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Matsuo M, Obokata J. Remote control of photosynthetic genes by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 47:873-82. [PMID: 16911586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we study whether mitochondrial respiration has an impact on the biogenesis of photosynthetic apparatus in the unicellular alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. When respiration was activated by acetate in the dark, mRNAs of nuclear-encoded photosynthetic genes were induced. This induction did not occur in the cells treated with respiration inhibitors or in respiration mutants. An uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation did not inhibit this mRNA induction; rather, it enhanced it in response to the increase in respiratory electron transport (RET). Plant and algal mitochondria have two RET pathways: the cytochrome pathway and the alternative pathway. Inhibitors of the former pathway inhibited mRNA induction, but inhibitors of the latter enhanced it. Taken together, these indicate that photosynthetic gene mRNAs are induced in response to activation of the cytochrome pathway. This RET-responsive induction is analogous to the photosynthetic electron transport (PET)-responsive induction of photosynthetic gene mRNAs (Matsuo and Obokata, Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 1189). PET-responsive induction occurred in photo-autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions, while RET-responsive induction occurred in mixotrophic and dark heterotrophic conditions. These results indicate that the regulatory system of photosynthetic genes changes between chloroplastic PET-dependent type and mitochondrial RET-dependent type in response to shifts in the dominant energy source between photosynthesis and respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsuo
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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2
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Moseley JL, Allinger T, Herzog S, Hoerth P, Wehinger E, Merchant S, Hippler M. Adaptation to Fe-deficiency requires remodeling of the photosynthetic apparatus. EMBO J 2002; 21:6709-20. [PMID: 12485992 PMCID: PMC139087 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of Fe-deficiency chlorosis and the maintenance of photosynthetic function in chlorotic chloroplasts are relevant to global photosynthetic productivity. We describe a series of graded responses of the photosynthetic apparatus to Fe-deficiency, including a novel response that occurs prior to the onset of chlorosis, namely the disconnection of the LHCI antenna from photosystem I (PSI). We propose that disconnection is mediated by a change in the physical properties of PSI-K in PSI in response to a change in plastid Fe content, which is sensed through the occupancy, and hence activity, of the Fe-containing active site in Crd1. We show further that progression of the response involves remodeling of the antenna complexes-specific degradation of existing proteins coupled to the synthesis of new ones, and establishment of a new steady state with decreased stoichiometry of electron transfer complexes. We suggest that these responses are typical of a dynamic photosynthetic apparatus where photosynthetic function is optimized and photooxidative damage is minimized in graduated responses to a combination of nutrients, light quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Allinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA,
Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, D-07743 Jena and Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Institut für Biologie II, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany Corresponding authors e-mail: or
J.L.Moseley and T.Allinger contributed equally to this work
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA,
Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, D-07743 Jena and Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Institut für Biologie II, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany Corresponding authors e-mail: or
J.L.Moseley and T.Allinger contributed equally to this work
| | - Patric Hoerth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA,
Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, D-07743 Jena and Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Institut für Biologie II, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany Corresponding authors e-mail: or
J.L.Moseley and T.Allinger contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Sabeeha Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA,
Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, D-07743 Jena and Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Institut für Biologie II, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany Corresponding authors e-mail: or
J.L.Moseley and T.Allinger contributed equally to this work
| | - Michael Hippler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA,
Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, D-07743 Jena and Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Institut für Biologie II, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany Corresponding authors e-mail: or
J.L.Moseley and T.Allinger contributed equally to this work
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3
