1
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Li JY, Liang JY, Liu ZY, Yi YZ, Zhao J, Huang ZY, Chen J. Multicopy Chromosome Integration and Deletion of Negative Global Regulators Significantly Increased the Heterologous Production of Aborycin in Streptomyces coelicolor. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:534. [PMID: 37888469 PMCID: PMC10608281 DOI: 10.3390/md21100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aborycin is a type I lasso peptide with a stable interlocked structure, offering a favorable framework for drug development. The aborycin biosynthetic gene cluster gul from marine sponge-associated Streptomyces sp. HNS054 was cloned and integrated into the chromosome of S. coelicolor hosts with different copies. The three-copy gul-integration strain S. coelicolor M1346::3gul showed superior production compared to the one-copy or two-copy gul-integration strains, and the total titer reached approximately 10.4 mg/L, i.e., 2.1 times that of the native strain. Then, five regulatory genes, phoU (SCO4228), wblA (SCO3579), SCO1712, orrA (SCO3008) and gntR (SCO1678), which reportedly have negative effects on secondary metabolism, were further knocked out from the M1346::3gul genome by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. While the ΔSCO1712 mutant showed a significant decrease (4.6 mg/L) and the ΔphoU mutant showed no significant improvement (12.1 mg/L) in aborycin production, the ΔwblA, ΔorrA and ΔgntR mutations significantly improved the aborycin titers to approximately 23.6 mg/L, 56.3 mg/L and 48.2 mg/L, respectively, which were among the highest heterologous yields for lasso peptides in both Escherichia coli systems and Streptomyces systems. Thus, this study provides important clues for future studies on enhancing antibiotic production in Streptomyces systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Li
- Department of Marine Biological Science & Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (J.-Y.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (Z.-Y.L.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jun-Yu Liang
- Department of Marine Biological Science & Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (J.-Y.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (Z.-Y.L.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhao-Yuan Liu
- Department of Marine Biological Science & Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (J.-Y.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (Z.-Y.L.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yue-Zhao Yi
- Department of Marine Biological Science & Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (J.-Y.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (Z.-Y.L.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Marine Biological Science & Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (J.-Y.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (Z.-Y.L.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (J.Z.)
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Huang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Marine Biological Science & Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (J.-Y.L.); (J.-Y.L.); (Z.-Y.L.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (J.Z.)
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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2
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Buyuklyan JA, Zakalyukina YV, Osterman IA, Biryukov MV. Modern Approaches to the Genome Editing of Antibiotic Biosynthetic Clusters in Actinomycetes. Acta Naturae 2023; 15:4-16. [PMID: 37908767 PMCID: PMC10615194 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.23426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Representatives of the phylum Actinomycetota are one of the main sources of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics of various classes. Modern studies using high-throughput sequencing techniques enable the detection of dozens of potential antibiotic biosynthetic genome clusters in many actinomycetes; however, under laboratory conditions, production of secondary metabolites amounts to less than 5% of the total coding potential of producer strains. However, many of these antibiotics have already been described. There is a continuous "rediscovery" of known antibiotics, and new molecules become almost invisible against the general background. The established approaches aimed at increasing the production of novel antibiotics include: selection of optimal cultivation conditions by modifying the composition of nutrient media; co-cultivation methods; microfluidics, and the use of various transcription factors to activate silent genes. Unfortunately, these tools are non-universal for various actinomycete strains, stochastic in nature, and therefore do not always lead to success. The use of genetic engineering technologies is much more efficient, because they allow for a directed and controlled change in the production of target metabolites. One example of such technologies is mutagenesis-based genome editing of antibiotic biosynthetic clusters. This targeted approach allows one to alter gene expression, suppressing the production of previously characterized molecules, and thereby promoting the synthesis of other unknown antibiotic variants. In addition, mutagenesis techniques can be successfully applied both to new producer strains and to the genes of known isolates to identify new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Buyuklyan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340 Russian Federation
| | - Yu V Zakalyukina
- Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340 Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russian Federation
| | - I A Osterman
- Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340 Russian Federation
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143025 Russian Federation
| | - M V Biryukov
- Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340 Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russian Federation
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3
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Lian C, Zhang M, Mao J, Liu Y, Wang X, Kong L, Yao Q, Qin J. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses for providing insights into the influence of polylysine synthetase on the metabolism of Streptomyces albulus. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:224. [PMID: 36307825 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) is the main secondary metabolite of Streptomyces albulus, and it is widely used in the food industry. Polylysine synthetase (Pls) is the last enzyme in the ε-PL biosynthetic pathway. Our previous study revealed that Pls overexpressed in S. albulus CICC11022 result in the efficient production of ε-PL. In this study, a Pls gene knockout strain was initially constructed. Then, genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches were integrated to study the effects of the high expression and knockout of Pls on the gene expression and metabolite synthesis of S. albulus. The high expression of Pls resulted in 598 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 425 known differential metabolites, whereas the inactivation of Pls resulted in 868 significant DEGs and 374 known differential metabolites. The expressions of 8 and 35 genes were negatively and positively associated with the Pls expression, respectively. Subsequently, the influence mechanism of the high expression and inactivation of Pls on the ε-PL biosynthetic pathway was elucidated. Twelve metabolites with 30% decreased yield in the high-expression strain of Pls but 30% increased production in the Pls knockout strain were identified. These results demonstrate the influence of Pls on the metabolism of S. albulus. The present work can provide the theoretical basis for improving the production capacity of ε-PL by means of metabolic engineering or developing bioactive substances derived from S. albulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Lian
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghui Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshou Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiayang Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Chhun A, Alberti F. CRISPR/Cas9-Based Methods for Inactivating Actinobacterial Biosynthetic Genes and Elucidating Function. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2489:201-222. [PMID: 35524052 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2273-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 technology allows fast and marker-less genome engineering that can be employed to study secondary metabolism in actinobacteria. Here, we report a standard experimental protocol for the deletion of a biosynthetic gene in a Streptomyces species, using the vector pCRISPomyces-2 developed by Huimin Zhao and collaborators. We also describe how carrying out metabolite analysis can reveal the putative biosynthetic function of the inactivated gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audam Chhun
- Biophore - DMF, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Racharaks R, Arnold W, Peccia J. Development of CRISPR-Cas9 knock-in tools for free fatty acid production using the fast-growing cyanobacterial strain Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 189:106315. [PMID: 34454980 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 has one of the fastest measured doubling time of cyanobacteria making it an important candidate for metabolic engineering. Traditional genetic engineering methods, which rely on homologous recombination, however, are inefficient, labor-intensive, and time-consuming due to the oligoploidy or polyploidy nature of cyanobacteria and the reliance on unique antibiotic resistance markers. CRISPR-Cas9 has emerged as an effective and versatile editing platform in a wide variety of organisms, but its application for cyanobacterial engineering is limited by the inherent toxicity of Cas9 resulting in poor transformation efficiencies. Here, we demonstrated that a single-plasmid CRISPR-Cas9 system, pCRISPOmyces-2, can effectively knock-in a truncated thioesterase gene from Escherichia coli to generate free fatty acid (FFA) producing mutants of Syn2973. To do so, three parameters were evaluated on the effect of generating recipient colonies after conjugation with pCRISPOmyces-2-based plasmids: 1) a modified conjugation protocol termed streaked conjugation, 2) the deletion of the gene encoding RecJ exonuclease, and 3) single guide RNA (sgRNA) sequence. With the use of the streaked conjugation protocol and a ΔrecJ mutant strain of Syn2973, the conjugation efficiency for the pCRISPomyces-2 plasmid could be improved by 750-fold over the wildtype (WT) for a conjugation efficiency of 2.0 × 10-6 transconjugants/recipient cell. While deletion of the RecJ exonuclease alone increased the conjugation efficiency by 150-fold over the WT, FFA generation was impaired in FFA-producing mutants with the ΔrecJ background, and the large number of poor FFA-producing isolates indicated the potential increase in spontaneous mutation rates. The sgRNA sequence was found to be critical in achieving the desired CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knock-in mutation as the sgRNA impacts conjugation efficiency, likelihood of homogenous recombinants, and free fatty acid production in engineered strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratanachat Racharaks
