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Levy MJF, Boulle F, Steinbusch HW, van den Hove DLA, Kenis G, Lanfumey L. Neurotrophic factors and neuroplasticity pathways in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2195-2220. [PMID: 29961124 PMCID: PMC6061771 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a major health problem with a high prevalence and a heavy socioeconomic burden in western societies. It is associated with atrophy and impaired functioning of cortico-limbic regions involved in mood and emotion regulation. It has been suggested that alterations in neurotrophins underlie impaired neuroplasticity, which may be causally related to the development and course of depression. Accordingly, mounting evidence suggests that antidepressant treatment may exert its beneficial effects by enhancing trophic signaling on neuronal and synaptic plasticity. However, current antidepressants still show a delayed onset of action, as well as lack of efficacy. Hence, a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of depression, as well as in the action of antidepressants, might provide further insight to drive the development of novel fast-acting and more effective therapies. Here, we summarize the current literature on the involvement of neurotrophic factors in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Further, we advocate that future development of antidepressants should be based on the neurotrophin theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J F Levy
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (Inserm U894), Université Paris Descartes, 102-108 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabien Boulle
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (Inserm U894), Université Paris Descartes, 102-108 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry W Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël L A van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Gunter Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (Inserm U894), Université Paris Descartes, 102-108 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France.
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Krishnamoorthy B, Karanam V, Chellan VR, Siram K, Natarajan TS, Gregory M. Polymersomes as an effective drug delivery system for glioma--a review. J Drug Target 2014; 22:469-77. [PMID: 24830300 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.916712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most commonly occurring malignant brain tumours which need proper treatment strategy. The current therapies for treating glioma like surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have failed in achieving satisfactory results and this forms a rationale for the development of novel drug delivery systems. Among them, polymersomes are superior novel carriers with diverse functions like enhanced stability, low permeability, tunable membrane properties, surface functionality, and long blood circulation time which make them suitable for cancer therapy. These are bilayered vesicles capable of encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs used to target glioma effectively. In this review, we have discussed on general preparation, characterization, and targeting aspects of surface modified polymersomes for effective delivery of therapeutic agents to glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakumar Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, PSG College of Pharmacy , Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu , India and
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Cooke MJ, Wang Y, Morshead CM, Shoichet MS. Controlled epi-cortical delivery of epidermal growth factor for the stimulation of endogenous neural stem cell proliferation in stroke-injured brain. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5688-97. [PMID: 21550655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders with biomolecules is achieving local delivery while minimizing invasiveness. For the treatment of stroke, stimulation of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) by growth factors is a promising strategy for tissue regeneration. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhances proliferation of endogenous NSPCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ) when delivered directly to the ventricles of the brain; however, this strategy is highly invasive. We designed a biomaterials-based strategy to deliver molecules directly to the brain without tissue damage. EGF or poly(ethylene glycol)-modified EGF (PEG-EGF) was dispersed in a hyaluronan and methylcellulose (HAMC) hydrogel and placed epi-cortically on both uninjured and stroke-injured mouse brains. PEG-modification decreased the rate of EGF degradation by proteases, leading to a significant increase in protein accumulation at greater tissue depths than previously shown. Consequently, EGF and PEG-EGF increased NSPC proliferation in uninjured and stroke-injured brains; and in stroke-injured brains, PEG-EGF significantly increased NSPC stimulation. Our epi-cortical delivery system is a minimally-invasive method for local delivery to the brain, providing a new paradigm for local delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cooke
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E5
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Van Setten GB, Edström L, Stibler H, Rasmussen S, Schultz G. Levels of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) in human cerebrospinal fluid. Int J Dev Neurosci 1999; 17:131-4. [PMID: 10221672 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(98)00069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated cerebrospinal fluid of patients with various neurological symptoms for the presence of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha). 41 samples of cerebrospinal fluid were collected by lumbar puncture performed routinely due to the clinical suspicion of neurological disease from 22 females (age 15-80 years, median 42 years) and from 19 males (age 18-82 years, median 48 years). A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay was used to determine the concentration of TGF-alpha in the samples. The detection limit of the assay was about 200 pg TGF-alpha. There was no cross-reactivity to human EGF. We showed CSF indeed does contain TGFalpha. As TGF-alpha was detected in all 41 samples investigated, this growth factor appears to be a constant component of CSF. The mean concentration was 5.5 ng TGF-alpha (S.D. +/- 2.7 pg/ml, range 1.1 to 13.9 pg/ml). There was no significant correlation between TGF-alpha concentration in CSF and age (r = -0.006) and there was no significant difference between females (mean 5.8+/-3.10 pg/ml) and males (mean 5.2+/-1.96 pg/ml). No diagnosis was over represented in patients with TGF-alpha concentrations above or below 1 S.D. off the mean. However, highest concentrations of TGF-alpha were found in the group of patients with peripheral neurological sensory dysfunctions and polyneuropathy. We conclude that TGF-alpha is not only a constant component of human cerebrospinal fluid in adults but could also be significantly involved in the pathophysiology of various neurological diseases. The earlier hypothesis that TGF-alpha could mainly have a role in brain development needs hence to be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Van Setten
