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Jung J, Uesugi N, Jeong NY, Park BS, Konishi H, Kiyama H. Increase of transcription factor EB (TFEB) and lysosomes in rat DRG neurons and their transportation to the central nerve terminal in dorsal horn after nerve injury. Neuroscience 2016; 313:10-22. [PMID: 26601776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the spinal dorsal horn (DH), nerve injury activates microglia and induces neuropathic pain. Several studies clarified an involvement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the microglial activation. However, the origin of ATP together with the release mechanism is unclear. Recent in vitro study revealed that an ATP marker, quinacrine, in lysosomes was released from neurite terminal of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons to extracellular space via lysosomal exocytosis. Here, we demonstrate a possibility that the lysosomal ingredient including ATP released from DRG neurons by lysosomal-exocytosis is an additional source of the glial activation in DH after nerve injury. After rat L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL), mRNA for transcription factor EB (TFEB), a transcription factor controlling lysosomal activation and exocytosis, was induced in the DRG. Simultaneously both lysosomal protein, LAMP1- and vesicular nuclear transporter (VNUT)-positive vesicles were increased in L5 DRG neurons and ipsilateral DH. The quinacrine staining in DH was increased and co-localized with LAMP1 immunoreactivity after nerve injury. In DH, LAMP1-positive vesicles were also co-localized with a peripheral nerve marker, Isolectin B4 (IB4) lectin. Injection of the adenovirus encoding mCherry-LAMP1 into DRG showed that mCherry-positive lysosomes are transported to the central nerve terminal in DH. These findings suggest that activation of lysosome synthesis including ATP packaging in DRG, the central transportation of the lysosome, and subsequent its exocytosis from the central nerve terminal of DRG neurons in response to nerve injury could be a partial mechanism for activation of microglia in DH. This lysosome-mediated microglia activation mechanism may provide another clue to control nociception and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Heogi-Dong 1, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - N Uesugi
- Department of Functional Anatomy & Neuroscience, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - N Y Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Mitochondria, Hub Regulation Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 3-1 Dongdaesin-dong, Seo-gu, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea
| | - B S Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Heogi-Dong 1, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - H Konishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy & Neuroscience, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - H Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy & Neuroscience, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan.
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ATP release through lysosomal exocytosis from peripheral nerves: the effect of lysosomal exocytosis on peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration after nerve injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:936891. [PMID: 25101301 PMCID: PMC4101216 DOI: 10.1155/2014/936891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that lysosomal activation increases in Schwann cells after nerve injury. Lysosomal activation is thought to promote the engulfment of myelin debris or fragments of injured axons in Schwann cells during Wallerian degeneration. However, a recent interpretation of lysosomal activation proposes a different view of the phenomenon. During Wallerian degeneration, lysosomes become secretory vesicles and are activated for lysosomal exocytosis. The lysosomal exocytosis triggers adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) release from peripheral neurons and Schwann cells during Wallerian degeneration. Exocytosis is involved in demyelination and axonal degradation, which facilitate nerve regeneration following nerve degeneration. At this time, released ATP may affect the communication between cells in peripheral nerves. In this review, our description of the relationship between lysosomal exocytosis and Wallerian degeneration has implications for the understanding of peripheral nerve degenerative diseases and peripheral neuropathies, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or Guillain-Barré syndrome.
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Possible ATP release through lysosomal exocytosis from primary sensory neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:488-93. [PMID: 23237805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays important roles under physiological and pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury, neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain. In the present study, we set out to study the role of lysosomal vesicles on ATP release from the dorsal root ganglion neurons. We found that the lysosomal vesicles, which contain the quinacrine-positive fluorescence and express the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), were localized within the soma and growth cone of the cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. In addition, the number of the quinacrine staining was decreased by application of lysosomal exocytosis activators, and this decrease was suppressed by the metformin and vacuolin-1, which suppressed lysosomal exocytosis. Thus, these findings suggest that ATP release via the lysosomal exocytosis may be one of the pathways for ATP release in response to stimulation.
