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Boissonnault È, Jeon A, Munin MC, Filippetti M, Picelli A, Haldane C, Reebye R. Assessing muscle architecture with ultrasound: implications for spasticity. Eur J Transl Myol 2024; 34:12397. [PMID: 38818772 PMCID: PMC11264226 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2024.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A (BoNT-A) injections using Ultrasound (US) guidance have led to research evaluating changes in muscle architecture. Controversy remains as to what constitutes increased Echo-Intensity (EI) in spastic muscles and whether this may affect outcomes. We aim to provide a narrative review of US muscle architecture changes following Central Nervous System (CNS) lesions and explore their relationship to spasticity. Medline, CINAHL, and Embase databases were searched with keywords: ultrasonography, hypertonia, spasticity, fibrosis, and Heckmatt. Three physicians reviewed the results of the search to select relevant papers. Reviews identified in the search were used as a resource to identify additional studies. A total of 68 papers were included. Four themes were identified, including histopathological changes in spastic muscle, effects of BoNT-A on the muscle structure, available US modalities to assess the muscle, and utility of US assessment in clinical spasticity. Histopathological studies revealed atrophic and fibro-fatty changes after CNS lesions. Several papers described BoNT-A injections contributing to those modifications. These changes translated to increased EI. The exact significance of increased muscle EI remains unclear. The Modified Heckmatt Scale (MHS) is a validated tool for grading muscle EI in spasticity. The use of the US may be an important tool to assess muscle architecture changes in spasticity and improve spasticity management. Treatment algorithms may be developed based on the degree of EI. Further research is needed to determine the incidence and impact of these EI changes in spastic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ève Boissonnault
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Canadian Advances in Neuro-Orthopedics for Spasticity Consortium (CANOSC), Kingston.
| | - April Jeon
- Canadian Advances in Neuro-Orthopedics for Spasticity Consortium (CANOSC), Kingston, Canada; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh.
| | - Michael C Munin
- Canadian Advances in Neuro-Orthopedics for Spasticity Consortium (CANOSC), Kingston, Canada; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh.
| | - Mirko Filippetti
- Canadian Advances in Neuro-Orthopedics for Spasticity Consortium (CANOSC), Kingston, Canada; Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona.
| | - Alessandro Picelli
- Canadian Advances in Neuro-Orthopedics for Spasticity Consortium (CANOSC), Kingston, Canada; Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona.
| | - Chloe Haldane
- Canadian Advances in Neuro-Orthopedics for Spasticity Consortium (CANOSC), Kingston, Canada; Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
| | - Rajiv Reebye
- Canadian Advances in Neuro-Orthopedics for Spasticity Consortium (CANOSC), Kingston, Canada; Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
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Satoh M, Higuchi T, Inoue S, Miyakoshi D, Kajihara A, Gotoh T, Shimizu Y. External transcutaneous ultrasound technique in the equine cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle: Assessment of muscle size and echogenicity with resting endoscopy. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:500-508. [PMID: 31736125 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have assessed the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle (CAD) using transoesophageal ultrasonography in equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN). We assessed the CAD using the external transcutaneous ultrasound technique, which may constitute an easier method in horses. OBJECTIVES To evaluate ultrasonographic imaging of the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle (LCAD) and right cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle (RCAD) as a diagnostic tool for RLN using the transcutaneous ultrasound technique. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS The axial plane thickness, cross-sectional area and echogenicity of the LCAD and RCAD were measured using transcutaneous ultrasonography in 164 horses. Assessments of LCAD were compared with those of RCAD. The LCAD:RCAD ratios in thickness and area were compared between control horses (resting grades 1 and 2) and horses with resting laryngeal grades 3 and 4 using the Havemeyer 4-point grading system with subgrades. RESULTS The LCAD:RCAD ratios for thickness and area were 0.69 and 0.66 in horses with resting grades 3 and 4 respectively; LCAD was more hyperechogenic than RCAD in resting grades 3 and 4. LCAD:RCAD ratios for thickness and area in grades 3.II, 3.III and 4 were significantly lower than those in control horses. Thickness and area of the LCAD were negatively correlated with resting laryngeal grade MAIN LIMITATIONS: Overground endoscopy was not performed in this study. There were some differences in methodology: measurement of the physical thickness of the LCAD and clipping of hair at the laryngeal region were only performed in horses that underwent laryngoplasty. CONCLUSIONS Results of ultrasonographic assessments of the CAD using transcutaneous ultrasonography were similar to those obtained by transoesophageal ultrasonography. This technique enables a simple, noninvasive, direct and easy examination. Assessment of the CAD using transcutaneous ultrasonography may be a useful technique and a potential option for determining whether to perform nerve graft or laryngoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Satoh
