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Pena CD, Zhang S, Majeska R, Venkatesh T, Vazquez M. Invertebrate Retinal Progenitors as Regenerative Models in a Microfluidic System. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101301. [PMID: 31652654 PMCID: PMC6829900 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative retinal therapies have introduced progenitor cells to replace dysfunctional or injured neurons and regain visual function. While contemporary cell replacement therapies have delivered retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) within customized biomaterials to promote viability and enable transplantation, outcomes have been severely limited by the misdirected and/or insufficient migration of transplanted cells. RPCs must achieve appropriate spatial and functional positioning in host retina, collectively, to restore vision, whereas movement of clustered cells differs substantially from the single cell migration studied in classical chemotaxis models. Defining how RPCs interact with each other, neighboring cell types and surrounding extracellular matrixes are critical to our understanding of retinogenesis and the development of effective, cell-based approaches to retinal replacement. The current article describes a new bio-engineering approach to investigate the migratory responses of innate collections of RPCs upon extracellular substrates by combining microfluidics with the well-established invertebrate model of Drosophila melanogaster. Experiments utilized microfluidics to investigate how the composition, size, and adhesion of RPC clusters on defined extracellular substrates affected migration to exogenous chemotactic signaling. Results demonstrated that retinal cluster size and composition influenced RPC clustering upon extracellular substrates of concanavalin (Con-A), Laminin (LM), and poly-L-lysine (PLL), and that RPC cluster size greatly altered collective migratory responses to signaling from Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), a primary chemotactic agent in Drosophila. These results highlight the significance of examining collective cell-biomaterial interactions on bio-substrates of emerging biomaterials to aid directional migration of transplanted cells. Our approach further introduces the benefits of pairing genetically controlled models with experimentally controlled microenvironments to advance cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D Pena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New York at Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Robert Majeska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Tadmiri Venkatesh
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Maribel Vazquez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA.
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Garlipp MA, Gonzalez-Fernandez F. Cone outer segment and Müller microvilli pericellular matrices provide binding domains for interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). Exp Eye Res 2013; 113:192-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Garlipp MA, Nowak KR, Gonzalez-Fernandez F. Cone outer segment extracellular matrix as binding domain for interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:756-69. [PMID: 21935947 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cones are critically dependent on interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) for retinoid delivery in the visual cycle. Cone-dominant vertebrates offer an opportunity to uncover the molecular basis of IRBP's role in this process. Here, we explore the association of IRBP with the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) of cones vs. rods in cone dominant retinas from chicken (Gallus domesticus), turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), and pig (Sus scrofa). Retinas were detached and fixed directly or washed in saline prior to fixation. Disassociated photoreceptors with adherent matrix were also prepared. Under 2 mM CaCl(2) , insoluble matrix was delaminated from saline washed retinas. The distribution of IRBP, as well as glycans binding peanut agglutinin (cone matrix) and wheat germ agglutinin (rod/cone matrix), was defined by confocal microscopy. Retina flat mounts showed IRBP diffusely distributed in an interconnecting, lattice-like pattern throughout the entire matrix. Saline wash replaced this pattern with fluorescent annuli surrounding individual cone outer segments. In isolated cones and matrix sheets, IRBP colocalized with the peanut agglutinin binding matrix glycans. Our results reveal a wash-resistant association of IRBP with a matrix domain immediately surrounding cone outer segments. The cone matrix sheath may be responsible for IRBP-mediated cone targeting of 11-cis retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alice Garlipp
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14209, USA
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Hárosi FI, Novales Flamarique I. Functional significance of the taper of vertebrate cone photoreceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 139:159-87. [PMID: 22250013 PMCID: PMC3269789 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate photoreceptors are commonly distinguished based on the shape of their outer segments: those of cones taper, whereas the ones from rods do not. The functional advantages of cone taper, a common occurrence in vertebrate retinas, remain elusive. In this study, we investigate this topic using theoretical analyses aimed at revealing structure–function relationships in photoreceptors. Geometrical optics combined with spectrophotometric and morphological data are used to support the analyses and to test predictions. Three functions are considered for correlations between taper and functionality. The first function proposes that outer segment taper serves to compensate for self-screening of the visual pigment contained within. The second function links outer segment taper to compensation for a signal-to-noise ratio decline along the longitudinal dimension. Both functions are supported by the data: real cones taper more than required for these compensatory roles. The third function relates outer segment taper to the optical properties of the inner