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wyatt Arnold
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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6
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Slemc L, Pikl Š, Petković H, Avbelj M. Molecular Biology Methods in Streptomyces rimosus, a Producer of Oxytetracycline. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2296:303-330. [PMID: 33977456 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1358-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces rimosus is used for production of the broad-spectrum antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC). S. rimosus belongs to Actinomyces species, a large group of microorganisms that produce diverse set of natural metabolites of high importance in many aspects of our life. In this chapter, we describe specific molecular biology methods and a classical homologous recombination approach for targeted in-frame deletion of a target gene or entire operon in S. rimosus genome. The presented protocols will guide you through the design of experiment and construction of homology arms and their cloning into appropriate vectors, which are suitable for gene-engineering work with S. rimosus. Furthermore, two different protocols for S. rimosus transformation are described including detailed procedure for targeted gene replacement via double crossover recombination event. Gene deletion is confirmed by colony PCR, and colonies are further characterized by cultivation and metabolite analysis. As the final step, we present in trans complementation of the deleted gene, to confirm functionality of the engineering approach achieved by gene disruption. A number of methodological steps and protocols are optimized for S. rimosus strains including the use of the selected reporter genes. Protocols described in this chapter can be applied for studying function of any individual gene product in diverse OTC-producing Streptomyces rimosus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Slemc
- Chair of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Pikl
- Chair of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hrvoje Petković
- Chair of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Avbelj
- Chair of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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An efficient system for stable markerless integration of large biosynthetic gene clusters into Streptomyces chromosomes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2123-2137. [PMID: 33564923 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11161-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The bacteria of the genus Streptomyces are among the most important producers of biologically active secondary metabolites. Moreover, recent genomic sequence data have shown their enormous genetic potential for new natural products, although many new biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are silent. Therefore, efficient and stable genome modification techniques are needed to activate their production or to manipulate their biosynthesis towards increased production or improved properties. We have recently developed an efficient markerless genome modification system for streptomycetes based on positive blue/white selection of double crossovers using the bpsA gene from indigoidine biosynthesis, which has been successfully applied for markerless deletions of genes and BGCs. In the present study, we optimized this system for markerless insertion of large BGCs. In a pilot test experiment, we successfully inserted a part of the landomycin BGC (lanFABCDL) under the control of the ermEp* promoter in place of the actinorhodin BGC (act) of Streptomyces lividans TK24 and RedStrep 1.3. The resulting strains correctly produced UWM6 and rabelomycin in twice the yield compared to S. lividans strains with the same construct inserted using the PhiBT1 phage-based integration vector system. Moreover, the system was more stable. Subsequently, using the same strategy, we effectively inserted the entire BGC for mithramycin (MTM) in place of the calcium-dependent antibiotic BGC (cda) of S. lividans RedStrep 1.3 without antibiotic-resistant markers. The resulting strain produced similar levels of MTM when compared to the previously described S. lividans RedStrep 1.3 strain with the VWB phage-based integration plasmid pMTMF. The system was also more stable. KEY POINTS: • Optimized genome editing system for markerless insertion of BGCs into Streptomyces genomes • Efficient heterologous production of MTM in the stable engineered S. lividans strain.
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8
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Li ZY, Bu QT, Wang J, Liu Y, Chen XA, Mao XM, Li YQ. Activation of anthrachamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10 by site-directed mutagenesis of rpoB. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 20:983-994. [PMID: 31749345 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing projects revealed massive cryptic gene clusters encoding the undiscovered secondary metabolites in Streptomyces. To investigate the metabolic products of silent gene clusters in Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10 (CGMCC 2644), we used site-directed mutagenesis to generate ten mutants with point mutations in the highly conserved region of rpsL (encoding the ribosomal protein S12) or rpoB (encoding the RNA polymerase β-subunit). Among them, L10/RpoB (H437Y) accumulated a dark pigment on a yeast extract-malt extract-glucose (YMG) plate. This was absent in the wild type. After further investigation, a novel angucycline antibiotic named anthrachamycin was isolated and determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were performed to investigate the mechanism underlying the activation effect on the anthrachamycin biosynthetic gene cluster. This work indicated that the rpoB-specific missense H437Y mutation had activated anthrachamycin biosynthesis in S. chattanoogensis L10. This may be helpful in the investigation of the pleiotropic regulation system in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yue Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing-Ting Bu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Ai Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xu-Ming Mao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Quan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
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9
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Fatma Z, Schultz JC, Zhao H. Recent advances in domesticating non‐model microorganisms. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3008. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zia Fatma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - J. Carl Schultz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
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10
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Knockout of secondary alcohol dehydrogenase in Nocardia cholesterolicum NRRL 5767 by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230915. [PMID: 32218601 PMCID: PMC7101164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardia cholesterolicum NRRL 5767 is well-known for its ability to convert oleic acid to 10-hydroxystearic acid (~88%, w/w) and 10-ketostearic acid (~11%, w/w). Conversion of oleic acid to 10-hydroxystearic acid and then to 10-ketostearic acid has been proposed to be catalyzed by oleate hydratase and secondary alcohol dehydrogenase, respectively. Hydroxy fatty acids are value-added with many industrial applications. The objective of this study was to improve the Nocardia cholesterolicum NRRL5767 strain by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to knockout the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase gene, thus blocking the conversion of 10-hydroxystearic acid to 10-ketostearic acid. The improved strain would produce 10-hydroxystearic acid solely from oleic acid. Such improvement would enhance the production of 10-hydroxystearic acid by eliminating downstream separation of 10-hydroxystearic acid from 10-ketostearic acid. Here, we report: (1) Molecular cloning and characterization of two functional recombinant oleate hydratase isozymes and a functional recombinant secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from Nocardia cholesterolicum NRRL5767. Existence of two oleate hydratase isozymes may explain the high conversion yield of 10-hydroxystearic acid from oleic acid. (2) Construction of a CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA chimeric plasmid that specifically targeted the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase gene by Golden Gate Assembly. (3) Transformation of the chimeric plasmid into Nocardia cholesterolicum NRRL 5767 by electroporation and screening of secondary alcohol dehydrogenase knockout mutants. Two mutants were validated by their lack of secondary alcohol dehydrogenase activity at the protein level and mutation at the targeted 5’ coding region and the 5’ upstream at the DNA level. The knockout mutants offer improvements by converting added oleic acid to solely 10-hydroxystearic acid, thus eliminating downstream separation of 10-hydroxystearic acid from 10-ketostearic acid. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first successful knockout of a target gene in the Nocardia species using CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated genome editing technology.
