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Rees J, Haig D, Mack V, Davis WC. Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for hamster leukocyte differentiation molecules. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 183:40-44. [PMID: 28063475 PMCID: PMC5256479 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used to identify mAbs that recognize conserved epitopes on hamster leukocyte differentiation molecules (hLDM) and also to characterize mAbs developed against hLDM. Initial screening of mAbs developed against LDMs in other species yielded mAbs specific for the major histocompatibility (MHC) II molecule, CD4 and CD18. Screening of sets of mAbs developed against hLDM yielded 22 new mAbs, including additional mAbs to MHC II molecules and mAbs that recognize LDMs expressed on all leukocytes, granulocytes, all lymphocytes, all T cells, a subset of T cells, or on all B cells. Based on comparison of the pattern of expression of LDMs expressed on all hamster leukocytes with the patterns of expression of known LDMs in other species, as detected by flow cytometry (FC), four mAbs are predicted to recognize CD11a, CD44, and CD45. Cross comparison of mAbs specific for a subset of hamster T cells with a cross reactive mAb known to recognize CD4 in mice and one recognising CD8 revealed they recognize CD4. The characterization of these mAbs expands opportunities to use hamsters as an additional model species to investigate the mechanisms of immunopathogenesis of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rees
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton, Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - David Haig
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton, Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Victoria Mack
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
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2
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Lombana KG, Goodrich LR, Phillips JN, Kisiday JD, Ruple-Czerniak A, McIlwraith CW. An Investigation of Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cell Characteristics from Different Harvest Sites: More Similar Than Not. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:67. [PMID: 26664993 PMCID: PMC4672231 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are a major cause of loss of use and retirement in sport horses. The use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMDMSCs) for healing of traumatized tissue has gained substantial favor in clinical settings and can assist healing and tissue regeneration in orthopedic injuries. There are two common sites of harvest of BMDMSCs, the sternum and the ilium. Our objective was to determine if any differences exist in BMDMSCs acquired from the sternum and the ilium. We compared the two harvest sites in their propensity to undergo multilineage differentiation, differences in cell surface markers, or gene transduction efficiencies. BMDMSCs were isolated and culture-expanded from 5 ml aspirates of bone marrow from sternum and ilium. The cells were then plated and cultured with appropriate differentiation medium to result in multi-lineage differentiation and cell characteristics were compared between sternal and ilial samples. Cell surface antibody expression of CD11a/18, CD34, CD44, and CD90 were evaluated using flow cytometry, and gene transduction efficiencies were evaluated using GFP scAAV. There were no statistically significant differences in cell characteristics between MSCs cultured from the sternum and the ilium under any circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla G Lombana
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Laurie R Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Jennifer Nikki Phillips
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - John David Kisiday
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Audrey Ruple-Czerniak
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN , USA
| | - C Wayne McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
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Radcliffe CH, Flaminio MJBF, Fortier LA. Temporal analysis of equine bone marrow aspirate during establishment of putative mesenchymal progenitor cell populations. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:269-82. [PMID: 19604071 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) are often characterized using surface markers after expansion and treatment in culture. There are no studies directly comparing gene and protein markers in undifferentiated samples during the very early phases of culture. The goal of this study was to evaluate temporal gene and protein expression changes during establishment of equine MPC cultures. Bone marrow aspirate was obtained from 35 horses and processed by density gradient centrifugation. In freshly isolated bone marrow, mononuclear cells had variable expression of CD44, CD11a/CD18, CD90, and CD45RB cell surface molecules. After 2 h of culture, bone marrow mononuclear cells had a phenotype of CD44(hi), CD29(hi), CD90(lo), CD11a/CD18(hi), and CD45RB(lo). Isolated mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR at 2, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days of culture. At all culture time points, gene expression was in agreement with cell surface protein expression. In established cultures of MPCs, cells remained robustly positive for CD44 and