compartment whereby the primary determinant is the inner segment’s ability to concentrate light via its ellipsoid. In support of this idea, the rod/cone ratios of primarily diurnal animals are predicted based on a principle of equal light flux gathering between photoreceptors. In addition, ellipsoid concentration factor, a measure of ellipsoid ability to concentrate light onto the outer segment, correlates positively with outer segment taper expressed as a ratio of characteristic lengths, where critical taper is the yardstick. Depending on a light-funneling property and the presence of focusing organelles such as oil droplets, cone outer segments can be reduced in size to various degrees. We conclude that outer segment taper is but one component of a miniaturization process that reduces metabolic costs while improving signal detection. Compromise solutions in the various retinas and retinal regions occur between ellipsoid size and acuity, on the one hand, and faster response time and reduced light sensitivity, on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc I Hárosi
- Laboratory of Sensory Physiology, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Abstract
The basis of the duplex theory of vision is examined in view of the dazzling array of data on visual pigment sequences and the pigments they form, on the microspectrophotometry measurements of single photoreceptor cells, on the kinds of photoreceptor cascade enzymes, and on the electrophysiological properties of photoreceptors. The implications of the existence of five distinct visual pigment families are explored, especially with regard to what pigments are in what types of photoreceptors, if there are different phototransduction enzymes associated with different types of photoreceptors, and if there are electrophysiological differences between different types of cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ebrey
- University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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6
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Rio JP, Vesselkin NP, Repérant J, Kenigfest NB, Versaux-Botteri C. Lamprey ganglion cells contact photoreceptor cells. Neurosci Lett 1998; 250:103-6. [PMID: 9697929 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lamprey retinal ganglion cells are localized in two separate layers: those close to the vitreous and those at the junction between the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers, including some others in the inner nuclear layer, close to the photoreceptor cell layer. Whereas most ganglion cell dendrites arborize in the inner plexiform layer and contact amacrine, bipolar and retinopetal cell profiles, some of them, located in the inner nuclear layer, ascend radially through the outer plexiform layer and establish contacts with photoreceptor cells. This ganglion cell type might correspond to the biplexiform ganglion cells already described in gnathostome vertebrate species and could provide a fastforward signal from photoreceptors to ganglion cells, bypassing the usual bipolar cell interneuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rio
- INSERM, U 106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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7
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Meyer-Rochow VB, Stewart D. Review of larval and postlarval eye ultrastructure in the lamprey (Cyclostomata) with special emphasis on Geotria australis (Gray). Microsc Res Tech 1996; 35:431-44. [PMID: 9016447 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19961215)35:6<431::aid-jemt3>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The literature dealing with the lateral eye in lampreys is briefly reviewed here. While there appears to be no longer much doubt that the short and long photoreceptor cells in the lamprey eye correspond to rods and cones, questions of dark/light adaptational changes, the nature of visual pigments, and the roles of retinal serotonin and melatonin need to be re-addressed. Eyes of the larval and postlarval ("macrophthalmia") stages of the lamprey Geotria australis were examined by electron microscopy and it was found that the larval retina is largely undifferentiated except for a small central zone surrounding the optic nerve head. The retina of the postlarval stage is fully differentiated and the photoreceptor outer segments undergo renewal, which appears to involve the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The distribution of larval RPE and choroidal pigments, postlarval ganglion cells, and the orientation of scleral collagen are unusual for vertebrates. No obvious positional or size differences of any retinal cell type were apparent between day- and night-fixed specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Meyer-Rochow
- Department of Biology (Section Animal Physiology), University of Oulu, (Linnanmaa), Finland
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Ishikawa M, Tonosaki A, Hisatomi O, Tokunaga F, Koseki T, Sakuragi S. Lectin cytochemical analysis of glycoconjugates in photoreceptor cell membranes of Lampetra japonica. Vision Res 1996; 36:1513-20. [PMID: 8759454 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(95)00256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven types of ferritinized lectin were used to examine the distribution of glycoconjugates on the outer segment membranes of lamprey photoreceptor cells. Ultrastructural pre-embedding labeling revealed that peanut agglutinin, soybean agglutinin and Ricinus communis agglutinin I were preferentially bound to the proximal, lateral and luminal surfaces of the long cell outer segments, whereas Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin II and concanavalin A agglutinin were bound to the corresponding surfaces of the short cell outer segments. The results indicate that there is marked difference in the composition of glycoconjugates over the outer segment membranes between long and short photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan
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9
