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Clark JR, Camus AC, Comolli J, Divers SJ, Gendron KP. MRI of the live fish brain at 3 Tesla: Feasibility, technique and interspecies anatomic variations. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:75-85. [PMID: 35790052 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in aquatic animal medicine and continued growth of the fish hobbyist and aquaculture communities have led to a developing interest in antemortem diagnostic imaging of aquatic species. The aims of this prospective, pilot study were to determine whether advanced neuroimaging can be safely achieved in live fish using clinically available equipment, to optimize imaging parameters, and to develop a comparative MRI atlas of a few fish species of economic or research value. Two each of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) of at least 30 cm in length were individually anesthetized for 3 Tesla (3T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. All fish achieved an adequate anesthetic level for prolonged immobilization during imaging. Diagnostic quality images were obtained for all subjects; however, the spatial resolution was maximized with larger fish. Imaging protocols were optimized for standard neuroimaging sequences. Additionally, inversion times for fluid-attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences were adapted to the naturally high protein content of fish pericerebral fluid. Following imaging, the fish successfully recovered from anesthesia, were humanely euthanized, and were immediately processed to assess brain histopathology. Necropsy confirmed the sex and health status of each fish. A limited comparative MRI atlas was created of the brains of these species for clinical reference. Findings from the current study supported the use of 3T MRI as an adjunct diagnostic test for fish with suspected neurologic disease and provided a limited anatomic atlas of the teleost brain for use as a reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Clark
- Veterinary Emergency and Referral Center of Honolulu, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Comolli
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen J Divers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Histological reinterpretation of paraphysis cerebri in Ambystoma mexicanum. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151915. [PMID: 35738026 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intraventricular and extraventricular choroid plexuses are neuroepithelial folds which arise from the roof of the diencephalon. We describe the circumventricular structure of the diencephalon roof (paraphysis cerebri) during the various development stages of Ambystoma mexicanum. The parasagittal sections of the larvae epithalamus exhibit the presence, in addition to the epiphysis, of two dorsal primordia in nearby areas, which appear to be extraventricular saccular evaginations of different origin that give rise to two structures we define as the anterior extraventricular choroid plexus (AEP) and posterior extraventricular choroid plexus (PEP). During larvae development, the primordia arise perpendicular to each other, grow and show luminal folds and invaginations. Later, the two extraventricular evaginations, which are separate units, become interrelated. As the PEP grows, it covers the AEP dorsally, but it is difficult to define the borders of these organs. AEP is formed by alveolar-acinar epithelial aggregates with evidence of secretion-like content. PEP structure is like a choroid plexus, but its position is extraventricular and dorsal to the AEP. The PEP is always between the AEP and the meninges and can be small or large in size. This means that in A. mexicanum, the paraphysis cerebri is made up of two adjacent organs, which arise almost simultaneously from two different primordia (the AEP and the PEP) and as the posterior one grows, it overlaps the anterior one and masks itself. In conclusion, we suggest that AEP and PEP are homologous to paraphysis cerebri and the dorsal sac, respectively.