CD29. The proportion of positive cells and the mean fluorescence intensity of positive cells increased in CD90 expression as MPC cultures became more homogeneous. Inversely, the population of cells in culture decreased expression of CD11a/CD18 and CD45RB molecules over time. The decreased expression of the latter molecules makes these useful negative markers of established MPC cultures under normal expansion conditions. The results of this study demonstrate numerous dynamic changes in cell surface molecule expression during early establishment of MPC populations, which may aid to improve MPC isolation methods for research or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Radcliffe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Davis WC, Hamilton MJ. Use of flow cytometry to develop and characterize a set of monoclonal antibodies specific for rabbit leukocyte differentiation molecules. J Vet Sci 2008; 9:51-66. [PMID: 18296889 PMCID: PMC2839113 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2008.9.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used to identify and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that react with rabbit leukocyte differentiation molecules (LDM). Screening sets of mAbs, developed against LDM in other species, for reactivity with rabbit LDM yielded 11 mAbs that recognize conserved epitopes on rabbit LDM orthologues and multiple mAbs that recognize epitopes expressed on the major histocompatibility class I or class II molecules. Screening of mAbs submitted to the Animal Homologues Section of the Eighth Human Leukocyte Differentiation Workshop yielded 7 additional mAbs. Screening of mAbs generated from mice immunized with leukocytes from rabbit thymus or spleen or concanavalin A activated peripheral blood and/or spleen lymphocytes has yielded 42 mAbs that recognize species restricted epitopes expressed on one or more lineages of leukocytes. Screening of the anti-rabbit mAbs against leukocytes from other species yielded one additional mAb. The studies show that screening of existing sets of mAbs for reactivity with rabbit LDM will not be productive and that a direct approach will be needed to develop mAbs for research in rabbits. The flow cytometric approach we developed to screen for mAbs of interest offers a way for individual laboratories to identify and characterize mAbs to LDM in rabbits and other species. A web-based program we developed provides a source of information that will facilitate analysis. It contains a searchable data base on known CD molecules and a data base on mAbs, known to react with LDM in one or more species of artiodactyla, equidae, carnivora, and or lagomorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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Kothlow S, Morgenroth I, Tregaskes CA, Kaspers B, Young JR. CD40 ligand supports the long-term maintenance and differentiation of chicken B cells in culture. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:1015-1026. [PMID: 18374414 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
TNF family members play crucial roles in mammalian B-cell differentiation and function, many of which have not been demonstrated in other species. To investigate the avian CD40/CD40L system, a chicken CD40 cDNA, obtained by expression screening, was used to raise monoclonal antibodies showing that CD40 was expressed on chicken B cells, monocytes and macrophages, like mammalian CD40. CD40 ligand fusion protein supported the proliferation of B cells in culture for up to 3 weeks, during which they differentiated towards a plasma cell phenotype. CD40L-activated B cells from immunised birds secreted antigen-specific IgM and IgG. These results showed important conserved functions of CD40 and its ligand in mammals and birds. CD40L provides a means for maintenance and differentiation of untransformed chicken B cells in culture, for the first time, allowing new approaches to study of post-bursal B cell biology and host-pathogen interactions with B cell tropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kothlow
- Institute for Animal Physiology, University of Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Ibrahim S, Saunders K, Kydd JH, Lunn DP, Steinbach F. Screening of anti-human leukocyte monoclonal antibodies for reactivity with equine leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:63-80. [PMID: 17707518 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred and seventy-nine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against various human CD molecules supplied to the HLDA8 animal homologues section (including four isotype controls) were analysed for cross-reactivity with equine leukocytes. First, flow cytometric identification of positively reacting mAbs was performed in one laboratory. Thereafter, a second round of flow cytometric evaluation was performed, involving three laboratories participating in the study. The first test-round indicated 17 mAbs as potentially positive. After the second round of flow cytometric analysis, 14 mAbs remained (directed against CD2, CD11a, CD18, CD44, CD45, CD49d, CD91, CD163 and CD172) where cross-reactivity was anticipated based on similarities between the human and equine staining pattern. Additionally, there was 1 mAb with weak likely positive reactivity, 12 mAbs with positive staining, which likely do not reflect valuable data, 5 mAbs with clear alternate expression pattern from that expected from humans, 5 mAbs with a questionable staining pattern itself, i.e. that was variable between the three labs, 32 mAbs with weak-positive expression and alternate staining pattern, and 279 negative mAbs (including the four isotype controls) were detected. In 31 cases, more appropriate target cells, such as thymocytes or stem cells, were not available for the screening. The results underline the value of this "cross-reactivity" approach for equine immunology. However, as only a few mAbs against leukocyte surface antigens reacted positively (approximately 4% of the mAbs submitted), the analysis of further anti-human mAbs and directed efforts to develop species-specific anti-CD mAb are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Ibrahim
- Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred Kowalke Street 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Davis WC, Drbal K, Mosaad AEAAE, Elbagory ARM, Tibary A, Barrington GM, Park YH, Hamilton MJ. Use of flow cytometry to identify monoclonal antibodies that recognize conserved epitopes on orthologous leukocyte differentiation antigens in goats, llamas, and rabbits. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:123-30. [PMID: 17686528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used to screen a panel of 320 mAbs, submitted to the Animal Homologues Section of the HLDA8, for mAbs that recognize epitopes conserved on orthologous leukocyte differentiation antigens (LDA) in goats, lamas, and rabbits. Nineteen mAbs specific for CD11a (1), CD14 (3), CD18 (1), CD21 (1), CD29 (2), CD44 (2), CD47 (3), CD49d (1), CD172a (1), CD45RB (1), CD61 (1), RACT48A, and GBSP71A reacted with goat LDA. Twenty three mAbs specific for CD7 (1), CD9 (2), CD11a (1), CD14 (3), CD18 (4), CD29 (1), CD32 (1), CD44 (1), CD47 (4), CD49d (2), CD50 (1), CD80 (1), CD172a (1), and GBSP71A reacted with llama LDA. Eighteen mAbs specific for CD9 (2), CD11a (1), CD14 (2), CD18 (4), CD21 (1), CD44 (2), CD45RB (1), CD49d (1), CD209 (1), RACT48A, and GBSP71A reacted with rabbit LDA. The specificities of two cross reactive mAbs that recognize different conserved epitopes on all leukocytes in two species (RACT48A) and all three species (GBSP71A) have not been determined. The patterns of reactivity of most of the mAbs were consistent with patterns of reactivity noted on human leukocytes. The specificity of some cross reactive mAbs generated in non-human species were validated on human leukocytes. Further studies are needed to verify that CD7, CD32, CD45RB, CD50, and CD209 recognize orthologous molecules in the indicated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Davis
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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8
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Sager H, Bertoni G, Jungi TW. Differences Between B Cell and Macrophage Transformation by the Bovine Parasite, Theileria annulata: A Clonal Approach. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.1.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Theileria annulata, a tick-transmitted protozoan parasite, infects and transforms cells of the hemopoietic system, particularly those of the B cell and monocyte/macrophage lineages. Here, the effect of infection/transformation on the resulting phenotype was studied using a clonal approach. Three phenotypes of transformed cell lines could be discerned. The first is characterized by surface expression of IgM, CD21, and the B cell epitopes, B-B2 and B-B8, Ig heavy chain gene rearrangement, and mRNA expression. Such lines were obtained from fresh and cultured PBMC and at increased frequency from purified B cells, but never from fetal bone marrow cells. The second phenotype can be distinguished from the first by the absence of Ig heavy chain expression and reduced surface expression of B cell markers (CD21, B-B2, B-B8). Clones with this phenotype were obtained from transformed fetal bone marrow cells only. The third phenotype showed an absence of all of the above B cell markers, including surface IgM, and a lack of Ig heavy chain gene rearrangement. The latter clones could be maintained for several weeks after elimination of T. annulata by BW720c treatment, and they reacquired a macrophage-like phenotype. This implies that parasite-induced dedifferentiation is restricted to monocyte/macrophage, and that B cell markers are indicative of cell lineage progeny. Demonstration of surface IgM on PBMC-derived B cell clones suggests that infection of B cells with T. annulata may be an epigenetic method to immortalize ruminant B cells of a defined Ag specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Sager
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Bertoni
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W. Jungi
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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9