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11
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An unusual metal-bound 4-fluorothreonine transaldolase from Streptomyces sp. MA37 catalyses promiscuous transaldol reactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3885-3896. [PMID: 32140842 PMCID: PMC7162832 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-α-amino acids (βH-AAs) are key components of many bioactive molecules as well as exist as specialised metabolites. Among these βH-AAs, 4-fluorothreonine (4-FT) is the only naturally occurring fluorinated AA discovered thus far. Here we report overexpression and biochemical characterisation of 4-fluorothreonine transaldolase from Streptomyces sp. MA37 (FTaseMA), a homologue of FTase previously identified in the biosynthesis of 4-FT in S. cattleya. FTaseMA displays considerable substrate plasticity to generate 4-FT as well as other β-hydroxy-α-amino acids with various functionalities at C4 position, giving the prospect of new chemo-enzymatic applications. The enzyme has a hybrid of two catalytic domains, serine hydroxymethyltransferase (S) and aldolase (A). Site-directed mutagenesis allowed the identification of the key residues of FTases, suggesting that the active site of A domain has a historical reminiscent feature in metal-dependent aldolases. Elemental analysis demonstrated that FTaseMA is indeed a Zn2+-dependent enzyme, the first example of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) enzyme family fused with a metal-binding domain carrying out a distinct catalytic role. Finally, FTaseMA showed divergent evolutionary origin with other PLP dependent enzymes.
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12
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Herbrík A, Corretto E, Chroňáková A, Langhansová H, Petrásková P, Hrdý J, Čihák M, Krištůfek V, Bobek J, Petříček M, Petříčková K. A Human Lung-Associated Streptomyces sp. TR1341 Produces Various Secondary Metabolites Responsible for Virulence, Cytotoxicity and Modulation of Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3028. [PMID: 32010093 PMCID: PMC6978741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes, typical soil dwellers, can be detected as common colonizers of human bodies, especially the skin, the respiratory tract, the guts and the genital tract using molecular techniques. However, their clinical manifestations and isolations are rare. Recently they were discussed as possible "coaches" of the human immune system in connection with certain immune disorders and cancer. This work aimed for the characterization and evaluation of genetic adaptations of a human-associated strain Streptomyces sp. TR1341. The strain was isolated from sputum of a senior male patient with a history of lung and kidney TB, recurrent respiratory infections and COPD. It manifested remarkably broad biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal, beta-hemolytic, etc.). We found that, by producing specific secondary metabolites, it is able to modulate host immune responses and the niche itself, which increase its chances for long-term survival in the human tissue. The work shows possible adaptations or predispositions of formerly soil microorganism to survive in human tissue successfully. The strain produces two structural groups of cytotoxic compounds: 28-carbon cytolytic polyenes of the filipin type and actinomycin X2. Additionally, we summarize and present data about streptomycete-related human infections known so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Herbrík
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Erika Corretto
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Alica Chroňáková
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Petra Petrásková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Matouš Čihák
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Václav Krištůfek
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Bobek
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Petříček
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Petříčková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
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13
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Li ZY, Bu QT, Wang J, Liu Y, Chen XA, Mao XM, Li YQ. Activation of anthrachamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10 by site-directed mutagenesis of rpoB. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019. [PMID: 31749345 PMCID: PMC6885405 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b191900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Genome sequencing projects revealed massive cryptic gene clusters encoding the undiscovered secondary metabolites in Streptomyces. To investigate the metabolic products of silent gene clusters in Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10 (CGMCC 2644), we used site-directed mutagenesis to generate ten mutants with point mutations in the highly conserved region of rpsL (encoding the ribosomal protein S12) or rpoB (encoding the RNA polymerase β-subunit). Among them, L10/RpoB (H437Y) accumulated a dark pigment on a yeast extract-malt extract-glucose (YMG) plate. This was absent in the wild type. After further investigation, a novel angucycline antibiotic named anthrachamycin was isolated and determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were performed to investigate the mechanism underlying the activation effect on the anthrachamycin biosynthetic gene cluster. This work indicated that the rpoB-specific missense H437Y mutation had activated anthrachamycin biosynthesis in S. chattanoogensis L10. This may be helpful in the investigation of the pleiotropic regulation system in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-yue Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing-ting Bu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-ai Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xu-ming Mao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Quan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China,†E-mail:
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Musiol-Kroll EM, Tocchetti A, Sosio M, Stegmann E. Challenges and advances in genetic manipulation of filamentous actinomycetes - the remarkable producers of specialized metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1351-1369. [PMID: 31517370 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to February 2019Actinomycetes are Gram positive bacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria. These organisms are one of the most important sources of structurally diverse, clinically used antibiotics and other valuable bioactive products, as well as biotechnologically relevant enzymes. Most strains were discovered by their ability to produce a given molecule and were often poorly characterized, physiologically and genetically. The development of genetic methods for Streptomyces and related filamentous actinomycetes has led to the successful manipulation of antibiotic biosynthesis to attain structural modification of microbial metabolites that would have been inaccessible by chemical means and improved production yields. Moreover, genome mining reveals that actinomycete genomes contain multiple biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), however only a few of them are expressed under standard laboratory conditions, leading to the production of the respective compound(s). Thus, to access and activate the so-called "silent" BGCs, to improve their biosynthetic potential and to discover novel natural products methodologies for genetic manipulation are required. Although different methods have been applied for many actinomycete strains, genetic engineering is still remaining very challenging for some "underexplored" and poorly characterized actinomycetes. This review summarizes the strategies developed to overcome the obstacles to genetic manipulation of actinomycetes and allowing thereby rational genetic engineering of this industrially relevant group of microorganisms. At the end of this review we give some tips to researchers with limited or no previous experience in genetic manipulation of actinomycetes. The article covers the most relevant literature published until February 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa M Musiol-Kroll
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Microbiology/Biotechnology, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
| | | | | | - Evi Stegmann
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Microbiology/Biotechnology, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
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Recent achievements in the generation of stable genome alterations/mutations in species of the genus Streptomyces. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5463-5482. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Abstract
This article reviews CRISPR/Cas9-based toolkits available to investigate natural product biosynthesis and regulation in streptomycete bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Alberti
- School of Life Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
| | - Christophe Corre
- School of Life Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
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17
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Abstract
This article reviews CRISPR/Cas9-based toolkits available to investigate natural product biosynthesis and regulation in streptomycete bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Alberti
- School of Life Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
| | - Christophe Corre
- School of Life Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
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Noguchi Y, Kashiwagi N, Uzura A, Ogino C, Kondo A, Ikeda H, Sota M. Development of a strictly regulated xylose-induced expression system in Streptomyces. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:151. [PMID: 30241528 PMCID: PMC6149001 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic tools including constitutive and inducible promoters have been developed over the last few decades for strain engineering in Streptomyces. Inducible promoters are useful for controlling gene expression, however only a limited number are applicable to Streptomyces. The aim of this study is to develop a controllable protein expression system based on an inducible promoter using sugar inducer, which has not yet been widely applied in Streptomyces. Results To determine a candidate promoter, inducible protein expression was first examined in Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680 using various carbon sources. Xylose isomerase (xylA) promoter derived from xylose (xyl) operon was selected due to strong expression of xylose isomerase (XylA) in the presence of d-xylose. Next, a xylose-inducible protein expression system was constructed by investigating heterologous protein expression (chitobiase as a model protein) driven by the xylA promoter in Streptomyces lividans. Chitobiase activity was detected at high levels in S. lividans strain harboring an expression vector with xylA promoter (pXC), under both xylose-induced and non-induced conditions. Thus, S. avermitilis xylR gene, which encodes a putative repressor of xyl operon, was introduced into constructed vectors in order to control protein expression by d-xylose. Among strains constructed in the study, XCPR strain harboring pXCPR vector exhibited strict regulation of protein expression. Chitobiase activity in the XCPR strain was observed to be 24 times higher under xylose-induced conditions than that under non-induced conditions. Conclusion In this study, a strictly regulated protein expression system was developed based on a xylose-induced system. As far as we could ascertain, this is the first report of engineered inducible protein expression in Streptomyces by means of a xylose-induced system. This system might be applicable for controllable expression of toxic products or in the field of synthetic biology using Streptomyces strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0991-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Noguchi
