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Eslami Rasekh M, Hernández Y, Drinan SD, Fuxman Bass J, Benson G. Genome-wide characterization of human minisatellite VNTRs: population-specific alleles and gene expression differences. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4308-4324. [PMID: 33849068 PMCID: PMC8096271 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) are tandem repeat (TR) loci that vary in copy number across a population. Using our program, VNTRseek, we analyzed human whole genome sequencing datasets from 2770 individuals in order to detect minisatellite VNTRs, i.e., those with pattern sizes ≥7 bp. We detected 35 638 VNTR loci and classified 5676 as commonly polymorphic (i.e. with non-reference alleles occurring in >5% of the population). Commonly polymorphic VNTR loci were found to be enriched in genomic regions with regulatory function, i.e. transcription start sites and enhancers. Investigation of the commonly polymorphic VNTRs in the context of population ancestry revealed that 1096 loci contained population-specific alleles and that those could be used to classify individuals into super-populations with near-perfect accuracy. Search for quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), among the VNTRs proximal to genes, indicated that in 187 genes expression differences correlated with VNTR genotype. We validated our predictions in several ways, including experimentally, through the identification of predicted alleles in long reads, and by comparisons showing consistency between sequencing platforms. This study is the most comprehensive analysis of minisatellite VNTRs in the human population to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yözen Hernández
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Juan I Fuxman Bass
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gary Benson
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Crawford MH, Beaty KG. DNA fingerprinting in anthropological genetics: past, present, future. INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2013; 4:23. [PMID: 24245746 PMCID: PMC3831593 DOI: 10.1186/2041-2223-4-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In 1985, Sir Alec Jeffreys developed the variable-number tandem repeat method used to identify individuals and giving researchers the first DNA fingerprints. These initial methods were used in anthropological genetics, a field that uses a comparative approach to answer questions about human history, including the discernment of the origin of Native American populations and the discrimination of clan affiliation from individuals in Siberia. The technological and methodological advances since this time have led to the use of many more markers, including restriction fragment length polymorphisms, Y chromosomal and autosomal short tandem repeats, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and direct sequencing not only to identify individuals, but to examine frequencies and distributions of markers (or “prints”) of entire populations. In the field of anthropological genetics these markers have been used to reconstruct evolutionary history and answer questions concerning human origins and diaspora, migration, and the effects of admixture and adaptation to different environments, as well as susceptibility and resistance to disease. This review discusses the evolution of DNA markers since their application by Sir Alec Jeffreys and their applications in anthropological genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Crawford
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd,, 622 Fraser Hall, Lawrence KS66045, USA.
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Sachdeva MP, Mastana SS, Saraswathy KN, Elizabeth AM, Chaudhary R, Kalla AK. Short ReportGenetic variation at three VNTR loci (D1S80, APOB and D17S5) in two tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh, India. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 31:95-102. [PMID: 14742168 DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001625978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the genetic variation at three variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci (APOB, D17S5 and D1S80) in two tribes (Thoti and Kolam) of Andhra Pradesh, India. Kolams constitute 1% of the total scheduled tribal population of Andhra Pradesh, while Thoti is a numerically small tribe. All three genetic loci were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and were polymorphic in both populations. At the D1S80 locus, both populations showed higher frequencies of allele *31 (9-14%) than other Indian populations. In the APOB system, Thoti showed a very high frequency of allele *37 (54%) and for D17S5 system allele *4 was the most common in Thoti (32%) and allele *2 in Kolam (28%). Both tribes differed statistically significantly from other tribal populations of the region. The level of gene differentiation was low (GST = 0.038) for Indian tribal populations. The allele frequency distribution, heterozygosity and genetic diversity analysis shows that the observed genetic variation is socially and geographically structured.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sachdeva
- Department of Anthropology, Delhi University, India
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Wendland JR, Kruse MR, Cromer KR, Cromer KC, Murphy DL. A large case-control study of common functional SLC6A4 and BDNF variants in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:2543-51. [PMID: 17375136 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Both serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genes have shown positive associations with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and some other psychiatric disorders, but these results have not been consistently replicated. To explore the hypothesis that this variability might result from the effects of differing combinations of overlooked variants within SLC6A4 together with small OCD and control sample sizes, we studied three common functional polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR, STin2, and the newly discovered SNP, rs25531) in the largest sample size of OCD patients (N=347) and controls (N=749) ever investigated. During methods development, we found evidence for potential SLC6A4 genotyping problems with earlier methodology, a third possible contributor to variability in earlier studies. A fourth possible explanation might be SLC6A4 x BDNF interactions, which prompted us to investigate combined