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Lunn DP, Holmes MA, Antczak DF, Agerwal N, Baker J, Bendali-Ahcene S, Blanchard-Channell M, Byrne KM, Cannizzo K, Davis W, Hamilton MJ, Hannant D, Kondo T, Kydd JH, Monier MC, Moore PF, O'Neil T, Schram BR, Sheoran A, Stott JL, Sugiura T, Vagnoni KE. Report of the Second Equine Leucocyte Antigen Workshop, Squaw valley, California, July 1995. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 62:101-43. [PMID: 9638857 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The final assignment of antibody clusters for leucocyte antigens and immunoglobulins, as described in detail in Sections 3 and 4, is summarized in Table 4. Together with other mAbs developed outside of ELAW II (Table 9) this pool of reagents represent a powerful array of tools for the study of equine immunity. The Second Equine Leucocyte Antigen Workshop made considerable advances in pursuing the objectives of establishing the specificities of mAbs and achieving consensus on the nomenclature for equine leucocyte and immunoglobulin molecules. Of equal importance, several productive collaborations were fostered among the participating laboratories and observers. Overall, enormous advances have been made in the past decade since mAbs specific for equine leucocyte antigens and immunoglobulins were first reported. There remains enormous scope and need for further studies of equine leucocyte antigens and immunoglobulins, both for the purposes of comparative immunology and for the good of the horse. In the future novel techniques will be required to develop reagents for specific target antigens such as the orthologues of the CD25 or CD45 isoforms. In studies of equine immunoglobulins the functional role of the IgG isotypes must be better established, reagents for IgE must be developed, and cloning of the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes will be essential if the complexities of the IgG sub-isotypes are to be elucidated. The tasks still facing the currently small group of equine immunologists throughout the world remain formidable, and will only be tackled successfully in a spirit of collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Lunn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
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10
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Lunn DP, Holmes MA, Antczak DF. Summary report of the Second Equine Leucocyte Antigen Workshop. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 54:159-61. [PMID: 8988860 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(96)05674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D P Lunn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA. . wisc.edu
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11
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Wang C, Entwistle J, Hou G, Li Q, Turley EA. The characterization of a human RHAMM cDNA: conservation of the hyaluronan-binding domains. Gene X 1996; 174:299-306. [PMID: 8890751 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A full-length human RHAMM cDNA clone was isolated by a combination of screening a human breast cDNA expression library with the murine RHAMM 2 cDNA as well as 5' RACE and RT-PCR using messenger RNA from human breast cell line (MCF-10A). The full-length cDNA contained 725 aa that encoded an 84 kDa protein. Although the coding region of the human RHAMM cDNA resembles the murine RHAMM v4, it has additional unique N-terminal (489 bp) and C-terminal (33 bp) regions. Also, only 1 of 5 repeat sequences encoded in the murine cDNA are present in human cDNA. The overall homology between the overlapping region of human and mouse RHAMM v4 cDNA clone is 85%, but the HA binding motif (B[X7]B), shown to be critical for the signaling capability of this receptor, is 100% conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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12
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Tumas DB, Brassfield AL, Travenor AS, Hines MT, Davis WC, McGuire TC. Monoclonal antibodies to the equine CD2 T lymphocyte marker, to a pan-granulocyte/monocyte marker and to a unique pan-B lymphocyte marker. Immunobiology 1994; 192:48-64. [PMID: 7750989 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Murine monoclonal antibodies, HB88A, B29A and DH59B separately identify the CD2 T lymphocyte molecule, a unique pan-B lymphocyte surface marker and a pan-granulocyte/monocyte surface molecule, respectively, in the horse. Specificity was shown by two-color immunofluorescent flow cytometry and immunofluorescent microscopy. MAb HB88A reacted with a 52 kDa pan-T lymphocyte molecule present on 75% +/- 7 of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) (n = 15 horses). It also reacted with lymphocytes restricted to T lymphocyte dependent areas of lymph node and spleen. Specificity of mAb HB88A to CD2 was demonstrated by its reactivity to COS7 cells which expressed a transfected 1.5 kb equine lymphocyte c-DNA clone having 77.5% overall sequence homology with human CD2 c-DNA. MAb B29A reacted with a pan-B lymphocyte specific cell surface complex, 143, 72, 50, 40, 27 and 14.5 kDa, present on 19% +/- 7 of PBL (n = 15 horses). This complex has not been described in the horse or other species. MAb DH59B reacted with a 96 kDa pan-granulocyte/monocyte specific surface protein and identified macrophages and Kupffer cells in equine tissue sections. Together these mAbs can be used to identify and quantitate the major constituents of equine leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Tumas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Isacke
- Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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14