- Nagase R&D Center, Nagase & Co., Ltd., 2-2-3 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan
| | - Norimasa Kashiwagi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Uzura
- Nagase R&D Center, Nagase & Co., Ltd., 2-2-3 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Haruo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sota
- Nagase R&D Center, Nagase & Co., Ltd., 2-2-3 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan
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Muth G. The pSG5-based thermosensitive vector family for genome editing and gene expression in actinomycetes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9067-9080. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Bacteria of the order Actinomycetales are one of the most important sources of bioactive natural products, which are the source of many drugs. However, many of them still lack efficient genome editing methods, some strains even cannot be manipulated at all. This restricts systematic metabolic engineering approaches for boosting known and discovering novel natural products. In order to facilitate the genome editing for actinomycetes, we developed a CRISPR-Cas9 toolkit with high efficiency for actinomyces genome editing. This basic toolkit includes a software for spacer (sgRNA) identification, a system for in-frame gene/gene cluster knockout, a system for gene loss-of-function study, a system for generating a random size deletion library, and a system for gene knockdown. For the latter, a uracil-specific excision reagent (USER) cloning technology was adapted to simplify the CRISPR vector construction process. The application of this toolkit was successfully demonstrated by perturbation of genomes of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Streptomyces collinus Tü 365. The CRISPR-Cas9 toolkit and related protocol described here can be widely used for metabolic engineering of actinomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojun Tong
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Helene Lunde Robertsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Kai Blin
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Tilmann Weber
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, BioInformatics Research Center, and BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Robertsen HL, Weber T, Kim HU, Lee SY. Toward Systems Metabolic Engineering of Streptomycetes for Secondary Metabolites Production. Biotechnol J 2017; 13. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Lunde Robertsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Tilmann Weber
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Yuseong-gu Daejeon 306-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Yuseong-gu Daejeon 306-701 Republic of Korea
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22
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Sevillano L, Díaz M, Santamaría RI. Development of an antibiotic marker-free platform for heterologous protein production in Streptomyces. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:164. [PMID: 28950904 PMCID: PMC5615484 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The industrial use of enzymes produced by microorganisms is continuously growing due to the need for sustainable solutions. Nevertheless, many of the plasmids used for recombinant production of proteins in bacteria are based on the use of antibiotic resistance genes as selection markers. The safety concerns and legal requirements surrounding the increased use of antibiotic resistance genes have made the development of new antibiotic-free approaches essential. RESULTS In this work, a system completely free of antibiotic resistance genes and useful for the production of high yields of proteins in Streptomyces is described. This system is based on the separation of the two components of the yefM/yoeBsl (antitoxin/toxin) operon; the toxin (yoeBsl) gene, responsible for host death, is integrated into the genome and the antitoxin gene (yefMsl), which inactivates the toxin, is located in the expression plasmid. To develop this system, the toxin gene was integrated into the genome of a strain lacking the complete operon, and the antibiotic resistance gene integrated along with the toxin was eliminated by Cre recombinase to generate a final host strain free of any antibiotic resistance marker. In the same way, the antibiotic resistance gene from the final expression plasmid was removed by Dre recombinase. The usefulness of this system was analysed by checking the production of two hydrolases from different Streptomyces. Production of both proteins, with potential industrial use, was high and stable over time after strain storage and after serial subcultures. These results support the robustness and stability of the positive selection system developed. CONCLUSIONS The total absence of antibiotic resistance genes makes this system a powerful tool for using Streptomyces as a host to produce proteins at the industrial level. This work is the first Streptomyces antibiotic marker-free system to be described. Graphical abstract Antibiotic marker-free platform for protein expression in Streptomyces. The antitoxin gene present in the expression plasmid counteracts the effect of the toxin gene in the genome. In absence of the expression plasmid, the toxin causes cell death ensuring that only plasmid-containing cells persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sevillano
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, C/Zacarías González no 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Margarita Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, C/Zacarías González no 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ramón I Santamaría
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, C/Zacarías González no 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Wolf T, Droste J, Gren T, Ortseifen V, Schneiker-Bekel S, Zemke T, Pühler A, Kalinowski J. The MalR type regulator AcrC is a transcriptional repressor of acarbose biosynthetic genes in Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:562. [PMID: 28743243 PMCID: PMC5526262 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acarbose is used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type II and is produced by Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110. Although the biosynthesis of acarbose has been intensively studied, profound knowledge about transcription factors involved in acarbose biosynthesis and their binding sites has been missing until now. In contrast to acarbose biosynthetic gene clusters in Streptomyces spp., the corresponding gene cluster of Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 lacks genes for transcriptional regulators. Results The acarbose regulator C (AcrC) was identified through an in silico approach by aligning the LacI family regulators of acarbose biosynthetic gene clusters in Streptomyces spp. with the Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 genome. The gene for acrC, located in a head-to-head arrangement with the maltose/maltodextrin ABC transporter malEFG operon, was deleted by introducing PCR targeting for Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110. Characterization was carried out through cultivation experiments, genome-wide microarray hybridizations, and RT-qPCR as well as electrophoretic mobility shift assays for the elucidation of binding motifs. The results show that AcrC binds to the intergenic region between acbE and acbD in Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 and acts as a transcriptional repressor on these genes. The transcriptomic profile of the wild type was reconstituted through a complementation of the deleted acrC gene. Additionally, regulatory sequence motifs for the binding of AcrC were identified in the intergenic region of acbE and acbD. It was shown that AcrC expression influences acarbose formation in the early growth phase. Interestingly, AcrC does not regulate the malEFG operon. Conclusions This study characterizes the first known transcription factor of the acarbose biosynthetic gene cluster in Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110. It therefore represents an important step for understanding the regulatory network of this organism. Based on this work, rational strain design for improving the biotechnological production of acarbose can now be implemented. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3941-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Wolf
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julian Droste
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tetiana Gren
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Vera Ortseifen
- Senior Research Group in Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Susanne Schneiker-Bekel
- Senior Research Group in Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Till Zemke
- Product Supply, Bayer Pharma AG, Friedrich Ebert Str. 217-475, 42117, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Alfred Pühler
- Senior Research Group in Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Busche T, Winkler A, Wedderhoff I, Rückert C, Kalinowski J, Ortiz de Orué Lucana D. Deciphering the Transcriptional Response Mediated by the Redox-Sensing System HbpS-SenS-SenR from Streptomycetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159873. [PMID: 27541358 PMCID: PMC4991794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted protein HbpS, the membrane-embedded sensor kinase SenS and the cytoplasmic response regulator SenR from streptomycetes have been shown to form a novel type of signaling pathway. Based on structural biology as well as different biochemical and biophysical approaches, redox stress-based post-translational modifications in the three proteins were shown to modulate the activity of this signaling pathway. In this study, we show that the homologous system, named here HbpSc-SenSc-SenRc, from the model species Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) provides this bacterium with an efficient defense mechanism under conditions of oxidative stress. Comparative analyses of the transcriptomes of the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) wild-type and the generated hbpSc-senSc-senRc mutant under native and oxidative-stressing conditions allowed to identify differentially expressed genes, whose products may enhance the anti-oxidative defense of the bacterium. Amongst others, the results show an up-regulated transcription of genes for biosynthesis of cysteine and vitamin B12, transport of methionine and vitamin B12, and DNA synthesis and repair. Simultaneously, transcription of genes for degradation of an anti-oxidant compound is down-regulated in a HbpSc-SenSc-SenRc-dependent manner. It appears that HbpSc-SenSc-SenRc controls the non-enzymatic response of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) to counteract the hazardous effects of oxidative stress. Binding of the response regulator SenRc to regulatory regions of some of the studied genes indicates that the regulation is direct. The results additionally suggest that HbpSc-SenSc-SenRc may act in concert with other regulatory modules such as a transcriptional regulator, a two-component system and the Streptomyces B12 riboswitch. The transcriptomics data, together with our previous in vitro results, enable a profound characterization of the HbpS-SenS-SenR system from streptomycetes. Since homologues to HbpS-SenS-SenR are widespread in different actinobacteria with ecological and medical relevance, the data presented here will serve as a basis to elucidate the biological role of these homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Busche