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Nisembaum LG, Loentgen G, L’Honoré T, Martin P, Paulin CH, Fuentès M, Escoubeyrou K, Delgado MJ, Besseau L, Falcón J. Transient Receptor Potential-Vanilloid (TRPV1-TRPV4) Channels in the Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar. A Focus on the Pineal Gland and Melatonin Production. Front Physiol 2022; 12:784416. [PMID: 35069244 PMCID: PMC8782258 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.784416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish are ectotherm, which rely on the external temperature to regulate their internal body temperature, although some may perform partial endothermy. Together with photoperiod, temperature oscillations, contribute to synchronizing the daily and seasonal variations of fish metabolism, physiology and behavior. Recent studies are shedding light on the mechanisms of temperature sensing and behavioral thermoregulation in fish. In particular, the role of some members of the transient receptor potential channels (TRP) is being gradually unraveled. The present study in the migratory Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, aims at identifying the tissue distribution and abundance in mRNA corresponding to the TRP of the vanilloid subfamilies, TRPV1 and TRPV4, and at characterizing their putative role in the control of the temperature-dependent modulation of melatonin production-the time-keeping hormone-by the pineal gland. In Salmo salar, TRPV1 and TRPV4 mRNA tissue distribution appeared ubiquitous; mRNA abundance varied as a function of the month investigated. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry indicated specific labeling located in the photoreceptor cells of the pineal gland and the retina. Additionally, TRPV analogs modulated the production of melatonin by isolated pineal glands in culture. The TRPV1 agonist induced an inhibitory response at high concentrations, while evoking a bell-shaped response (stimulatory at low, and inhibitory at high, concentrations) when added with an antagonist. The TRPV4 agonist was stimulatory at the highest concentration used. Altogether, the present results agree with the known widespread distribution and role of TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels, and with published data on trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), leading to suggest these channels mediate the effects of temperature on S. salar pineal melatonin production. We discuss their involvement in controlling the timing of daily and seasonal events in this migratory species, in the context of an increasing warming of water temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gabriela Nisembaum
- Sorbonne Université (SU), CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Guillaume Loentgen
- Sorbonne Université (SU), CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Thibaut L’Honoré
- Sorbonne Université (SU), CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage, Chanteuges, France
| | - Charles-Hubert Paulin
- Sorbonne Université (SU), CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Michael Fuentès
- Sorbonne Université (SU), CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Karine Escoubeyrou
- SU, CNRS Fédération 3724, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - María Jesús Delgado
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiologia, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurence Besseau
- Sorbonne Université (SU), CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jack Falcón
- Sorbonne Université (SU), CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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Henson HE, Parupalli C, Ju B, Taylor MR. Functional and genetic analysis of choroid plexus development in zebrafish. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:364. [PMID: 25426018 PMCID: PMC4226144 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus, an epithelial-based structure localized in the brain ventricle, is the major component of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. The choroid plexus produces the cerebrospinal fluid and regulates the components of the cerebrospinal fluid. Abnormal choroid plexus function is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, tumor formation in the choroid plexus epithelium, and hydrocephaly. In this study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system to understand the genetic components of choroid plexus development. We generated an enhancer trap line, Et(cp:EGFP)sj2, that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in the choroid plexus epithelium. Using immunohistochemistry and fluorescent tracers, we demonstrated that the zebrafish choroid plexus possesses brain barrier properties such as tight junctions and transporter activity. Thus, we have established zebrafish as a functionally relevant model to study choroid plexus development. Using an unbiased approach, we performed a forward genetic dissection of the choroid plexus to identify genes essential for its formation and function. Using Et(cp:EGFP)sj2, we isolated 10 recessive mutant lines with choroid plexus abnormalities, which were grouped into five classes based on GFP intensity, epithelial localization, and overall choroid plexus morphology. We also mapped the mutation for two mutant lines to chromosomes 4 and 21, respectively. The mutants generated in this study can be used to elucidate specific genes and signaling pathways essential for choroid plexus development, function, and/or maintenance and will provide important insights into how these genetic mutations contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Henson
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA ; Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Bensheng Ju
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael R Taylor
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA ; Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
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Do the melanophore dispersing hormones pass the cerebrospinal fluid-blood barrier of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03326703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kriebel RM. Ependymal cells of the filum terminale in fish (Poecilia sphenops) adapted to freshwater and saltwater: electron microscopic study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1981; 201:189-95. [PMID: 7305020 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ependymal lining of the central canal of the filum terminale and spinal cord in the vicinity of the caudal neurosecretory system in P. sphenops was examined in this study. Two general cell types based on shape and location were observed in the ependymal lining: cuboidal ependyma located in dorsal aspects of the filum terminal and columnar to pseudostratified ependymal cells found in ventrolateral and ventral aspects of the filum terminale. Comparison of the ependymal lining was made in animals adapted to saltwater and freshwater. In animals adapted to saltwater there was an increase in the basal infolding of the cell membrane of the dorsal cuboidal ependyma. Infolding of the basal cell membrane is a phenomenon shared by cells known to participate in transport of electrolytes. Since a possible functional relationship between the ependyma of the third ventricle and median eminence has been shown, in future studies on the osmoregulatory function of the caudal neurosecretory system the ependymal lining of the central canal in this region should be considered.
