4 T cell subsets and not by eosinophils. Our results stress the need to evaluate multiple disease parameters for future RSV vaccine candidates. Failure to thoroughly assess the immune response and disease manifestations associated with new candidate vaccines may lead to undesired results in vaccine trials and further hinder future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J. Knudson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Stacey M. Hartwig
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zaidi AK, Mussarat A, Mishra A. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for eosinophilic esophagitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 11:351-367. [PMID: 25400904 DOI: 10.2217/cpr.14.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a recently recognized allergic disorder, characterized by eosophageal dysfunction, accumulation of ≥15 eosinophils/high-powered field, eosinophil microabssess, basal cell hyperplasia, extracellular eosinophilic granules in the esophageal epithelial mucosal biopsy and a lack of response to a 8-week proton pump inhibitor treatment. Despite the increased incidences and considerable progress made in understanding EoE pathogenesis, there are limited diagnostic and therapeutic options available for EoE. Currently, the only criterion for diagnosing EoE is repetitive esophageal endoscopic biopsies and histopathological evaluation. Antigen elimination or corticosteroid therapies are effective therapies for EoE but are expensive and have limitations, if continued in the long term. Hence, there is a great necessity for novel noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers that can easily diagnose EoE and assess effectiveness of therapy. Herein, we have provided an update on key molecules involved in the disease initiation, and progression and proposed novel noninvasive diagnostic molecules and strategies for EoE therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifa K Zaidi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA
| | - Ahad Mussarat
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA
| | - Anil Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA
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Hung TJ, Tomiya N, Chang TH, Cheng WC, Kuo PH, Ng SK, Lien PC, Lee YC, Chang MDT. Functional characterization of ECP-heparin interaction: a novel molecular model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82585. [PMID: 24349317 PMCID: PMC3859622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) are two ribonuclease A (RNaseA) family members secreted by activated eosinophils. They share conserved catalytic triad and similar three dimensional structures. ECP and EDN are heparin binding proteins with diverse biological functions. We predicted a novel molecular model for ECP binding of heparin hexasaccharide (Hep6), [GlcNS(6S)-IdoA(2S)]3, and residues Gln(40), His(64) and Arg(105) were indicated as major contributions for the interaction. Interestingly, Gln(40) and His(64) on ECP formed a clamp-like structure to stabilize Hep6 in our model, which was not observed in the corresponding residues on EDN. To validate our prediction, mutant ECPs including ECP Q40A, H64A, R105A, and double mutant ECP Q40A/H64A were generated, and their binding affinity for heparins were measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Weaker binding of ECP Q40A/H64A of all heparin variants suggested that Gln(40)-His(64) clamp contributed to ECP-heparin interaction significantly. Our in silico and in vitro data together demonstrate that ECP uses not only major heparin binding region but also use other surrounding residues to interact with heparin. Such correlation in sequence, structure, and function is a unique feature of only higher primate ECP, but not EDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Jen Hung
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Noboru Tomiya
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tse-Hao Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chi Cheng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ping-Hsueh Kuo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sim-Kun Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Chun Lien
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Chuan Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret Dah-Tsyr Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Melo RCN, Liu L, Xenakis JJ, Spencer LA. Eosinophil-derived cytokines in health and disease: unraveling novel mechanisms of selective secretion. Allergy 2013; 68:274-84. [PMID: 23347072 DOI: 10.1111/all.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, our understanding of eosinophils has evolved from that of categorically destructive effector cells to include active participation in immune modulation, tissue repair processes, and normal organ development, in both health and disease. At the core of their newly appreciated functions is the capacity of eosinophils to synthesize, store within intracellular granules, and very rapidly secrete a highly diverse repertoire of cytokines. Mechanisms governing the selective secretion of preformed cytokines from eosinophils are attractive therapeutic targets and may well be more broadly applicable to other immune cells. Here, we discuss recent advances in deciphering pathways of cytokine secretion, both from intact eosinophils and from tissue-deposited cell-free eosinophil granules, extruded from eosinophils undergoing a lytic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Liu
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
| | - J. J. Xenakis
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
| | - L. A. Spencer
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
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Aceves SS, Ackerman SJ. Relationships between eosinophilic inflammation, tissue remodeling, and fibrosis in eosinophilic esophagitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2009; 29:197-211, xiii-xiv. [PMID: 19141355 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and pathologic features of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) include extensive tissue remodeling. Increasing evidence supports a key role for the eosinophil in multiple aspects of the esophageal remodeling and fibrosis seen in this allergic disease. This article reviews the clinical implications of esophageal remodeling and fibrosis in EE and discusses the possible pathogenic mechanisms inducing and regulating these responses. The focus is specifically on eosinophil and cytokine interactions with the esophageal epithelium, vascular endothelium, resident fibroblasts, and smooth muscle. Current and potential therapeutic interventions are discussed that may impact the development or resolution of chronic esophageal remodeling and fibrosis in EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema S Aceves
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Rady Children's Hospital, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5114, San Diego, CA 92123-6791, USA