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ina Wedderhoff
- Applied Genetics of Microorganisms, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Barbarastraße 13, 49076, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Christian Rückert
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Darío Ortiz de Orué Lucana
- Applied Genetics of Microorganisms, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Barbarastraße 13, 49076, Osnabrueck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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25
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Wolf T, Gren T, Thieme E, Wibberg D, Zemke T, Pühler A, Kalinowski J. Targeted genome editing in the rare actinomycete Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 by using the CRISPR/Cas9 System. J Biotechnol 2016; 231:122-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wendt KE, Ungerer J, Cobb RE, Zhao H, Pakrasi HB. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated targeted mutagenesis of the fast growing cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:115. [PMID: 27339038 PMCID: PMC4917971 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As autotrophic prokaryotes, cyanobacteria are ideal chassis organisms for sustainable production of various useful compounds. The newly characterized cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 is a promising candidate for serving as a microbial cell factory because of its unusually rapid growth rate. Here, we seek to develop a genetic toolkit that enables extensive genomic engineering of Synechococcus 2973 by implementing a CRISPR/Cas9 editing system. We targeted the nblA gene because of its important role in biological response to nitrogen deprivation conditions. Results First, we determined that the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 enzyme is toxic in cyanobacteria, and conjugational transfer of stable, replicating constructs containing the cas9 gene resulted in lethality. However, after switching to a vector that permitted transient expression of the cas9 gene, we achieved markerless editing in 100 % of cyanobacterial exconjugants after the first patch. Moreover, we could readily cure the organisms of antibiotic resistance, resulting in a markerless deletion strain. Conclusions High expression levels of the Cas9 protein in Synechococcus 2973 appear to be toxic and result in cell death. However, introduction of a CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system on a plasmid backbone that leads to transient cas9 expression allowed for efficient markerless genome editing in a wild type genetic background. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0514-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Wendt
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Justin Ungerer
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Ryan E Cobb
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Himadri B Pakrasi
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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An Efficient Method To Generate Gene Deletion Mutants of the Rapamycin-Producing Bacterium Streptomyces iranensis HM 35. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3481-3492. [PMID: 27037115 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00371-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Streptomyces iranensis HM 35 is an alternative rapamycin producer to Streptomyces rapamycinicus Targeted genetic modification of rapamycin-producing actinomycetes is a powerful tool for the directed production of rapamycin derivatives, and it has also revealed some key features of the molecular biology of rapamycin formation in S. rapamycinicus. The approach depends upon efficient conjugational plasmid transfer from Escherichia coli to Streptomyces, and the failure of this step has frustrated its application to Streptomyces iranensis HM 35. Here, by systematically optimizing the process of conjugational plasmid transfer, including screening of various media, and by defining optimal temperatures and concentrations of antibiotics and Ca(2+) ions in the conjugation media, we have achieved exconjugant formation for each of a series of gene deletions in S. iranensis HM 35. Among them were rapK, which generates the starter unit for rapamycin biosynthesis, and hutF, encoding a histidine catabolizing enzyme. The protocol that we have developed may allow efficient generation of targeted gene knockout mutants of Streptomyces species that are genetically difficult to manipulate. IMPORTANCE The developed protocol of conjugational plasmid transfer from Escherichia coli to Streptomyces iranensis may allow efficient generation of targeted gene knockout mutants of other genetically difficult to manipulate, but valuable, Streptomyces species.
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Wang Y, Cobb RE, Zhao H. High-Efficiency Genome Editing of Streptomyces Species by an Engineered CRISPR/Cas System. Methods Enzymol 2016; 575:271-84. [PMID: 27417933 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing technologies have rapidly expanded the genomic information of numerous organisms and revealed a rich reservoir of natural product gene clusters from microbial genomes, especially from Streptomyces, the largest genus of known actinobacteria at present. However, genetic engineering of these bacteria is often time consuming and labor intensive, if even possible. In this chapter, we describe the design and construction of pCRISPomyces, an engineered Type II CRISPR/Cas system, for targeted multiplex gene deletions in Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces albus, and Streptomyces viridochromogenes with editing efficiency ranging from 70% to 100%. We demonstrate pCRISPomyces as a powerful tool for genome editing in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - R E Cobb
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - H Zhao
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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Tong Y, Charusanti P, Zhang L, Weber T, Lee SY. CRISPR-Cas9 Based Engineering of Actinomycetal Genomes. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:1020-9. [PMID: 25806970 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the order Actinomycetales are one of the most important sources of pharmacologically active and industrially relevant secondary metabolites. Unfortunately, many of them are still recalcitrant to genetic manipulation, which is a bottleneck for systematic metabolic engineering. To facilitate the genetic manipulation of actinomycetes, we developed a highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9 system to delete gene(s) or gene cluster(s), implement precise gene replacements, and reversibly control gene expression in actinomycetes. We demonstrate our system by targeting two genes, actIORF1 (SCO5087) and actVB (SCO5092), from the actinorhodin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Our CRISPR-Cas9 system successfully inactivated the targeted genes. When no templates for homology-directed repair (HDR) were present, the site-specific DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) introduced by Cas9 were repaired through the error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, resulting in a library of deletions with variable sizes around the targeted sequence. If templates for HDR were provided at the same time, precise deletions of the targeted gene were observed with near 100% frequency. Moreover, we developed a system to efficiently and reversibly control expression of target genes, deemed CRISPRi, based on a catalytically dead variant of Cas9 (dCas9). The CRISPR-Cas9 based system described here comprises a powerful and broadly applicable set of tools to manipulate actinomycetal genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojun Tong
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Alle 6, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Pep Charusanti
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Alle 6, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tilmann Weber
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Alle 6, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Alle 6, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering
National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Center for Systems and Synthetic
Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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30
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Castro JF, Razmilic V, Gomez-Escribano JP, Andrews B, Asenjo JA, Bibb MJ. Identification and Heterologous Expression of the Chaxamycin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster from Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5820-31. [PMID: 26092459 PMCID: PMC4551226 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01039-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii, isolated from the hyperarid Atacama Desert, produces the new ansamycin-like compounds chaxamycins A to D, which possess potent antibacterial activity and moderate antiproliferative activity. We report the development of genetic tools to manipulate S. leeuwenhoekii and the identification and partial characterization of the 80.2-kb chaxamycin biosynthesis gene cluster, which was achieved by both mutational analysis in the natural producer and heterologous expression in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) strain M1152. Restoration of chaxamycin production in a nonproducing ΔcxmK mutant (cxmK encodes 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid [AHBA] synthase) was achieved by supplementing the growth medium with AHBA, suggesting that mutasynthesis may be a viable approach for the generation of novel chaxamycin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Franco Castro
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Razmilic
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barbara Andrews
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Asenjo
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mervyn J Bibb
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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31
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Highly efficient editing of the actinorhodin polyketide chain length factor gene in Streptomyces coelicolor M145 using CRISPR/Cas9-CodA(sm) combined system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10575-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cobb RE, Wang Y, Zhao H. High-efficiency multiplex genome editing of Streptomyces species using an engineered CRISPR/Cas system. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:723-8. [PMID: 25458909 PMCID: PMC4459934 DOI: 10.1021/sb500351f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Actinobacteria,
particularly those of genus Streptomyces, remain
invaluable hosts for the discovery and engineering of natural
products and their cognate biosynthetic pathways. However, genetic
manipulation of these bacteria is often labor and time intensive.