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Matsuo M, Obokata J. Dual roles of photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem I biogenesis: light induction of mRNAs and chromatic regulation at post-mRNA level. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:1189-1197. [PMID: 12407199 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Light regulation of photosystem I (PSI) biogenesis was studied in a unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. When Chlamydomonas cells were transferred from darkness to the light, mRNAs for both nuclear- and chloroplast-encoded PSI subunits were induced in concert. This light induction was inhibited by photosynthetic electron transport (PET) inhibitors, 3-(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6 isopropyl-p-benzoquinone, but not by an uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. This indicated that PET plays a pivotal role in the light induction of PSI subunit mRNAs, but that photophosphorylation is not necessary. When we irradiated the Chlamydomonas cells with PSI-light (695 nm) or PSII-light (644 nm), which makes the plastoquinone pool oxidative and reductive, respectively, PSII-light caused the accumulation of PSI proteins more abundantly than did PSI-light. However, there was no difference for the PSI subunit mRNA levels between these light sources. From these results, we conclude that PET plays dual roles in the regulation of PSI biogenesis in Chlamydomonas: when cells are illuminated, PET first induces the PSI subunit mRNAs irrespective of the redox state of the intersystem electron carriers, and then their redox state fine-tunes PSI biogenesis at translational and/or post-translational steps to fulfil the chromatic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsuo
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
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4
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Krimm I, Gans P, Hernandez JF, Arlaud GJ, Lancelin JM. A coil-helix instead of a helix-coil motif can be induced in a chloroplast transit peptide from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 265:171-80. [PMID: 10491171 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic peptide MQVTMKSSAVSGQRVGGARVATRSVRRAQLQV corresponding to the 32 amino acid chloroplast transit sequence of the ribulose bisphosphatase carboxylase/oxygenase activase preprotein from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, required for translocation through the envelope of the chloroplast, has been characterized structurally using CD and NMR under the same experimental conditions as used previously for the 32 amino acid presequence of preferredoxin from the same organism [Lancelin, J.-M., Bally, I., Arlaud, G. J., Blackledge, M., Gans, P., Stein, M. & Jacquot, J.-P. (1994) FEBS Lett. 343, 261-266]. The peptide is found to undergo a conformational transition in aqueous 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, characterized by three turns of amphiphilic alpha-helix in the C-terminal region preceded by a disordered coil in the N-terminal region. Compared with the preferredoxin transit peptide, the helical and coiled domains are arranged in the reverse order along the peptide sequence, but the positively charged groups are distributed analogously as well as the hydrophobic residues within the amphiphilic alpha-helix. It is proposed that such coil-helix or helix-coil motifs, occasionally repeated, could be an intrinsic structural feature of chloroplastic transit peptides, adapted to the proper translocase and possibly to each nuclear-encoded chloroplast preproteins. This feature may distinguish chloroplastic transit sequences from the other organelle-targeting peptides in the eukaryotic green alga C. reinhardtii, particularly the mitochondrial transit sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Krimm
- Laboratoire de RMN Biomoléculaire associé au CNRS, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1 and Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Physique et Electronique de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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5
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Krauss N, Schubert WD, Klukas O, Fromme P, Witt HT, Saenger W. Photosystem I at 4 A resolution represents the first structural model of a joint photosynthetic reaction centre and core antenna system. NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 1996; 3:965-73. [PMID: 8901876 DOI: 10.1038/nsb1196-965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 4 A X-ray structure model of trimeric photosystem I of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus reveals 31 transmembrane, nine surface and three stromal alpha-helices per monomer, assigned to the 11 protein subunits: PsaA and PsaB are related by a pseudo two-fold axis normal to the membrane plane, along which the electron transfer pigments are arranged. 65 antenna chlorophyll a (Chl a) molecules separated by < or = 16 A form an oval, clustered net continuous with the electron transfer chain through the second and third Chl a pairs of the electron transfer system. This suggests a dual role for these Chl a both in excitation energy and electron transfer. The architecture of the protein core indicates quinone and iron-sulphur type reaction centres to have a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Krauss
- Institut für Kristallographie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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6