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hidaka-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tohru Higuchi
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hidaka-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hidaka-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyakoshi
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hidaka-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayako Kajihara
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hidaka-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Gotoh
- Federation of Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Associations, Large Animal Clinic and Research Center, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shimizu
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Central Animal Clinic, Niikappu-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
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McGivney CL, Sweeney J, Gough KF, Hill EW, Katz LM. Serial evaluation of resting and exercising overground endoscopic examination results in young Thoroughbreds with no treatment intervention. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:192-197. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - J. Sweeney
- UCD School of Business University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - K. F. Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - E. W. Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - L. M. Katz
- UCD, School of Veterinary Medicine University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
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Draper ACE, Piercy RJ. Pathological classification of equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1397-1409. [PMID: 29691904 PMCID: PMC6060325 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy (RLN) is a highly prevalent and predominantly left-sided, degenerative disorder of the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLn) of tall horses, that causes inspiratory stridor at exercise because of intrinsic laryngeal muscle paresis. The associated laryngeal dysfunction and exercise intolerance in athletic horses commonly leads to surgical intervention, retirement or euthanasia with associated financial and welfare implications. Despite speculation, there is a lack of consensus and conflicting evidence supporting the primary classification of RLN, as either a distal ("dying back") axonopathy or as a primary myelinopathy and as either a (bilateral) mononeuropathy or a polyneuropathy; this uncertainty hinders etiological and pathophysiological research. In this review, we discuss the neuropathological changes and electrophysiological deficits reported in the RLn of affected horses, and the evidence for correct classification of the disorder. In so doing, we summarize and reveal the limitations of much historical research on RLN and propose future directions that might best help identify the etiology and pathophysiology of this enigmatic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. E. Draper
- Comparative Neuromuscular Disease LaboratoryDepartment is Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Disease LaboratoryDepartment is Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
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Boyko AR, Brooks SA, Behan-Braman A, Castelhano M, Corey E, Oliveira KC, Swinburne JE, Todhunter RJ, Zhang Z, Ainsworth DM, Robinson NE. Genomic analysis establishes correlation between growth and laryngeal neuropathy in Thoroughbreds. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:259. [PMID: 24707981 PMCID: PMC4051171 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) is a bilateral mononeuropathy
with an unknown pathogenesis that significantly affects performance in
Thoroughbreds. A genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of RLN is
suggested by the higher prevalence of the condition in offspring of
RLN-affected than unaffected stallions. To better understand RLN
pathogenesis and its genetic basis, we performed a genome-wide association
(GWAS) of 282 RLN-affected and 268 control Thoroughbreds. Results We found a significant association of RLN with the
LCORL/NCAPG locus on ECA3 previously shown to affect
body size in horses. Using height at the withers of 505 of these horses, we
confirmed the strong association of this locus with body size, and
demonstrated a significant phenotypic and genetic correlation between height
and RLN grade in this cohort. Secondary genetic associations for RLN on
ECA18 and X did not correlate with withers height in our cohort, but did
contain candidate genes likely influencing muscle physiology and growth:
myostatin (MSTN) and integral membrane protein 2A
(ITM2A). Conclusions This linkage between body size and RLN suggests that selective breeding to
reduce RLN prevalence would likely reduce adult size in this population.
However, our results do not preclude the possibility of modifier loci that
attenuate RLN risk without reducing size or performance, or that the RLN
risk allele is distinct but tightly linked to the body size locus on ECA3.