Here, we present an engineered CRISPR/Cas system for rapid multiplex
genome editing of Streptomyces strains, demonstrating
targeted chromosomal deletions in three different Streptomyces species and of various sizes (ranging from 20 bp to 30 kb) with
efficiency ranging from 70 to 100%. The designed pCRISPomyces plasmids
are amenable to assembly of spacers and editing templates via Golden
Gate assembly and isothermal assembly (or traditional digestion/ligation),
respectively, allowing rapid plasmid construction to target any genomic
locus of interest. As such, the pCRISPomyces system represents a powerful
new tool for genome editing in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Cobb
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, ‡Institute for Genomic Biology, §Departments of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Bioengineering, Center for Biophysics and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, ‡Institute for Genomic Biology, §Departments of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Bioengineering, Center for Biophysics and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, ‡Institute for Genomic Biology, §Departments of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Bioengineering, Center for Biophysics and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Use of the meganuclease I-SceI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to select for gene deletions in actinomycetes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7100. [PMID: 25403842 PMCID: PMC4235310 DOI: 10.1038/srep07100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new natural products is leading to the isolation of novel actinomycete species, many of which will ultimately require genetic analysis. Some of these isolates will likely exhibit low intrinsic frequencies of homologous recombination and fail to sporulate under laboratory conditions, exacerbating the construction of targeted gene deletions and replacements in genetically uncharacterised strains. To facilitate the genetic manipulation of such species, we have developed an efficient method to generate gene or gene cluster deletions in actinomycetes by homologous recombination that does not introduce any other changes to the targeted organism's genome. We have synthesised a codon optimised I-SceI gene for expression in actinomycetes that results in the production of the yeast I-SceI homing endonuclease which produces double strand breaks at a unique introduced 18 base pair recognition sequence. Only those genomes that undergo homologous recombination survive, providing a powerful selection for recombinants, approximately half of which possess the desired mutant genotype. To demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of the system, we deleted part of the gene cluster for the red-pigmented undecylprodiginine complex of compounds in Streptomycescoelicolor M1141. We believe that the system we have developed will be broadly applicable across a wide range of actinomycetes.
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Horbal L, Kobylyanskyy A, Truman AW, Zaburranyi N, Ostash B, Luzhetskyy A, Marinelli F, Fedorenko V. The pathway-specific regulatory genes, tei15* and tei16*, are the master switches of teicoplanin production in Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9295-309. [PMID: 25104028 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an unprecedented threat to health care worldwide. The range of antibiotics active against these bacteria is narrow; it includes teicoplanin, a "last resort" drug, which is produced by the filamentous actinomycete Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. In this report, we determine the functions of tei15* and tei16*, pathway-specific regulatory genes that code for StrR- and LuxR-type transcriptional factors, respectively. The products of these genes are master switches of teicoplanin biosynthesis, since their inactivation completely abolished antibiotic production. We show that Tei15* positively regulates the transcription of at least 17 genes in the cluster, whereas the targets of Tei16* still remain unknown. Integration of tei15* or tei16* under the control of the aminoglycoside resistance gene aac(3)IV promoter into attBϕC31 site of the A. teichomyceticus chromosome increased teicoplanin productivity to nearly 1 g/L in TM1 industrial medium. The expression of these genes from the moderate copy number episomal vector pKC1139 led to 3-4 g/L teicoplanin, while under the same conditions, wild type produced approximately 100 mg/L. This shows that a significant increase in teicoplanin production can be achieved by a single step of genetic manipulation of the wild-type strain by increasing the expression of the tei regulatory genes. This confirms that natural product yields can be increased using rational engineering once suitable genetic tools have been developed. We propose that this new technology for teicoplanin overproduction might now be transferred to industrial mutants of A. teichomyceticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Horbal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
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35
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Sohoni SV, Fazio A, Workman CT, Mijakovic I, Lantz AE. Synthetic promoter library for modulation of actinorhodin production in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). PLoS One 2014; 9:e99701. [PMID: 24963940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was the application of the synthetic promoter library (SPL) technology for modulation of actinorhodin production in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). The SPL technology was used to optimize the expression of a pathway specific positive transcriptional regulator ActII orf4, which activates the transcription of the S. coelicolor actinorhodin biosynthetic gene cluster. The native actII orf4 promoter was replaced with synthetic promoters, generating a S. coelicolor library with a broad range of expression levels of actII orf4. The resulting library was screened based on the yield of actinorhodin. Selected strains were further physiologically characterized. One of the strains from the library, ScoSPL20, showed considerably higher yield of actinorhodin and final actinorhodin titer, compared to S. coelicolor wild type and S. coelicolor with actII orf4 expressed from a strong constitutive promoter. ScoSPL20 demonstrated exceptional productivity despite having a comparatively weak expression from the promoter. Interestingly, the ScoSPL20 promoter was activated at a much earlier stage of growth compared to the wild type, demonstrating the advantage of fine-tuning and temporal tuning of gene expression in metabolic engineering. Transcriptome studies were performed in exponential and actinorhodin-producing phase of growth to compare gene expression between ScoSPL20 and the wild type. To our knowledge, this is the first successful application of the SPL technology for secondary metabolite production in filamentous bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Vijay Sohoni
- Department of Systems Biology, Denmark Technical University, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Fazio
- Department of Systems Biology, Denmark Technical University, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christopher T Workman
- Department of Systems Biology, Denmark Technical University, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Eliasson Lantz
- Department of Systems Biology, Denmark Technical University, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Kumar C, Yadav K, Archana G, Naresh Kumar G. 2-ketogluconic acid secretion by incorporation of Pseudomonas putida KT 2440 gluconate dehydrogenase (gad) operon in Enterobacter asburiae PSI3 improves mineral phosphate solubilization. Curr Microbiol 2013; 67:388-94. [PMID: 23666029 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacter asburiae PSI3 is known to efficiently solubilize rock phosphate by secretion of approximately 50 mM gluconic acid in Tris-buffered medium in the presence of 75 mM glucose and in a mixture of seven aldosugars each at 15 mM concentration, mimicking alkaline vertisol soils. Efficacy of this bacterium in the rhizosphere requires P release in the presence of low amount of sugars. To achieve this, E. asburiae PSI3 has been manipulated to express gluconate dehydrogenase (gad) operon of Pseudomonas putida KT 2440 to produce 2-ketogluconic acid. E. asburiae PSI3 harboring gad operon had 438 U of GAD activity, secreted 11.63 mM 2-ketogluconic and 21.65 mM gluconic acids in Tris-rock phosphate-buffered medium containing 45 mM glucose. E. asburiae PSI3 gad transformant solubilized 0.84 mM P from rock phosphate in TRP-buffered liquid medium. In the presence of a mixture of seven sugars each at 12 mM, the transformant brought about a drop in pH to 4.1 and released 0.53 mM P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Kumar
- Molecular Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Sayajigunj, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