genotypes of BDNF V66M with the three SLC6A4 loci. Except for a nominal association with rs25531 alone, which did not survive correction for multiple comparisons, we found no evidence for any of these other variants being associated alone or together with OCD, and we therefore also examined clinical OCD subtypes within the sample to evaluate clinical heterogeneity. Subgroups based on the age of OCD onset, gender, familiality, factor analysis-derived symptom dimensions, or comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders failed to identify SLC6A4- or BDNF-associated phenotypes, with one exception of overall number of comorbid anxiety disorders being significantly associated with 5-HTTLPR/rs25531. We conclude that despite their attractiveness as candidate genes in OCD, our data provide no support for association in this large OCD patient sample and point toward the need to examine other genes as candidates for risk determinants in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens R Wendland
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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5
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Maalej A, Rebai A, Ayadi A, Jouida J, Makni H, Ayadi H. Allelic structure and distribution of 103 STR loci in a Southern Tunisian population. J Genet 2004; 83:65-71. [PMID: 15240910 DOI: 10.1007/bf02715830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Genotypes of 103 short tandem repeat (STR) markers distributed at an average of 40 cM intervals throughout the genome were determined for 40 individuals from the village of BirEl Hfai (BEH). This village of approximately 31,000 individuals is localized in the south-west of Tunisia. The allele frequency distributions in BEH were compared with those obtained for individuals in the CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain) data using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test. Fourteen out of the 103 markers (13.2%) showed significant differences (P<0.05) in distribution between the two populations. Population heterogeneity in BEH was indicated by an excess of observed homozygosity deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at three loci (P<0.0005). No evidence for genotypic disequilibrium was found for any of the marker pairs. This demonstrated that in spite of a high inbreeding level in the population, few markers showed evidence for a different pattern of allelic distribution compared to CEPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Maalej
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire Humaine, Faculté de Médecine, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
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Sozer AC, Kelly CM, Demers DB. Molecular analysis of paternity. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS 2001; Chapter 14:Unit 14.4. [PMID: 18428261 DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg1404s16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The unit covers Variable Numbers of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) based paternity analysis as well as the newer methods relying on PCR to analyze sequence-specific polymorphisms and microsatellite regions. The discussion of data analysis and probability calculations has been expanded to address a number of special circumstances, such as the lack of sample from an alleged father, motherless cases, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Sozer
- Fairfax Identity Laboratories, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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Monaghan K, Feldman G, Barbarotto G, Manji S, Desai T, Snow K. Frequency and clinical significance of the S1235R mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene: Results from a collaborative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20001211)95:4<361::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Monaghan KG, Feldman GL. The risk of cystic fibrosis with prenatally detected echogenic bowel in an ethnically and racially diverse North American population. Prenat Diagn 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199907)19:7<604::aid-pd593>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chevalier-Porst F, Bonardot AM, Chazalette JP, Mathieu M, Bozon D. 40 kilobase deletion (CF 40 kb del 4-10) removes exons 4 to 10 of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene. Hum Mutat 1998; Suppl 1:S291-4. [PMID: 9452112 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380110191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Crawford MH, Williams JT, Duggirala R. Genetic structure of the indigenous populations of Siberia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1997; 104:177-92. [PMID: 9386825 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199710)104:2<177::aid-ajpa4>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the genetic structure of Siberian indigenous populations on the basis of standard blood group and protein markers and DNA variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) variation. Four analytical methods were utilized in this study: Harpending and Jenkin's R-matrix; Harpending and Ward's method of correlating genetic heterozygosity (H) to the distance from the centroid of the gene frequency array (rii); spatial autocorrelation, and Mantel tests. Because of the underlying assumptions of the various methods, the numbers of populations used in the analyses varied from 15 to 62. Since spatial autocorrelation is based upon separate correlations between alleles, a larger number of standard blood markers and populations were used. Fewest Siberian populations have been sampled for VNTRs, thus, only a limited comparison was possible. The four analytical procedures employed in this study yielded complementary results suggestive of the effects of unique historical events, evolutionary forces, and geography on the distribution of alleles in Siberian indigenous populations. The principal components analysis of the R-matrix demonstrated the presence of populational clusters that reflect their phylogenetic relationship. Mantel comparisons of matrices indicate that an intimate relationship exists between geography, languages, and genetics of Siberian populations. Spatial autocorrelation patterns reflect the isolation-by-distance model of Malecot and the possible effects of long-distance migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Crawford
- Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA.