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Atteia A, Franzén LG. Identification, cDNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the mitochondrial Rieske iron-sulfur protein from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Implications for protein targeting and subunit interaction. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 237:792-9. [PMID: 8647127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0792p.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Specific oligonucleotide probes were used to isolate a cDNA clone for the mitochondrial Rieske iron-sulfur protein of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The protein is synthesized as a longer precursor with a cleavable N-terminal presequence of 54 amino acids but without a C-terminal extension. Comparison of the predicted secondary structure of this N-terminal sequence with that of the targeting signal of the chloroplast Rieske protein from C. reinhardtii [de Vitry (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 7603-7609] indicates that, although they both have the potential to form amphiphilic alpha helices, the mito-chondrial presequence may form a more hydrophobic helix that could penetrate deeper into the membrane. The N-terminal part of the mature mitochondrial Rieske protein is characterized by a long, strongly hydrophilic N-terminal domain and by a positive charge in the middle of the hydrophobic stretch that is presumed to interact with the bc1 complex. Thus, the protein from C. reinhardtii differs from the Rieske proteins from mammals or fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Atteia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Göteborg University, Sweden
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7
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Hugosson M, Nurani G, Glaser E, Franzén LG. Peculiar properties of the PsaF photosystem I protein from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: presequence independent import of the PsaF protein into both chloroplasts and mitochondria. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 28:525-535. [PMID: 7632921 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that presequences of nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contain a region that may form an amphiphilic alpha-helix, a structure characteristic of mitochondrial presequences. We have tested two precursors of chloroplast proteins (the PsaF and PsaK photosystem I subunits) from C. reinhardtii for the ability to be imported into spinach leaf mitochondria in vitro. Both precursors bound to spinach mitochondria. The PsaF protein was converted into a protease-protected form with high efficiency in a membrane potential-dependent manner, indicating that the protein had been imported, whereas the PsaK protein was not protease protected. The protease protection of PsaF was not inhibited by a synthetic peptide derived from the presequence of the N. plumbaginifolia mitochondrial F1 beta subunit. Furthermore, if the presequence of PsaF was truncated or deleted by in vitro mutagenesis, the protein was still protease-protected with approximately the same efficiency as the full-length precursor. These results indicate that PsaF can be imported by spinach mitochondria in a presequence-independent manner. However, even in the absence of the presequence, this process was membrane potential-dependent. Interestingly, the presequence-truncated PsaF proteins were also protease-protected upon incubation with C. reinhardtii chloroplasts. Our results indicate that the C. reinhardtii chloroplast PsaF protein has peculiar properties and may be imported not only into chloroplasts but also into higher-plant mitochondria. This finding indicates that additional control mechanisms in the cytosol that are independent of the presequence are required to achieve sorting between chloroplasts and mitochondria in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hugosson
- Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Sweden
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8
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Chitnis PR, Xu Q, Chitnis VP, Nechushtai R. Function and organization of Photosystem I polypeptides. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1995; 44:23-40. [PMID: 24307023 DOI: 10.1007/bf00018294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/1994] [Accepted: 12/27/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I functions as a plastocyanin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. The PS I complex contains the photosynthetic pigments, the reaction center P700, and five electron transfer centers (A0, A1, FX, FA, and FB) that are bound to the PsaA, PsaB, and PsaC proteins. In addition, PS I complex contains at least eight other polypeptides that are accessory in their functions. Recent use of cyanobacterial molecular genetics has revealed functions of the accessory subunits of PS I. Site-directed mutagenesis is now being used to explore structure-function relations in PS I. The overall architecture of PSI complex has been revealed by X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and biochemical methods. The information obtained by different techniques can be used to propose a model for the organization of PS I. Spectroscopic and molecular genetic techniques have deciphered interaction of PS I proteins with the soluble electron transfer partners. This review focuses on the recent structural, biochemical and molecular genetic studies that decipher topology and functions of PS I proteins, and their interactions with soluble electron carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Chitnis