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Cobbold S, Holmes M, Willett B. The immunology of companion animals: reagents and therapeutic strategies with potential veterinary and human clinical applications. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1994; 15:347-53. [PMID: 7916946 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is now a wide range of immunological reagents that can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the companion animals (dogs, cats and horses). Many of these diseases are the veterinary equivalents of human conditions, and may therefore provide good models to study basic pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cobbold
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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15
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Kydd J, Antczak DF, Allen WR, Barbis D, Butcher G, Davis W, Duffus WP, Edington N, Grünig G, Holmes MA. Report of the First International Workshop on Equine Leucocyte Antigens, Cambridge, UK, July 1991. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 42:3-60. [PMID: 7975180 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The First International Workshop on Equine Leucocyte Antigens was organized and convened for the purposes of identifying immunologically relevant cell surface molecules of equine leucocytes and establishing a system of nomenclature for those molecules. Participating members of the workshop represented the majority of laboratories world-wide engaged in the tasks of production and characterization of equine leucocyte and lymphocyte markers using monoclonal antibodies. The workshop confirmed the identification of several equine CD molecules described previously by individual laboratories, and in addition recognized antibodies identifying new CD molecules. The workshop also succeeded in fostering co-operation between laboratories around the world which study equine immunobiology. Equine CD molecules identified by the current battery of monoclonal antibodies include EqCD2, EqCD4, EqCD5, EqCD8, EqCD11a/18, EqCD13 and EqCD44. Other antibodies are markers for MHC class I and class II molecules, for B cells, granulocytes, macrophages, T cell subsets distinct from those defined by CD4 and CD8, and other sub-populations of horse leucocytes that do not have obvious counterparts in humans, rodents, or other species. Despite the progress made in the first workshop, there are still substantial gaps in the armory of reagents available to study equine leucocyte biology, and further definition of the structure, function, and genetics of the antigens identified by the workshop clusters (WC1, WC2 etc.) and other molecules of immunological importance will be a goal of future workshops. The study of equine immunobiology and resistance to disease also urgently requires the development of tools to study equine immunoglobulins and cytokines, and these needs will provide ample scope for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kydd
- Thoroughbred Breeders' Association, Equine Fertility Unit, Mertoun Paddocks, Newmarket, UK
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16
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Wheatley SC, Isacke CM, Crossley PH. Restricted expression of the hyaluronan receptor, CD44, during postimplantation mouse embryogenesis suggests key roles in tissue formation and patterning. Development 1993; 119:295-306. [PMID: 7507029 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CD44 is a multifunctional adhesion protein that acts as a major receptor for the hygroscopic extracellular matrix component, hyaluronan. This receptor-ligand binding directly mediates at least some of the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions ascribed to CD44. Other interactions involving CD44 may be modulated indirectly by its ability to bind growth factors and thereby to promote cell attachment. During vertebrate development, multiple cases of hyaluronan involvement in cell proliferation, cell migration and histogenesis have been documented. In addition, there is evidence suggesting a central role for cell surface glycoproteins and proteoglycans in mediating the action of polypeptide growth factors involved in tissue patterning. In view of this, we undertook to investigate expression of the CD44 protein during postimplantation mouse embryogenesis. Between 9.5 and 12.5 days of embryonic development, the predominant form of CD44 protein corresponds to the hyaluronan-binding CD44H form. However, species with a higher M(r) were also detected, implying that CD44 isoforms generated by alternative splicing of CD44 RNA are employed in normal development. Further, we used mouse embryos to perform whole-mount immunohistochemistry and examine the temporal and spatial distribution of this glycoprotein. CD44 is expressed at high levels in the heart, somites and condensing limb-bud mesenchyme at critical stages of morphogenesis. These sites correlate with regions where hyaluronan has been demonstrated to regulate morphogenetic events. Of novel interest, however, is the high expression of CD44 in regions that do not correlate with sites of known hyaluronan-mediated developmental events. These include instructive epithelia participating in epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions such as the apical ectodermal ridge of the developing limb bud and the odontogenic placodes of the presumptive upper and lower jaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Wheatley
- Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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