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Leonhardt VH. Ependym und Circumventriculäre Organe. HANDBUCH DER MIKROSKOPISCHEN ANATOMIE DES MENSCHEN 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81358-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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McNulty JA. A comparative light and electron microscopic study of the pineal complex in the deep-sea fishes, Cyclothone signata and C. acclinidens. J Morphol 1979; 162:1-16. [PMID: 501739 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051620102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pineal complexes of the two closely related deep-sea fished Cyclothone signata and C. acclinidens were compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. Photoreceptor and supportive cells were identified in both species. The deeper-dwelling species, C. acclinidens, had a significantly greater number of photoreceptor-cell outer segment saccules and a higher ratio of receptor cells to nerve fibers in the pineal stalk. It was suggested that these indicate increased photosensitivity of the pineal. Supportive cells were sometimes seen to contain arrays of undulating tubules. The functional significance of these tubules is not understood. A prominent dorsal sac is closely associated with the pineal end-vesicle. Both structures appear to have a common vascular supply suggesting that they are functionally related. Dorsal sac cells contained abundant mitochondria, glycogen, and large filament-like inclusions.
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McNulty JA, Nafpaktitis BG. Morphology of the pineal complex in seven species of lanternfishes (Pisces: Myctophidae). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1977; 150:509-29. [PMID: 596340 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001500402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of the pineal complex was compared in seven species of lanternfishes (family Myctophidae) using both light and electron microscopes. On the basis of compactness of the pineal end-vesicle and presence or absence of a dorsal sac, the species in this study were divided into two groups. This grouping seems to correlate well with current views on the phylogenetic relationships among these fishes. Receptor cells and supportive cells are described in the pineals of all species examined. The deepest-dwelling of the forms studied, Parvilux ingens, showed a significant increase in the mean number of lamellar membranes in the outer segments of the receptor cells and a higher convergence ratio of receptor cells to ganglion cells as compared to the shallow-dwelling form Tarletonbeania crenularis. Accordingly it is suggested that the pineal of P. ingens is more photosensitive. Additional differences among species were found in the ultrastructure of the supportive cells. Dorsal sacs were absent in the three shallowest-occurring myctophids studied. In those species with a dorsal sac, its close association with the pineal-end-vesicle suggests a functional relationship between the two structures.
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Jansen WF, van Loveren H, Woutersen RA, de Weger RA. Enzyme-cytochemistry of the saccus dorsalis of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1976; 48:293-306. [PMID: 828629 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the saccus dorsalis of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, the activity of various enzymes (transferase, lyases, oxidoreductases, hydrolases) have been studied in detail. The results of this enzyme-cytochemical study firmly demonstrate that the organ is metabolically highly active. The epithelial cells have a strong energy metabolism. Energy production can take place under aerobic as well as under anaerobic conditions. Evidence is presented that glucose from blood is directly utilized for energy demands. The epithelial cells show also high synthetic activities. The moderate amino acid metabolism may participate in the synthesis of an acid mucopolysaccharide-protein complex, especially in the so-called dark cells. Lipid metabolism appears to be restricted to the mitochondria, indicating a high turnover of lipid moieties in the membranes. In contrast to the normal looking mitochondria, the macromitochondria--besides shape and localization--have an extremely high lipid and monoamine metabolism, which may point to a special function in the cellular economy. The high activity of enzymes involved in the degradation of monoamines and in the hydration of CO2 is of particular physiological interest. The significance of the observations is discussed in relation to formerly obtained indications on the involvement of the saccus dorsalis in fluid secretion, extrusion of organic substances of low molecular weight into the ventricular system and uptake of organic substances from the cerebrospinal fluid. The hypothesis of the saccus dorsalis being an analogue of the choroid plexus is supported by several relevant data.
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