- St. Eriks Eye Clinic, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a neurotrophic peptide produced both in the central nervous system and the periphery. Peripheral administration of EGF causes central nervous system-mediated changes. The central nervous system effects could be explained by the permeation of EGF across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this report, we show that 125I-EGF crosses the BBB rapidly, with an influx rate of about 2 microl/g x min, much faster than that for neurotrophins, cytokines, and most other bioactive peptides tested. The 125I-EGF was recovered intact in the brain 10 min after i.v. injection, and the majority of the peptide reaching the brain was present in the parenchyma. The fast rate of influx was significantly decreased by co-administration of nonradiolabeled EGF and transforming growth factor alpha, peptides that share the EGF receptor. By contrast, a monoclonal antibody against the EGF receptor failed to inhibit the entry of EGF. Furthermore, mice with a mutation in the EGF receptor had no significant decrease in the rapid rate of entry of 125I-EGF. By contrast to the fast rate of entry, 125I-EGF injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) only exited the brain with the bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, EGF has a saturable transport system at the BBB for rapid, unidirectional influx. The transport system does not require the entire EGF receptor and is susceptible to possible therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pan
- VA Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-1262, USA.
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Donaldson RW, Cohen S. Epidermal growth factor stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation in the neonatal mouse: association of a M(r) 55,000 substrate with the receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:8477-81. [PMID: 1382290 PMCID: PMC49943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.18.8477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to neonatal mice resulted in rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of specific substrates in liver, kidney, lung, bladder, skin, and brain as detected by Western blot analysis of tissue homogenates with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. In the liver, three prominent EGF-dependent substrates of M(r) approximately 170,000, 120,000, and 55,000 were detected. A number of less prominent EGF-dependent substrates also were noted. Maximal tyrosine phosphorylation of pp170, pp120, and pp55 occurred within 5 min of subcutaneous injection and the levels of these phosphoproteins remained elevated for at least 45 min. Direct hepatic injection of EGF resulted in the tyrosine phosphorylation of these substrates within 60 sec of treatment. Tyrosine-phosphorylated pp170 was identified as the EGF receptor (EGFR). The tyrosine-phosphorylated pp55 substrate appeared to be associated with EGFR; both pp55 and EGFR were adsorbed to EGF-Affi-Gel, wheat germ lectin-Sepharose, and anti-EGFR antibodies bound to protein A-Sepharose. pp55 was not immunoreactive with anti-EGFR antiserum by Western blot analysis, indicating that it was not a fragment of the receptor. These results were confirmed by repeating the liver experiments using 32P-labeled neonatal mice. Increased amounts of 32P-labeled pp170 and pp55 were detected in anti-EGFR immunoprecipitates from liver extracts of EGF-treated animals as compared with controls. Phospho amino acid analysis of the 32P-labeled phosphoproteins revealed that EGF stimulated both serine and tyrosine phosphorylation in pp55 as well as in EGFR. The neonatal mouse may be a useful model for the study of signal transduction mediated by a variety of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Donaldson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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Birecree E, King LE, Nanney LB. Epidermal growth factor and its receptor in the developing human nervous system. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1991; 60:145-54. [PMID: 1893564 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(91)90043-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF/EGF-R) are present and functional in neurons within the central nervous system. Previously, EGF was detected in developing and mature rat brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Also, EGF-R was documented in discrete locations in normal adult human brain, as well as in senile plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease. Using two polyclonal sera, anti-EGF and anti-EGF-R, in conjunction with immunohistochemical staining, we examined formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded neural tissues from 10 autopsied, human brains. These specimens were collected from patients who died during various stages of development ranging from 27 weeks of estimated gestational age to 63 years of age. Immunostaining for EGF and EGF-R was detected in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Purkinje cells, large multipolar neurons of the dentate nucleus, anterior horn cells, dorsal root ganglion cells, cells of the dorsal nucleus of Clark, intermediolateral column cells and ependymal cells. Positive binding studies with 125I-EGF confirmed that numerous EGF receptors are unoccupied, assessable, and available for interactions with potential ligands such as EGF and TGF alpha in developing rat brains. It appears that EGF and/or EGF-R may play a role during maturation and differentiation of the human central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Birecree