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Sevillano L, Díaz M, Santamaría RI. Stable expression plasmids for Streptomyces based on a toxin-antitoxin system. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:39. [PMID: 23617558 PMCID: PMC3655019 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteria included in the genus Streptomyces exhibit several attractive characteristics that make them adequate hosts for the heterologous expression of proteins. One of them is that some of its species have a high secretion capacity and hence the protein of interest could be released to the culture supernatant, facilitating downstream processing. To date, all the expression vectors described for these bacteria contain antibiotic resistance genes as selection markers. However, the use of antibiotics to produce proteins at industrial level is currently becoming more restricted owing to the possibility of contamination of the final product. In this report, we describe the use of the S. lividans yefM/yoeBsl toxin-antitoxin system to develop a stable plasmid expression system. Results In order to use the yefM/yoeBsl system to stabilize expression plasmids in Streptomyces, a S. lividans mutant strain that contained only the toxin gene (yoeBsl) in its genome and the antitoxin gene (yefMsl) located in a temperature-sensitive plasmid was constructed and used as host. This strain was transformed with an expression plasmid harbouring both the antitoxin gene and the gene encoding the protein of interest. Thus, after elimination of the temperature-sensitive plasmid, only cells with the expression plasmid were able to survive. On using this system, two proteins - an α-amylase from S. griseus and a xylanase from S. halstedii - were overproduced without the addition of antibiotic to the culture medium. The production of both proteins was high, even after long incubations (8 days), and after serial subcultures, confirming the stability of the plasmids without antibiotic selection. Conclusions This is the first report that describes the use of a toxin-antitoxin system to maintain high -copy plasmids in Streptomyces. This finding could be a valuable tool for using Streptomyces as a host to produce proteins at the industrial and pharmaceutical levels without the use of antibiotics in the production step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sevillano
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
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Ulrych A, Goldová J, Petříček M, Benada O, Kofroňová O, Rampírová P, Petříčková K, Branny P. The pleiotropic effect of WD-40 domain containing proteins on cellular differentiation and production of secondary metabolites in Streptomyces coelicolor. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1453-69. [PMID: 23529369 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25542e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Streptomyces coelicolor encodes six potential WD-40 genes. Two of them, the wdpB (SCO5953) and the wdpC (SCO4422) genes, were studied to determine their function. Deletion of the wdpB gene resulted in a considerable decrease of aerial hyphae formation, leading to a conditionally bald phenotype, and reduced undecylprodigiosin production. In addition, the aerial hyphae of the ΔwdpB mutant strain were unusually branched and showed the signs of irregular septation and precocious lysis. Disruption of wdpC resulted in the reduction of undecylprodigiosin and delayed actinorhodin production. The ΔwdpC mutant strain showed precocious lysis of hyphae and delayed sporulation without typical curling of aerial hyphae in the early sporulation stage. The whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed that deletion of wdpB affects the expression of genes involved in aerial hyphae differentiation, sporulation and secondary metabolites production. Deletion of wdpC caused downregulation of several gene clusters encoding secondary metabolites. Both the wdp genes seem to possess transcriptional autoregulatory function. Overexpression and genetic complementation studies confirmed the observed phenotype of both mutants. The results obtained suggest that both genes studied have a pleiotropic effect on physiological and morphological differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Ulrych
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Saito A, Ebise H, Orihara Y, Murakami S, Sano Y, Kimura A, Sugiyama Y, Ando A, Fujii T, Miyashita K. Enzymatic and genetic characterization of the DasD protein possessingN-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity inStreptomyces coelicolorA3(2). FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 340:33-40. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroki Ebise
- Department of Nanobiology; Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science; Chiba University; Matsudo; Chiba; Japan
| | - Yukari Orihara
- Department of Applied Biochemistry; Faculty of Horticulture; Chiba University; Matsudo; Chiba; Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Department of Nanobiology; Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science; Chiba University; Matsudo; Chiba; Japan
| | - Yukari Sano
- Department of Nanobiology; Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science; Chiba University; Matsudo; Chiba; Japan
| | - Akane Kimura
- Department of Nanobiology; Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science; Chiba University; Matsudo; Chiba; Japan
| | - Yuuta Sugiyama
- Department of Materials and Life Science; Faculty of Science and Technology; Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology; Fukuroi; Shizuoka; Japan
| | - Akikazu Ando
- Department of Nanobiology; Graduate School of Advanced and Integration Science; Chiba University; Matsudo; Chiba; Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences; Tukuba; Ibaraki; Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Miyashita
- National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences; Tukuba; Ibaraki; Japan
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Michta E, Schad K, Blin K, Ort-Winklbauer R, Röttig M, Kohlbacher O, Wohlleben W, Schinko E, Mast Y. The bifunctional role of aconitase in Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü494. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:3203-19. [PMID: 23116164 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In many organisms, aconitases have dual functions; they serve as enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and as regulators of iron metabolism. In this study we defined the role of the aconitase AcnA in Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü494, the producer of the herbicide phosphinothricyl-alanyl-alanine, also known as phosphinothricin tripeptide or bialaphos. A mutant in which the aconitase gene acnA was disrupted showed severe defects in morphology and physiology, as it was unable to form any aerial mycelium, spores nor phosphinothricin tripeptide. AcnA belongs to the iron regulatory proteins (IRPs). In addition to its catalytic function, AcnA plays a regulatory role by binding to iron responsive elements (IREs) located on the untranslated region of certain mRNAs. A mutation preventing the formation of the [4Fe-4S] cluster of AcnA eliminated its catalytic activity, but did not inhibit RNA-binding ability. In silico analysis of the S. viridochromogenes genome revealed several IRE-like structures. One structure is located upstream of recA, which is involved in the bacterial SOS response, and another one was identified upstream of ftsZ, which is required for the onset of sporulation in streptomycetes. The functionality of different IRE structures was proven with gel shift assays and specific IRE consensus sequences were defined. Furthermore, RecA was shown to be upregulated on post-transcriptional level under oxidative stress conditions in the wild-type strain but not in the acnA mutant, suggesting a regulatory role of AcnA in oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Michta