This study is both the largest body size GWAS and the largest RLN GWAS
within Thoroughbred horses to date, and suggests that improved understanding
of the relationship between genetics, equine growth rate, and RLN prevalence
may significantly advance our understanding and management of this
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norman Edward Robinson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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O'Neill HD, Ballegeer EA, De Feijter-Rupp HL, Stick JA, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE. Ultrasound-guided biopsy of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle: technique and safety in horses. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:244-8. [PMID: 23679063 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Current diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) depends upon disease recognition in the clinically affected horse. Biopsy of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles may provide a method to identify the changes in fibre-type composition that occur in RLN before clinical signs become apparent. OBJECTIVE To develop an ultrasound-guided biopsy technique of the left cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle (CALM) and evaluate its efficacy and safety in vivo. STUDY DESIGN A longitudinal descriptive study. METHODS Six standing horses underwent ultrasound-guided biopsy of the left CALM. Frozen muscle cores were obtained with a breast biopsy tool. Serial endoscopic, ultrasonographic and physical examinations before and for 8 weeks after the biopsy were assessed for iatrogenic trauma. Histologies of representative muscle core cross-sections were analysed for the total number of muscle fibres obtained with each biopsy. RESULTS There were no immediate complications of the procedure and the left CALM was harvested in all instances. Biopsy samples had an average weight of 0.043 g (range = 0.023-0.077 g) and contained 3418 fibres in cross-section (range = 711-7143). Laryngeal endoscopic grade did not change significantly between prebiopsy and the end of the 8 week follow-up. The left CALM had significantly greater echogenicity than the right throughout the study (P<0.001), but there was no difference between the prebiopsy CALM echogenicity and that at completion of the study. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound-guided biopsy of the left CALM is safe and well tolerated, providing a minimally invasive method to obtain muscle from healthy horses. This new technique may be applicable in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D O'Neill
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, USA
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Passman SN, Cheetham J, Bonassar LJ, Ducharme NG, Rawlinson JJ. Biomechanical characterisation of equine laryngeal cartilage. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:592-8. [PMID: 21545513 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY Upper airway obstruction is a common problem in the performance horse as the soft tissues of the larynx collapse into the airway, yet there is a paucity of information on biomechanical properties for the structural cartilage components. OBJECTIVE To measure the geometry and compressive mechanical properties of the hyaline cartilage to improve understanding of laryngeal function and morphology. METHODS A total of 11 larynges were harvested from Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses. During gross dissection, linear dimensions of the cricoid were obtained. From both the cricoid and arytenoid, specimens were cored to obtain 6 mm disc samples from 3 sites within the dorsal cricoid (caudal, middle and rostral) and 2 central sites in the arytenoids (inner, outer). The specimens were mechanically tested using radial confined compression to calculate the aggregate modulus and permeability of the tissue. The biomechanical data were analysed using a nested mixed effects model. RESULTS Geometrically, the cricoid has relatively straight walls compared to the morphology of human, ovine and canine larynges. There were significant observations of higher modulus with increasing age (0.13 MPa per year; P = 0.007) and stiffer cricoid cartilage (2.29 MPa) than the arytenoid cartilage (0.42 MPa; P<0.001), but no difference was observed between the left and right sides. Linear contrasts showed that the rostral aspect (2.51 MPa) of the cricoid was 20% stiffer than the caudal aspect (2.09 MPa; P = 0.025), with no difference between the arytenoid sites. CONCLUSIONS The equine larynx is a well supported structure due to both the geometry and material properties of the cricoid cartilage. The hyaline structure is an order of magnitude higher in compressive modulus compared to the arytenoids and other hyaline-composed tissues. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE These characterisations are important to understand the biomechanics of laryngeal function and the mechanisms involved with surgical interventions.