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Arroyo E, García-Sánchez F, Prieto L, Ruiz de la Cuesta JM, Vicario JL. Polymorphism analysis of the VNTR locus D17S5 in central Spain. Int J Legal Med 1996; 109:98-9. [PMID: 8912056 DOI: 10.1007/bf01355525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The fragment length polymorphism YNZ22 (D17S5) was analysed for a sample of 207 unrelated individuals living in Madrid (Spanish Caucasians) using PCR-methodology and high resolution separation. Hardy-Weinberg expectations (HWE) were calculated after pooling alleles into four groups. No deviations from HWE were detectable using the conventional chi 2-test. The power of discrimination was estimated as 0.96 and the mean paternity exclusion chance as 0.7587. A comparison of the allele frequency distribution with those of other Caucasian groups revealed no major differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arroyo
- Departamento de Toxicologia y Legislación Sanitaria, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Pawlowski R, Paszkowska R, Hauser R, Brinkmann B. Population studies of three AMPFLPs systems in a north Polish population. Int J Legal Med 1996; 109:155-6. [PMID: 8956992 DOI: 10.1007/bf01369678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Allele and phenotype frequencies for D1S80, D17S5 and ApoB were determined in a population sample of more than 200 unrelated persons from North Poland using the PCR method. For D1S80, D17S5 and ApoB 19, 13 and 21 alleles respectively were observed. No deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected. All three systems have discrimination values above 92% and a cumulative discrimination index of 4.5 x 10(-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pawlowski
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Gdańsk School of Medicine, Debinki, Poland
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Strom CM, Rechitsky S, Ginsberg N, Verlinsky O, Verlinsky Y. Prenatal paternity testing with deoxyribonucleic acid techniques. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174:1849-53; discussion 1853-4. [PMID: 8678150 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our purpose was to determine the feasibility and optimal techniques for prenatal paternity testing. STUDY DESIGN Since January 1989 we have offered prenatal paternity testing by deoxyribonucleic acid testing. We analyzed the ability to complete the testing and the time required to complete the testing and developed polymerase chain reaction-based tests to speed test results. RESULTS Before April 1990 only five of nine cases could be completed. Since that time 28 consecutive cases were successfully completed before delivery. Introduction of polymerase chain reaction-based testing has allowed us to perform testing on uncultured chorionic villi and to derive results within 3 weeks. CONCLUSION Analysis of uncultured chorionic villi allows prenatal paternity testing to be completed within the first trimester of pregnancy. Prenatal paternity testing can also be performed on cultured amniocytes and chorionic villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Strom
- Reproductive Genetics Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60657, USA
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Alonso S, Castro A, Fernandez I, Gómez de Cedrón M, Garcia-Orad A, Meyer E, Martínez de Pancorbo M. Population study of 3 STR loci in the Basque Country (northern Spain). Int J Legal Med 1995; 107:239-45. [PMID: 7632600 DOI: 10.1007/bf01245481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The tetrameric STRs, HUMTH01, HUMVWA31A and HUMFES/FPS, were studied in a population from the Basque Country (northern Spain) for their frequency distribution and applicability to identity and paternity testing. All systems conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; pairwise comparisons demonstrated the allelic independence between loci, and furthermore, all systems seemed to be in agreement with expectations from the Stepwise Mutation Model (SMM) of the mutation-drift theory, which indicates the homogeneity of the population and suggests a replication slippage mechanism as a possible model for generating alleles. A comparison with other population groups appeared to indicate that frequencies are well conserved in Caucasians, but differ from other racial groups. The calculated parameters "a priori probability of exclusion" (PEX) and "index of discrimination" (ID), show the informativeness of these loci for the determination of identity and relatedness of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alonso
- Dpto. de Biología Celular y CC. Morfológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco, Bizkaia, Spain
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Gené M, Huguet E, Sánchez-García C, Moreno P, Corbella J, Mezquita J. Suitability of the YNZ22 (D17S5) VNTR polymorphism for legal medicine investigations in the population of Catalonia (Spain). Int J Legal Med 1995; 107:222-4. [PMID: 7599103 DOI: 10.1007/bf01428412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Allele and phenotype frequencies for the YNZ22 locus were determined in a population sample from Catalonia (Spain) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In 311 unrelated individuals, 14 alleles and 56 phenotypes were observed. No deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found. The observed heterozygosity was 81.35%. The YNZ22 polymorphism is useful for paternity testing with a CE value of 70% and an Essen-Möller value of 9.35 (log.).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gené