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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9
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Mant A, Nielsen VS, Knott TG, Møller BL, Robinson C. Multiple mechanisms for the targeting of photosystem I subunits F, H, K, L, and N into and across the thylakoid membrane. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)46985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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10
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Bernstein M, Beech PL, Katz SG, Rosenbaum JL. A new kinesin-like protein (Klp1) localized to a single microtubule of the Chlamydomonas flagellum. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1994; 125:1313-26. [PMID: 8207060 PMCID: PMC2290928 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.125.6.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinesin superfamily of mechanochemical proteins has been implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes. We have begun studies of kinesins in the unicellular biflagellate alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A full-length cDNA, KLP1, has been cloned and sequenced, and found to encode a new member of the kinesin superfamily. An antibody was raised against the nonconserved tail region of the Klp1 protein, and it was used to probe for Klp1 in extracts of isolated flagella and in situ. Immunofluorescence of whole cells indicated that Klp1 was present in both the flagella and cell bodies. In wild-type flagella, Klp1 was found tightly to the axoneme; immunogold labeling of wild-type axonemal whole mounts showed that Klp1 was restricted to one of the two central pair microtubules at the core of the axoneme. Klp1 was absent from the flagella of mutants lacking the central pair microtubules, but was present in mutant flagella from pf16 cells, which contain an unstable C1 microtubule, indicating that Klp1 was bound to the C2 central pair microtubule. Localization of Klp1 to the C2 microtubule was confirmed by immunogold labeling of negatively stained and thin-sectioned axonemes. These findings suggest that Klp1 may play a role in rotation or twisting of the central pair microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bernstein
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103
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11
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Andersson B, Barber J. Composition, Organization, and Dynamics of Thylakoid Membranes. MOLECULAR PROCESSES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(08)60394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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The PSI-K subunit of photosystem I from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Evidence for a gene duplication of an ancestral PSI-G/K gene. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Flieger K, Oelmüller R, Herrmann RG. Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding a 18.8 kDa polypeptide, the product of the gene psaL, associated with photosystem I reaction center from spinach. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 22:703-709. [PMID: 8343606 DOI: 10.1007/bf00047411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Several cDNA clones encoding subunit XI of photosystem I reaction center (PSI-L) have been isolated from two lambda gt11 expression libraries based on polyadenylated RNA of spinach seedlings illuminated for 4 and 16 h, respectively. The precursor polypeptide made from these recombinant DNAs in vitro can be efficiently imported into isolated spinach chloroplasts. It is correctly processed to the size of the authentic polypeptide and integrates into the photosystem I assembly. The 834 nucleotide sequence of the longest cDNA insert encodes a precursor polypeptide of 24 kDa (216 residues) and a mature protein of probably 18.8 kDa (169 residues). Hydropathy analysis suggests that the polypeptide contains two transmembrane segments. The protein appears to originate in a single-copy gene in spinach and to be decoded from RNA species of ca. 900 bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Flieger
- Botanisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, FRG
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14
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Mühlenhoff U, Haehnel W, Witt H, Herrmann RG. Genes encoding eleven subunits of photosystem I from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Gene X 1993; 127:71-8. [PMID: 8486290 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90618-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated the genes encoding 11 photosystem I (PSI) subunits from Synechococcus sp., from which this reaction center has been crystallized. The recombinant DNAs, including psaA, psaB, psaC, psaD, psaE, psaF, psaI, psaJ, psaK and psaL, were obtained by heterologous hybridization with probes from appropriate cDNAs or genes from spinach and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, or with synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Genes psaA/psaB, psaF/psaJ and psaL/psaI are each closely linked. The open reading frames predict polypeptides of 83 kDa (subunits Ia and Ib, encoded by genes psaA and psaB, respectively), 15.4 kDa (II, psaD), 17.7 kDa (III, psaF), 8.4 kDa (IV, psaE), 8.8 kDa (VII, psaC), 4.6 kDa (VIII, psaI), 4.8 kDa (IX, psaJ), 8.5 kDa (X, psaK) and 15.5 kDa (XI, psaL). A novel subunit (XII, psaM) was also identified. Subunits II, III, IV and VII seem to be peripheral, while the others seem to be intrinsic components of the reaction center. These data imply a striking similarity of cyanobacterial and eukaryotic PSI. All subunits studied are encoded by single-copy genes which seem to be transcribed into monocistronic (psaC, psaD, psaC, psaK) or dicistronic (psaA/psaB, psaF/psaJ, psaL/psaI) RNA species. Subunit III is translated as a 17.7-kDa precursor, including a transit peptide of 23 amino acid residues. This is consistent with its location in the thylakoid lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Mühlenhoff
- Botanisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Genomic transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to glass-bead abrasion was accomplished with a chimeric neomycin phosphotransferaseII (NPTII)-encoding gene (nos::npt) flanked by the nopaline synthase promoter and polyadenylation sequences obtained from the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. These sequences were in a plasmid (pGA482) which also contained gene nit1 encoding nitrate reductase of C. reinhardtii. Transformants were selected by their ability to grow on medium containing nitrate, and 52% of these was also resistant to kanamycin. Evidence for nos::npt expression includes: (1) hybridization with probes specific for npt, (2) demonstration of NPTII activity after electrophoresis of extracts, and (3) chromatographic identification of the reaction product of NPTII, kanamycin phosphate. The highly biased codon usage in Chlamydomonas does not preclude expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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16
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Sonoike K, Hatanaka H, Katoh S. Small subunits of Photosystem I reaction center complexes from Synechococcus elongatus. II. The psaE gene product has a role to promote interaction between the terminal electron acceptor and ferredoxin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1141:52-7. [PMID: 8435435 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90188-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Function of a subunit polypeptide (the psaE gene product) of Photosystem I (PS I) reaction center complexes was investigated by comparing the reactivity of the reduced iron-sulfur centers (FA/FB)- with ferredoxin among Synechococcus PS I complexes which had been variously depleted of this polypeptide. Ferredoxin at or below 1 microM can accept electrons from (FA/FB)- effectively competing with the back reaction between P-700+ and (FA/FB)- in the thylakoid membranes and PS I complexes that contained all the eight small subunits. The high reactivity of (FA/FB)- with low concentrations of ferredoxin was observed in PS I complexes which contain only the products of psaC, psaD and psaE genes but not in complexes which carry the psaC, psaD, psaL and psaK gene products but no psaE gene product. Varied amounts of the psaE gene product were extracted by treatment with different concentrations of a cationic detergent, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and 2.5 M NaCl. The solubilized polypeptide was then reconstituted to the depleted complexes. The magnitudes of the back reaction that could be suppressed by addition of ferredoxin at or below 1 microM were well correlated to the amounts of the psaE polypeptide remained bound or rebound to the complexes. It is concluded that the product of the psaE gene has a role to promote the interaction between the terminal bound electron acceptor and ferredoxin. A high autooxidizability of (FA/FB)- and contrasting effects of lipophilic cations and anions on the rate of the back reaction from (FA/FB)- to P-700+ were also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sonoike
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Lotan O, Streubel M, Westhoff P, Nechushtai R. Subunit III (Psa-F) of photosystem I reaction center of the C4 dicotyledon Flaveria trinervia. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 21:573-577. [PMID: 8443351 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An immunological survey of C3, C4 and C3-C4-intermediate Flaveria species showed that subunit III (PsaF) of the photosystem I reaction center (PSI-RC) is present in all these species. This was confirmed by the isolation of the gene encoding the PSI-RC subunit III (PsaF) from Flaveria trinervia, the first psaF gene to be isolated from a C4 plant. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a high degree of similarity to the corresponding protein of spinach which is a C3 species. A region of 17 hydrophobic amino acids in the C-terminal part of the F. trinervia protein was found to be especially conserved in all PsaF proteins studied so far (cyanobacteria and Chlamydomonas).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lotan
- Department of Botany, Hebrew University of Jeusalem, Israel
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18