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Shin YH, Lee SJ, Jung J. Secretion of ATP from Schwann cells through lysosomal exocytosis during Wallerian degeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 429:163-7. [PMID: 23142593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released from Schwann cells through lysosomal exocytosis during Wallerian degeneration and in response to stimulation. In primary Schwann cell cultures, ATP was stored in lysosomal vesicles. ATP could then induce Ca(2+)-dependent lysosomal exocytosis. Among three stimulants of lysosomal exocytosis (glutamate, NH(4)Cl and zymosan), only NH(4)Cl was sufficient to induce ATP release from ex vivo sciatic nerve explants at 3 days in vitro. Lysosomal exocytosis inhibitors (metformin, chlorpromazine and vacuolin-1) reversed the effect of NH(4)Cl-enhanced ATP release, replicating the state of explants treated with NH(4)Cl in the absence of lysosomal exocytosis inhibitors. Furthermore, we observed ATP release through lysosomal exocytosis during Wallerian degeneration in sciatic explant cultures using the recently identified vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT). From these experiments, we conclude that the exocytosis of lysosomes in Schwann cells during Wallerian degeneration is Ca(2+)-dependent, and that it induces ATP release from Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ho Shin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Heogi-Dong 1, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The anococcygeus is a smooth muscle tissue of the urogenital tract which, in the male, runs on to form the retractor penis. The motor innervation is classically sympathetic with noradrenaline as transmitter, but the relaxant parasympathetic transmitter has only recently been identified as nitric oxide. Indeed, the anococcygeus has provided an extremely useful model with which to probe the mechanisms underlying this novel nitrergic system, including the importance of physiological antioxidants in maintaining the potency of nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter. The cellular mechanisms of contraction and relaxation are slowly being clarified, with particular interest in the contribution of capacitative calcium entry and the guanylyl cyclase/cyclic GMP system. Many questions remain unanswered, however, including the precise physiological role of the muscle, the identity of substances released from subcellular vesicles of nitrergic nerves, the unusual sensitivity of the tissue to certain peptides (oxytocin and urotensin II), and the nature of store-operated channels through which calcium enters the cell to maintain contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gibson
- Messengers & Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
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Iijima T, Kondo T, Hasegawa K. Autonomic innervation of the arteriovenous anastomoses in the dog tongue. A histochemical and ultrastructural study. Cell Tissue Res 1987; 247:167-77. [PMID: 3829114 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The innervation of the arteriovenous anastomoses in the dog tongue has been investigated. At the light-microscopic level, the vessels were found to be densely supplied with adrenergic and AChE-positive nerve plexuses and less densely with the quinacrine-binding nerve plexus. At the electron-microscopic level, at least two apparently different types of axon profiles were identified: Small vesicle-containing axons, characterized by many small granular vesicles, variable numbers of small clear vesicles and large granular vesicles. Storage of endogenous amines and uptake of exogenous amines into most small granular vesicles and many large granular vesicles was demonstrated. These axons stained only lightly with reaction products for AChE activity and thus seemed to be adrenergic in nature. Some axons contained numerous large granular vesicles, whose cores occasionally stained with uranyl ions; this suggests a co-localization of ATP or peptides as neurotransmitters. Small granular vesicle-free axons, containing small clear vesicles and large granular vesicles in variable ratio. Most cores of these large granular vesicles were heavily stained with uranyl ions. No storage or uptake of amine into the synaptic vesicles was detected. Some axons appeared to be typically cholinergic, some, typically non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic, and the rest, intermediate between the two. All axons stained heavily with reaction products for AChE activity, suggesting their cholinergic nature.
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Iijima T, Hasegawa K. Quinacrine-induced dilation of the rat cecum and degeneration of large granular vesicle-containing neurons in the myenteric plexus. Cell Tissue Res 1985; 241:383-9. [PMID: 4028131 DOI: 10.1007/bf00217184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal injection of quinacrine (100 mg/kg) into rats causes marked dilation of the cecum about one week after the injection, but the jejunum remains its normal size. The morphological changes induced in the myenteric plexus and the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of both the cecum and the jejunum have been examined by fluorescence and electron microscopy 1.5 h to 2 weeks after the injection. In the cecum, 1.5 h after the injection, the granular fluorescence of quinacrine was apparent in many ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus and in the nerve fibers in the muscle layers. In connection with the granular fluorescence, numerous lysosomal dense bodies appeared in ganglion cells and axons, and subsequently the degeneration of the neurons was observed at ultrastructural level. The lysosomal dense bodies often contained many large granular vesicles of 95-140 nm in diameter. The number of lysosomal dense bodies in the axons was greatest 3-7 days after the injection. Although the axon type sensitive to quinacrine could not be specified, axons containing many large granular vesicles were the predominate type. Fibrosis in the outer longitudinal muscle layer was another characteristic resulting from quinacrine administration. Proliferation of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi complex and a concomitant decrease in the number of myofilaments became evident in many smooth muscle cells 3-7 days after the injection; the intercellular spaces became enlarged 7 days after quinacrine administration. These changes and the dilation of the cecum showed considerable recovery 2 weeks after the injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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