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GARRETT KS, WOODIE JB, EMBERTSON RM. Association of treadmill upper airway endoscopic evaluation with results of ultrasonography and resting upper airway endoscopic evaluation. Equine Vet J 2010; 43:365-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Histological and ultrastructural evidence that recurrent laryngeal neuropathy is a bilateral mononeuropathy limited to recurrent laryngeal nerves. Equine Vet J 2010; 40:666-72. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x335711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Dixon PM, Hahn CN, Barakzai SZ. Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) research: where are we and to where are we heading? Equine Vet J 2009; 41:324-7. [PMID: 19562891 DOI: 10.2746/042516409x423082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Dixon
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
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11
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Cheetham J, Radcliffe CR, Ducharme NG, Sanders I, Mu L, Hermanson JW. Neuroanatomy of the equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle: surgical implications. Equine Vet J 2008; 40:70-5. [PMID: 18083663 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x240465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY Studies are required to define more accurately and completely the neuroanatomy of the equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle as a prerequisite for developing a neuroprosthesis for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. OBJECTIVES To describe the anatomy, innervation, fibre types and function of the equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle. METHODS Thirty-one larynges were collected at necropsy from horses with no history of upper airway disease and 25 subjected to gross dissection. Thereafter, the following preparations were made on a subset of larynges: histochemical staining (n = 5), Sihler's and acetylcholinesterase staining for motor endplates (n = 2). An additional 6 larynges were collected and used for a muscle stimulation study. RESULTS Two neuromuscular compartments (NMC), each innervated by a primary nerve branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, were identified in all larynges. Stimulation of the lateral NMC produced more lateral displacement of the arytenoid cartilage than the medial NMC (P<0.05). The medial NMC tended to rotate the arytenoid cartilage dorsally. Motor endplates were identified at the junction of the middle and caudal thirds of each NMC. If fibre type grouping was present it was always present in both NMCs. CONCLUSIONS The equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle has 2 distinct muscle NMCs with discrete innervation and lines of action. The lateral NMC appears to have a larger role in increasing cross-sectional area of the rima glottidis. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This information should assist in planning surgical reinnervation procedures and development of a neuroprosthesis for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cheetham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Adreani CM, Li ZB, Lehar M, Southwood LL, Habecker PL, Flint PW, Parente EJ. Myosin heavy chain composition in normal and atrophic equine laryngeal muscle. Vet Pathol 2007; 43:881-9. [PMID: 17099144 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-6-881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of a given muscle determines the contractile properties and, therefore, the fiber type distribution of the muscle. MHC isoform expression in the laryngeal muscle is modulated by neural input and function, and it represents the cellular level changes that occur with denervation and reinnervation of skeletal muscle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pattern of MHC isoform expression in laryngeal muscle harvested from normal cadavers and cadavers with naturally occurring left laryngeal hemiplegia secondary to recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Left and right thyroarytenoideus (TA) and cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) were obtained from 7 horses affected with left-sided intrinsic laryngeal muscle atrophy and from 2 normal horses. Frozen sections were evaluated histologically for degree of atrophy and fiber type composition. MHC isoform expression was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of muscle protein. Histologic atrophy was seen in all atrophic muscles and some right-sided muscles of 3 affected horses, as well as the left TA of 1 normal horse. Fiber type grouping or loss of type I muscle fibers was observed in the left-sided laryngeal muscles in all but 1 affected horse, as well as in the right muscles of 2 affected horses, and the left TA of 1 normal horse. SDS-PAGE showed 2 bands corresponding to the type I and type IIB myosin isoforms in the CAD and TA of the 2 normal horses. Affected horses demonstrated a trend toward increased expression of the type IIB isoform and decreased expression of the type I isoform in atrophic muscles. This study confirmed the presence of histologic abnormalities in grossly normal equine laryngeal muscle, and it demonstrated an increased expression of type IIB MHC with a concurrent decreased expression of type I MHC in affected muscles. Evaluation of muscle fiber changes at the cellular level under denervated and reinnervated conditions may aid in assessing future strategies for reinnervation or regeneration of atrophic laryngeal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Adreani
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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13