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Sharpe JA, Day A. Structure, evolution and expression of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP translocator gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1993; 237:134-44. [PMID: 8455552 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The first AUG in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ADP/ATP translocator (CRANT) mRNA initiates an open reading frame (ORF) which is very similar (51-79% amino acid identity) to other ANT proteins. In contrast to higher plants, no evidence for a long amino-terminal extension was obtained. The 5' non-transcribed region of the single-copy CRANT gene contains sequence motifs present in other C. reinhardtii nuclear genes. Four introns, whose positions are not conserved in other ANT genes, interrupt the protein coding region. A short heat shock specifically reduces CRANT mRNA levels. CRANT mRNA levels were unaffected by a mutation in photosynthesis. In a dark/light regime CRANT mRNA levels are high in the dark phase and low in the early light phase. Data on translation initiation sites, splice junctions and the codon preferences of C. reinhardtii nuclear genes were compiled. With the exception of two rare codons, ACA and GGA, the CRANT gene exhibits the biased codon usage of C. reinhardtii nuclear genes that are highly expressed during normal vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sharpe
- Genetics Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Oxford, UK
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19
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Bassi R, Soen S, Frank G, Zuber H, Rochaix J. Characterization of chlorophyll a/b proteins of photosystem I from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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20
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Andersson B, Franzén LG. Chapter 5 The two photosystems of oxygenic photosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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21
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Douwe de Boer A, Weisbeek PJ. Chloroplast protein topogenesis: import, sorting and assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1071:221-53. [PMID: 1958688 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(91)90015-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Douwe de Boer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Li N, Warren PV, Golbeck JH, Frank G, Zuber H, Bryant DA. Polypeptide composition of the Photosystem I complex and the Photosystem I core protein from Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1059:215-25. [PMID: 1653017 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The polypeptide composition of the Photosystem I complex from Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 was determined by sodium-dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. The PsaA, PsaB, PsaC, PsaD, PsaE, PsaF, PsaK and PsaL proteins, as well as three polypeptides with apparent masses less than 8 kDa and small amounts of the 12.6 kDa GlnB (PII) protein, wee present in the Photosystem I complex. No proteins homologous to the PsaG and PsaH subunits of eukaryotic Photosystem I complexes were detected. When the Photosystem I complex was treated with 6.8 M urea and ultrafiltered using a 100 kDa cutoff membrane, the resulting Photosystem I core protein was found to be depleted of the PsaC, PsaD and PsaE proteins. The filtrate contained the missing proteins, along with five proteolytically-cleaved polypeptides with apparent masses of less than 16 kDa and with N-termini identical to that of the PsaD protein. The PsaF and PsaL proteins, along with the three less than 8 kDa polypeptides, were not released from the Photosystem I complex to any significant extent, but low-abundance polypeptides with N-termini identical to those of PsaF and PsaL were found in the filtrate with apparent masses slightly smaller than those found in the native Photosystem I complex. When the filtrate was incubated with FeCl3, Na2S and beta-mercaptoethanol in the presence of the isolated Photosystem I core protein, the PsaC, PsaD and PsaE proteins were rebound to reconstitute a Photosystem I complex functional in light-induced electron flow from P700 to FA/FB. In the absence of the iron-sulfur reconstitution agents, there was little rebinding of the PsaC, psaD or PsaE proteins to the Photosystem I core protein. No binding of the truncated PsaD polypeptides occurred, either in the presence or absence of the iron-sulfur reagents. The reconstitution of the FA/FB iron-sulfur clusters thus appears to be a necessary precondition for rebinding of the PsaC, psaD and psaE proteins to the Photosystem I core protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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23
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Iwasaki Y, Ishikawa H, Hibino T, Takabe T. Characterization of genes that encode subunits of cucumber PS I complex by N-terminal sequencing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1059:141-8. [PMID: 1883835 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal amino acid sequencing was carried out to characterize the genes of the cucumber PS I complex (PSI-100) that contains eight polypeptides and catalyzes the light-dependent transfer of electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. The genes of all subunits except the 17.5 kDa polypeptide in PSI-100 have been identified. These are psaA/psaB (65/63 kDa), psaD (20 kDa), psaE (19.5 kDa), psaF (18.5 kDa), psaH (7.6 kDa), and psaC (5.8 kDa). The 17.5 kDa polypeptide is a new protein and is designated tentatively as the gene product of psaM. N-terminal amino-acid sequencing indicated the presence of two polypeptides in the 7.6 kDa band. One of these is the gene product of psaH and is essential for the activity of the PS I complex, and the other one is as yet unrecognized and largely depleted in the PSI-100 complex. Gene products of psaG, psaI, and psaK, which have been proposed as the components of PS I complex, are not involved in the PSI-100 complex, but are involved in the PS I complex (PSI-200), which contains 120 chlorophyll per reaction center chlorophyll (P700) and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complexes. Three polypeptides (26,23 and 22.5 kDa) are not involved in the PSI-100 and are assigned as the apo-protein of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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24