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Cohen AM, Soderberg C, Thomason A. Plasma clearance and tissue distribution of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (B-chain homodimer) in rats. J Surg Res 1990; 49:447-52. [PMID: 2246890 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(90)90194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
125I-labeled human recombinant platelet-derived growth factor (B-chain homodimer; rHuPDGF-BB) was intravenously injected into male rats, and plasma clearance and tissue distribution of total and acid-insoluble radioactivity were determined. Insoluble radioactivity was rapidly cleared from plasma in a biphasic manner with estimated distribution and elimination half-lives of 5.2 and 68 min, respectively. Less than 10% of the injected radioactivity remained in plasma at 1 hr after injection. rHuPDGF-BB was widely distributed throughout body tissues. However, acid-insoluble radioactive concentrations greater than those in plasma were only observed in liver, kidneys, and spleen. The radioactive concentration of most tissues declined rapidly between 1 and 4 hr but increased in the intestinal contents. Radioactive concentrations decreased in all tissues and intestinal contents at 8 and 24 hr. Urine samples collected at the latter interval showed that 39% of the dose was excreted by the kidneys in an acid-soluble form. These results suggest that the rapid clearance of rHuPDGF-BB from plasma is the result of widespread tissue distribution, metabolism by the liver, and excretion by the kidneys. In this respect, the pharmacokinetic behavior of rHuPDGF-BB resembles that of other lymphokines and growth factors that have recently been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cohen
- Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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Miyabo S, Ooya E, Miyanaga K, Aoyagi N, Hirai M, Kishida S, Nakai T. Stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by epidermal growth factor. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1990; 31:65-74. [PMID: 2176727 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(90)90196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis were studied in vivo in conscious male rats and in vitro with cultured anterior pituitary cells. Both intravenous (i.v.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of mEGF (5-20 ng: 8.3-33.3 pmol) produced significant, dose-related increases in plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations. The potency of mEGF is 1/20-1/50 of that of rat corticotropin-releasing factor (rCRF), and pretreatment with 150 micrograms alpha-helical CRF (9-41) completely abolished the effects of the two peptides. mEGF in concentrations ranging from 10 pM to 10 nM did not significantly affect ACTH release from dispersed anterior pituitary cells. It also failed to alter ACTH secretion in response to rCRF. These results indicate that mEGF stimulates the pituitary-adrenocortical axis through a CRF-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miyabo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukui Medical School, Japan
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Araujo DM, Chabot JG, Quirion R. Potential neurotrophic factors in the mammalian central nervous system: functional significance in the developing and aging brain. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1990; 32:141-74. [PMID: 1981884 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Araujo
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
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Hiramatsu M, Kashimata M, Sato A, Murayama M, Minami N. Influence of age on epidermal growth factor receptor level in the rat brain. EXPERIENTIA 1988; 44:23-5. [PMID: 3258248 DOI: 10.1007/bf01960230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of age on 125I-epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding to rat brain plasma membranes was investigated. The specific binding of EGF to membranes decreased gradually with age in both male and female rats. There was no significant difference in the specific binding between males and females. Scatchard analysis of the binding data showed that the decrease in EGF binding with age was due to a decrease in the number of EGF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hiramatsu
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Josai Dental University, Saitama, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Exposure of cultured kidney epithelial (LLC-PK1) cell sheets to 10(-7) M TPA, a potent tumor promoter and activator of protein kinase C, initiates within minutes a drop in the transepithelial voltage across these sheets. This fall in potential difference correlates with an over 40-fold increase in the transepithelial flux of 1 mM D-mannitol, suggesting that the intercellular junctions have become leaky. Dual labeling experiments with 1 mM D-[14C]mannitol and 10 nM 125I-EGF show that after promoter treatment, a 7-fold increase in net 125I flux accompanies the increase in mannitol flux. Gel filtration and gel electrophoresis indicate that for control cell sheets only 15% of the transited 125I is actually EGF, whereas with TPA-treated cell sheets, 60% of the 125I which passed across is EGF. These percentages permitted determination of actual EGF flux values, and show that TPA treatment engenders a 35-fold increase in transepithelial EGF flux. Diacylglycerols also increase the junctional permeability of these cells, thereby suggesting the involvement of protein kinase C.
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Vinnitsky VB, Glinsky GV. Role of the binding of neuropeptides to blood plasma proteins in the control of their blood-brain barrier passage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 496:278-91. [PMID: 3474972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb35776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Probstmeier R, Schachner M. Epidermal growth factor is not detectable in developing and adult rodent brain by a sensitive double-site enzyme immunoassay. Neurosci Lett 1986; 63:290-4. [PMID: 3513057 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive double-site enzyme immunoassay for epidermal growth factor (EGF) was used to quantify EGF concentrations in brain and cerebrospinal fluid of early postnatal and adult mice and rats. EGF was not detectable under any condition at sensitivity levels of 0.06 ng/g wet wt. These observations support the notion that EGF receptors on astrocytes are triggered by other growth factors than EGF.
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