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Localization of iodopsin and rod-opsin immunoreactivity in the retina and pineal complex of the river lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Cell Tissue Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00305772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Anti-lamprey (Lampetra japonica) retinal antibodies which distinguish between short and long photoreceptor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)90038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Yoshida M, Saito S, Koike Y, Ishikawa M, Watanabe H, Tokunaga F, Tonosaki A. Anti-lamprey retinal antibodies: immunohistochemistry on the retinas of several species of vertebrates. Cell Tissue Res 1991; 266:419-26. [PMID: 1811877 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two monoclonal antibodies, H16 and B11, which were raised against lamprey retinal homogenate, were found to react with both short and long photoreceptor outer segments. On Western blotting of the retinal homogenate, both antibodies recognized a 40,000 Da and a 80,000 Da band. H16 antibody stained rod outer segments of all examined vertebrates, all cone outer segments of the turtle and chicken, and certain cone outer segments of the macaque. B11 antibody stained submammalian rod outer segments and some mammalian cone outer segments, leaving all mammalian rod outer segments unstained. The epitope recognized by H16 antibody is considered to be located in a conserved or commonly inherited element of an outer segment-bound molecule, presumably rhodopsin. B11 antibody, on the other hand, seems to recognize a reactive group which has failed to be inherited by mammalian rod cells; why it recognizes all cone outer segments in the turtle and chicken and only a part of them in the cow, cat, and macaque, meanwhile ignoring all of them in the frog and fish, is subject to further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshida
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan
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12
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Hisatomi O, Iwasa T, Tokunaga F, Yasui A. Isolation and characterization of lamprey rhodopsin cDNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 174:1125-32. [PMID: 1840482 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91537-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genomic DNA fragments coding a visual pigment of the lamprey were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, using oligonucleotide mixtures as primers. The complete coding region of the cDNA was obtained by separate amplification of both cDNA ends. The deduced amino acid sequence of the coding region showed 78-82% identity with those of rhodopsins of higher vertebrates, but only 43-47% identity with those of human color pigments. The cloned DNA appears to be the cDNA of a lamprey rhodopsin, which is expressed in the "short" photoreceptor cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hisatomi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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13
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Kivelä T. Characterization of galactose-containing glycoconjugates in the human retina: a lectin histochemical study. Curr Eye Res 1990; 9:1195-209. [PMID: 2091899 DOI: 10.3109/02713689009003476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Seven specimens of morphologically normal formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human retina were studied using a panel of fourteen biotinylated lectins, all of which react with glycoconjugates containing galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine residues. Agaricus bisporus (ABA), Bauhinia purpurea (BPA), Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA-E), peanut (PNA) and Ricinus communis (RCA-I) agglutinins labeled photoreceptor cells prior to enzymatic predigestion. BPA and PNA bound specifically to cones. The plexiform layers reacted with ABA, BPA and PHA-E, while only ABA and PHA-E labeled the nuclear layers. After pretreatment with neuraminidase to remove terminal sialic acid, all five lectins, as well as Erythrina cristagalli (ECA), Helix pomatia (HPA) and Maclura pomifera (MPA) agglutinins labeled both rods and cones. Furthermore, the plexiform layers additionally reacted with ECA, PNA and RCA-I, and the nuclear layers with BPA and RCA-I after neuraminidase pretreatment. Retinal vascular endothelial cells consistently bound ABA, ECA, PHA-E and RCA-I, but they could also bind BPA, HPA, Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BSA-I), Dolichos biflorus (DBA) and Euonymus europaeus (EEA) agglutinins in unpretreated sections, as well as MPA, PNA, soybean (SBA) and Sophora japonica (SJA) agglutinins subsequent to predigestion with neuraminidase. The nonpigmented ciliary epithelium reacted with the same lectins as photoreceptor cells, but it was also labeled by DBA. Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) did not specifically bind to any intraocular structure. These findings favor the theory that, in unpretreated specimens, Gal(beta 1----3)GalNAc (BPA and PNA) is mainly responsible for labeling of cones, while Gal(beta 1----3/4)GlcNAc units, partly substituted with terminal sialic acid (PHA-E and RCA-I), explain labeling of rods. Following pretreatment with neuraminidase, further Gal(beta 1----3)GalNAc (BPA and PNA) and, especially, Gal(beta 1----3/4)GlcNAc (BPA, ECA, PHA-E, PNA and RCA-I) and alpha GalNAc units (BPA, HPA and MPA), the latter partly linked to the protein backbone, contribute to labeling of photoreceptor cells. Gal(beta 1----3/4)GlcNAc units may be mainly responsible for labeling of nuclear and plexiform layers. Finally, other related receptor sites (SBA and SJA), some of which are blood-group specific (BSA-I, DBA, EEA and HPA) are restricted to retinal vascular endothelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kivelä
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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14
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Fine structural and volumetric changes of lamprey photoreceptor cells during light and dark periods. Cell Tissue Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00571427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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