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
A strategy for PCR-amplification and sequencing of the flanking regions in the polymorphism D2S44 (YNH24) has been developed based on the investigations of Edwards et al. (1991). The flanking regions of the YNH24 probe were successfully amplified and two distinct PCR products with fragment sizes of 180 and 250 bp obtained. After asymmetric PCR and didesoxy-sequencing 60 bp could be determined for every PCR fragment. D2S44-specific primers were constructed which were located at the transition between the flanking and repeat regions. Amplification conditions were optimized using the YNH24 probe, different nuclease S1 concentrations and incubation times. Optimized conditions were applied to the amplification assay of human D2S44 alleles which had been investigated by RFLP analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Möller
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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Danpure CJ, Birdsey GM, Rumsby G, Lumb MJ, Purdue PE, Allsop J. Molecular characterization and clinical use of a polymorphic tandem repeat in an intron of the human alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase gene. Hum Genet 1994; 94:55-64. [PMID: 8034295 DOI: 10.1007/bf02272842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The autosomal recessive disease primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is caused by a deficiency of the liver-specific peroxisomal enzyme alanine:glyoxylate amino-transferase (AGT). This paper concerns the identification, characterization and clinical use of an unusual discretely polymorphic tandem repeat sequence in the fourth intron of the human AGT gene (gene locus designation AGXT). In a random Caucasian population, three alleles could be clearly recognized that consisted of either 12 (type III), 17 (type II) or approximately 38 (type I) tandemly repeated copies of a highly conserved 29/32-bp sequence with frequencies of 33%, 7% and 60%, respectively. In a random Japanese population, the allelic frequencies were markedly different (i.e. 31%, 45% and 19%, respectively). In addition, a fourth allele was identified, consisting of approximately 32 repeats (type IV), with an allelic frequency of approximately 5% in Japanese. The repetitive sequence was similar to previously identified mammalian sequences with homology to the Epstein-Barr virus IR3 repetitive element involving a 12/15-bp region GCA(GGN)GGAGGAGGG within the repeat unit. This IR3-like sequence was interspersed with a 17-bp sequence with no similarity to any currently known repetitive element. The type I and type III alleles were judged to be equivalent to a previously identified TaqI polymorphism. Two polymorphisms previously shown to be associated with the peroxisome-to-mitochondrion mistargeting of AGT in PH1 (a C154-->T point substitution in exon 1 and a 74-bp duplication in intron 1) were found to segregate exclusively with the type I intron 4 polymorphism in Caucasians, but not in Japanese. The polymorphic nature of the intron 4 tandem repeats makes them of potential use in the prenatal diagnosis of PH1, especially when coupled with the exon 1 C154-->T substitution or intron 1 duplication polymorphisms. A PH1 family, in which a fetus had been predicted previously to be either normal or a carrier by AGT enzymic analysis of a fetal liver biopsy, but who had been shown to be only partially informative with respect to the C154-->T/intron 1 polymorphisms, was analysed retrospectively. The family was completely informative for the intron 4 tandem repeat polymorphism and the carrier status of the fetus was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Danpure
- Department of Biology, University College London, UK
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Buscemi L, Cucurachi N, Mencarelli R, Sisti B, Tagliabracci A, Ferrara SD. PCR typing of the locus D17S30 (YNZ22 VNTR) in an Italian population sample. Int J Legal Med 1994; 106:200-4. [PMID: 7913621 DOI: 10.1007/bf01371337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A sample of 202 subjects living in 2 Italian provinces (Ancona and Parma) was tested for YNZ22 polymorphism by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After amplification, the phenotypes were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, stained with ethidium bromide and identified by comparison with a molecular weight marker. No heterogeneity was found between the 2 populations. Alleles, pooled in 4 groups to calculate the Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium, showed good accordance between observed and expected values. The power of discrimination (PD) was 0.95 and the chance of exclusion was 0.69. The allele comparison with previous studies on Caucasians showed no significant difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Buscemi
- Istituto di Medicina Legale dell'Università di Parma, Italy
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