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Ackerman SJ, Bochner BS. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2007; 27:357-75. [PMID: 17868854 PMCID: PMC2064859 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The increased numbers of activated eosinophils in the blood and tissues that typically accompany hypereosinophilic disorders result from a variety of mechanisms. Exciting advances in translating discoveries achieved from mouse models and molecular strategies to the clinic have led to a flurry of new therapeutics specifically designed to target eosinophil-associated diseases. So far, this form of hypothesis testing in humans in vivo through pharmacology generally has supported the paradigms generated in vitro and in animal models, raising hopes that a spectrum of novel therapies soon may become available to help those who have eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Ackerman
- Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular Genetics and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bruce S. Bochner
- Professor or Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Liacouras CA, Bonis P, Putnam PE, Straumann A, Ruchelli E, Gupta SK, Lee JJ, Hogan SP, Wershil BK, Rothenberg ME, Ackerman SJ, Gomes I, Murch S, Mishra A, Furuta GT. Summary of the First International Gastrointestinal Eosinophil Research Symposium. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45:370-91. [PMID: 17873754 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e318142b4f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hokibara S, Takamoto M, Isobe M, Sugane K. Effects of monoclonal antibodies to adhesion molecules on eosinophilic myocarditis in Toxocara canis-infected CBA/J mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 114:236-44. [PMID: 9822282 PMCID: PMC1905108 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic myocarditis followed by fibrosis of the cardiac muscle was observed in addition to peripheral blood eosinophilia in CBA/J mice infected with Toxocara canis. The infected mice were used as an experimental model of eosinophilic endomyocarditis associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome. Effects of in vivo treatment with MoAbs to adhesion molecules on eosinophilic myocarditis were examined using this experimental model. Expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on endothelial cells of capillaries in myocardium were increased 1 and 2 weeks after infection. Infiltration of very late antigen (VLA)-4+ and/or CD11a+ cells into the cardiac muscles was also observed 1 and 2 weeks after infection. Infiltration of eosinophils into the heart was significantly suppressed by anti-CD18 MoAb and anti-VLA-4 MoAb, and focal fibrosis of the cardiac muscle was also significantly suppressed by combined administration of anti-CD18 and anti-ICAM-1 MoAbs. These results indicate that adhesion molecules may play important roles in eosinophilic myocarditis, and that blockade of interaction between adhesion molecules and their ligands may help to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hokibara
- Department of Paediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
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Schneider U, Jenni R, Turina J, Turina M, Hess OM. Long-term follow up of patients with endomyocardial fibrosis: effects of surgery. HEART (BRITISH CARDIAC SOCIETY) 1998; 79:362-7. [PMID: 9616343 PMCID: PMC1728653 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.79.4.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the long-term outcome of patients with endomyocardial fibrosis and to compare echocardiographic and haemodynamic data before and after ventricular endocardial resection. PATIENTS Seventeen patients (11 women and six men; mean age 35.5 years) diagnosed with endomyocardial fibrosis at the University Hospital in Zurich, Switzerland from 1971 to 1995. Twelve patients (70%) had partial obliteration of both ventricles and in five patients (30%) the fibrotic lesions were limited to the left ventricle. METHODS Fourteen of the 17 patients had surgical resection: fibrosis was resected from both ventricles in five patients and from the left ventricle only in nine patients. Ten patients had mitral valve replacement and two had tricuspid valve replacement. Left ventricle endocardial resection was done without reconstruction or replacement of the atrioventricular valve in three patients. Preoperative and postoperative echocardiographic data were available for 11 patients and haemodynamic data for six patients. Patients were followed up for 0.4-19 years (mean 8.6). RESULTS Preoperatively four patients were NYHA functional class IV and 10 were class III; postoperatively one patient was class III, seven class II, and six class I. Preoperatively, echocardiography showed obliteration of the left ventricular apex and inflow tract in all patients, which decreased or disappeared after surgery. Left ventricular end diastolic pressure decreased from 25 mm Hg before surgery to 14 mm Hg after successful resection of the fibrosis. Left ventricular and diastolic volume (normal 93 (17) ml/m2) increased from 65 ml/m2 to 97 ml/m2 (p < 0.05) after surgery. Ejection fraction was normal preoperatively (57%) and decreased slightly (52%) after surgery. One patient died five months after surgery from heart failure. Four surgically treated patients died during the follow up period: one each from systolic dysfunction, recurrence of endomyocardial fibrosis, pneumonia, and food poisoning. Overall survival was 65% at five years and 59% at 10 years; the survival rates of the operated patients was 72% and 68%, respectively. Only one of the medically treated patients survived longer than three years from diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Endomyocardial fibrosis is a rare disease in European countries and is found mainly in women. The clinical picture is characterised by severe congestive heart failure but heart size is only moderately increased. Systolic performance is normal or only slightly depressed despite severe restriction to filling, atrioventricular valve regurgitation or both. Partial obliteration of the right and/or left ventricle may be detected by echocardiography. Endocardial resection with atrioventricular valve replacement is the treatment of choice with appreciable postoperative improvement and 10 year survival of approximately 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schneider
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Maisch B, Drude L, Kochsiek K. Immunological features in a case of hypereosinophilic syndrome and myocarditis. Heart Vessels 1990; 5:237-42. [PMID: 2228910 DOI: 10.1007/bf02058696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and immunological follow-up of a 38-year-old female patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome and classical cardiac involvement, but without demonstrable degranulation of eosinophils and lacking binding of a specific antibody for activated eosinophils, is presented. Instead, the patient demonstrated all the immunological features of autoreactive myocarditis: cytolytic, complement-fixing antimyolemmal antibodies and increased concentrations of circulating immune complexes were present over 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maisch
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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