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Brakenhoff JE, Holcombe SJ, Hauptman JG, Smith HK, Nickels FA, Caron JP. The Prevalence of Laryngeal Disease in a Large Population of Competition Draft Horses. Vet Surg 2006; 35:579-83. [PMID: 16911159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2006.00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To determine the effect of age, height, weight, breed, sex, and specific use on the prevalence of idiopathic left laryngeal hemiplegia (ILH) in a population of draft performance horses; (2) to determine the association between tracheal mucus and laryngeal dysfunction, and the prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in a population of draft performance horses. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. ANIMALS Draft horses competing at the 2005 Michigan Great Lakes Draft Horse Show. METHODS Endoscopic examinations were performed on horses competing at the 2005 Michigan Great Lakes Draft Horse Show. Signalment, height, and weight were obtained from the owners and trainers. RESULTS Belgian, Percheron, and Clydesdale horses (n=183) were studied. Prevalence of ILH was 35%. Horse height was significantly associated with the risk of ILH in Belgian and Percheron horses but not Clydesdales. There was a significantly different prevalence of ILH among the breeds such that 42% Belgians, 31% Percherons, and 17% Clydesdales were affected. Laryngeal disease was a risk factor for increased tracheal mucus. None of the horses had acute evidence of EIPH. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ILH in draft horses has increased or is higher in competition horses compared with previously studied groups. Tracheal and/or pulmonary inflammation may be more common in draft horses with ILH based on our findings that horses with ILH have more tracheal mucus than horses with normal laryngeal function. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Selection pressure for large, taller, longer-necked horses may be responsible for a seemingly increased incidence of ILH in competitive draft horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Brakenhoff
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, USA.
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Hahn CN, Mayhew IG. Examination of the laryngeal musculature and recurrent laryngeal nerves of zebra (Equus burchelli) for evidence of idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia. N Z Vet J 2000; 48:20-3. [PMID: 16032112 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2000.36152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was undertaken in order to determine whether wild Burchell's Zebra (Equus burchelli) are affected by Idiopathic Laryngeal Hemiplegia (ILH). ILH has a high prevalence in the domestic horse and a negative control population has not been identified. METHODS The work was conducted in two phases on two large farms in central Kenya during routine culls. The larynges of 42 zebra were removed and the left and right intrinsic laryngeal adductor and abductor muscles and recurrent laryngeal nerves were isolated. The muscles were weighed and biopsy samples of left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve and cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscles from 16 animals were taken for histological examination. RESULTS Left adductor muscles were observed to be significantly lighter than right adductor muscles (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the weights of left and right laryngeal abductors (p = 0.260). There was no light microscopic evidence of pathological changes consistent with ILH in any of the muscle or nerve samples. CONCLUSIONS Zebra do not appear to suffer from ILH and equids unaffected by ILH can have significantly lighter muscles on the left of the larynx. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mild asymmetries of the larynx on palpation may not be a reliable indicator of ILH. Zebra may be a potentially useful negative control animal for observational ILH studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Hahn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland
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Duncan ID. Determination of the early age of onset of equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. 2. Nerve pathology. Acta Neuropathol 1992; 84:316-21. [PMID: 1329430 DOI: 10.1007/bf00227825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves and peroneal nerves from two groups of foals, one less than 1 month of age and the other 6 months of age, were examined by light and electron microscopy. While there was no evidence of fiber loss on light microscopy, occasional onion bulbs, regenerating clusters and swollen axons were seen in the recurrent laryngeal nerves. To quantitate these changes, total counts of the main pathological structures were performed using the electron microscope. In all the foals the most common abnormality seen in the laryngeal nerves were Bungner bands, which were most numerous in the left recurrent laryngeal nerve of the older group of foals. Swollen axons which contained accumulations of organelles were seen in both age groups but were more common in the older foals. Likewise, onion bulbs were more frequent in the older animals but were also seen as well-formed structures in a foal less than 2 weeks of age. These findings confirm the previous report of neurogenic changes in the laryngeal muscles of foals and suggest that recurrent laryngeal neuropathy has an early and possible prenatal onset in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Duncan
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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