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin (IMIT), Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Kushnir S, Sundermann U, Yahiaoui S, Brockmeyer A, Janning P, Schulz F. Minimally Invasive Mutagenesis Gives Rise to a Biosynthetic Polyketide Library. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10664-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Kushnir S, Sundermann U, Yahiaoui S, Brockmeyer A, Janning P, Schulz F. Aufbau einer biosynthetischen Polyketid-Bibliothek durch minimalinvasive Mutagenese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Darbon E, Martel C, Nowacka A, Pegot S, Moreau PL, Virolle MJ. Transcriptional and preliminary functional analysis of the six genes located in divergence of phoR/phoP in Streptomyces lividans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1553-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sevillano L, Díaz M, Yamaguchi Y, Inouye M, Santamaría RI. Identification of the first functional toxin-antitoxin system in Streptomyces. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32977. [PMID: 22431991 PMCID: PMC3303803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread among the plasmids and genomes of bacteria and archaea. This work reports the first description of a functional TA system in Streptomyces that is identical in two species routinely used in the laboratory: Streptomyces lividans and S. coelicolor. The described system belongs to the YefM/YoeB family and has a considerable similarity to Escherichia coli YefM/YoeB (about 53% identity and 73% similarity). Lethal effect of the S. lividans putative toxin (YoeBsl) was observed when expressed alone in E. coli SC36 (MG1655 ΔyefM-yoeB). However, no toxicity was obtained when co-expression of the antitoxin and toxin (YefM/YoeBsl) was carried out. The toxic effect was also observed when the yoeBsl was cloned in multicopy in the wild-type S. lividans or in a single copy in a S. lividans mutant, in which this TA system had been deleted. The S. lividans YefM/YoeBsl complex, purified from E. coli, binds with high affinity to its own promoter region but not to other three random selected promoters from Streptomyces. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the expression of yoeBsl in E. coli blocks translation initiation processing mRNA at three bases downstream of the initiation codon after 2 minutes of induction. These results indicate that the mechanism of action is identical to that of YoeB from E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sevillano
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Margarita Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Yoshihiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Masayori Inouye
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ramón I. Santamaría
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Molecular cloning and identification of the laspartomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Gene 2011; 483:11-21. [PMID: 21640802 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthetic gene cluster for laspartomycins, a family of 11 amino acid peptide antibiotics, has been cloned and sequenced from Streptomyces viridochromogenes ATCC 29814. Annotation of a segment of 88912bp of S. viridochromogenes genomic sequence revealed the putative lpm cluster and its flanking regions which harbor 43 open reading frames. The lpm cluster, which spans approximately 60 kb, consists of 21 open reading frames. Those include four NRPS genes (lpmA/orf18, lpmB/orf25, lpmC/orf26 and lpmD/orf27), four genes (orfs 21, 22, 24 and 29) involved in the lipid tail biosynthesis and attachment, four regulatory genes (orfs 13, 19, 32 and 33) and three putative exporters or self-resistance genes (orfs 14, 20 and 30). In addition, the gene involved in the biosynthesis of the nonproteinogenic amino acid Pip was also identified in the lpm cluster while the genes necessary for the biosynthesis of the rare residue diaminopropionic acid (Dap) were found to reside elsewhere on the chromosome. Interestingly, the dabA, dabB and dabC genes predicted to code for the biosynthesis of the unusual amino acid diaminobutyric acid (Dab) are organized into the lpm cluster even though the Dab residue was not found in the laspartomycins. Disruption of the NRPS lpmC gene completely abolished laspartomycin production in the corresponding mutant strain. These findings will allow molecular engineering and combinatorial biosynthesis approaches to expand the structural diversity of the amphomycin-group peptide antibiotics including the laspartomycins and friulimicins.
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Plasmid load adversely affects growth and gluconic acid secretion ability of mineral phosphate-solubilizing rhizospheric bacterium Enterobacter asburiae PSI3 under P limited conditions. Microbiol Res 2011; 166:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Repression of antibiotic production and sporulation in Streptomyces coelicolor by overexpression of a TetR family transcriptional regulator. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7741-53. [PMID: 20935121 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00819-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of a regulatory gene of the TetR family (SCO3201) originating either from Streptomyces lividans or from Streptomyces coelicolor was shown to strongly repress antibiotic production (calcium-dependent antibiotic [CDA], undecylprodigiosin [RED], and actinorhodin [ACT]) of S. coelicolor and of the ppk mutant strain of S. lividans. Curiously, the overexpression of this gene also had a strong inhibitory effect on the sporulation process of S. coelicolor but not on that of S. lividans. SCO3201 was shown to negatively regulate its own transcription, and its DNA binding motif was found to overlap its -35 promoter sequence. The interruption of this gene in S. lividans or S. coelicolor did not lead to any obvious phenotypes, indicating that when overexpressed SCO3201 likely controls the expression of target genes of other TetR regulators involved in the regulation of the metabolic and morphological differentiation process in S. coelicolor. The direct and functional interaction of SCO3201 with the promoter region of scbA, a gene under the positive control of the TetR-like regulator, ScbR, was indeed demonstrated by in vitro as well as in vivo approaches.
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Wohlleben W, Stegmann E, Süssmuth RD. Chapter 18. Molecular genetic approaches to analyze glycopeptide biosynthesis. Methods Enzymol 2009; 458:459-86. [PMID: 19374994 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)04818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin are used in the hospital as drugs of last resort to combat resistant Gram-positive pathogens, in particular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. All glycopeptides consist of a heptapeptide backbone in which the aromatic residues are connected to form a rigid cup-shaped structure required to stably interact with the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of bacterial cell wall precursors. Structural diversity is generated by variations in the composition of the backbone, preferably at amino acid positions 1 and 3, and by different glycosylation, methylation, and chlorination patterns. The identification of several glycopeptide biosynthesis gene clusters, the development of genetic techniques to manipulate at least some of the producing actinomycetes, and subsequent molecular analysis enabled the elucidation of their biosynthetic pathways. This led to biochemical methods being combined with molecular genetic techniques and analytical chemistry. Knowledge of the biosynthesis made it possible to apply different approaches for the generation of novel glycopeptide derivatives by mutasynthesis, precursor-directed biosynthesis, and genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wohlleben
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Yang C, Glover JR. The SmpB-tmRNA tagging system plays important roles in Streptomyces coelicolor growth and development. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4459. [PMID: 19212432 PMCID: PMC2635970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ssrA gene encodes tmRNA that, together with a specialized tmRNA-binding protein, SmpB, forms part of a ribonucleoprotein complex, provides a template for the resumption of translation elongation, subsequent termination and recycling of stalled ribosomes. In addition, the mRNA-like domain of tmRNA encodes a peptide that tags polypeptides derived from stalled ribosomes for degradation. Streptomyces are unique bacteria that undergo a developmental cycle culminating at sporulation that is at least partly controlled at the level of translation elongation by the abundance of a rare tRNA that decodes UUA codons found in a relatively small number of open reading frames prompting us to examine the role of tmRNA in S. coelicolor. Using a temperature sensitive replicon, we found that the ssrA gene could be disrupted only in cells with an extra-copy wild type gene but not in wild type cells or cells with an extra-copy mutant tmRNA (tmRNA(DD)) encoding a degradation-resistant tag. A cosmid-based gene replacement method that does not include a high temperature step enabled us to disrupt both the ssrA and smpB genes separately and at the same time suggesting that the tmRNA tagging system may be required for cell survival under high temperature. Indeed, mutant cells show growth and sporulation defects at high temperature and under optimal culture conditions. Interestingly, even though these defects can be completely restored by wild type genes, the DeltassrA strain was only partially corrected by tmRNA(DD). In addition, wildtype tmRNA can restore the hygromycin-resistance to DeltassrA cells while tmRNA(DD) failed to do so suggesting that degradation of aberrant peptides is important for antibiotic resistance. Overall, these results suggest that the tmRNA tagging system plays important roles during Streptomyces growth and sporulation under both normal and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John R. Glover
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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