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Ikeuchi M, Nyhus KJ, Inoue Y, Pakrasi HB. Identities of four low-molecular-mass subunits of the photosystem I complex from Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. Evidence for the presence of the psaI gene product in a cyanobacterial complex. FEBS Lett 1991; 287:5-9. [PMID: 1908790 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80003-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) complex of Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 consists of at least 11 subunits, 9 of which are resolved by high resolution gel electrophoresis. N-terminal amino acid sequences of the four subunits with molecular masses of 6.8, 5.2, 4.8 and 3.5 kDa were determined. Based on the sequence homology, the 3.5 kDa subunit was revealed to correspond to PSI-I (the gene product of psaI), which had so far been detected only in higher plant PSI complexes. The 6.8 kDa protein and 4.8 kDa protein were identified as gene products of psaK and psaJ, respectively. The 5.2 kDa protein was homologous to a 4.8 kDa subunit of PSI of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus vulcanus, suggesting that this protein is a component of PSI in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ikeuchi
- Solar Energy Research Group, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, Japan
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25
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Büschlen S, Choquet Y, Kuras R, Wollman FA. Nucleotide sequences of the continuous and separated petA, petB and petD chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FEBS Lett 1991; 284:257-62. [PMID: 2060646 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have mapped and sequenced the petA (cytf), petB (cytb6) and petD (subunit IV) genes on the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. At variance with the pet genes in higher plant chloroplasts, the petB and petD genes are continuous, not adjacent and not located next to the psbB gene. The corresponding polypeptide sequences are highly conserved when compared with their counterparts from other sources but have a few features specific of algal cytb6/f complexes. In particular the transit sequence of cytf displays unique characteristics when compared with those previously described for cytf in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Büschlen
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
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26
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Gavel Y, Steppuhn J, Herrmann R, von Heijne G. The 'positive-inside rule' applies to thylakoid membrane proteins. FEBS Lett 1991; 282:41-6. [PMID: 2026263 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80440-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In integral membrane proteins, regions that span the lipid bilayer alternate with regions that are exposed on either side of the membrane. For proteins from the plasma membrane of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells it has been shown that the exposed parts follow a 'positive-inside rule': on average, segments that are translocated across the membrane have a 2-4-fold lower frequency of positively charged residues than non-translocated segments. We now present an analysis of proteins from the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. It is shown that these proteins have the same charge asymmetry as has been reported for proteins from other membrane systems, with their more highly charged regions facing the stromal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gavel
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding an 18-kDa hydrophobic photosystem I subunit (PSI-L) from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)89566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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28
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Tjus SE, Andersson B. Extrinsic polypeptides of spinach photosystem I. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1991; 27:209-219. [PMID: 24414693 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/1990] [Accepted: 01/18/1991] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
By combining Triton X-114 partitioning with alkaline-salt and chaotropic washings of thylakoid membrane vesicles and photosystem I particles, we have studied the protein subunit composition and organization of spinach photosystem I. Upon fractionation of photosystem I particles with Triton X-114, 6 polypeptides of 5.0, 8.2 (psaE), 10.5, 16.6 (psaG), 19.3 and 22.1 kDa (psaD) were considered to be extrinsic membrane proteins. By combining this partitioning with salt washes of thylakoid membranes, the polypeptides of 8.2, 11.6 (psaH), 19.3 and 22.1 kDa were directly shown to be stromally oriented and extrinsic while no extrinsic subunits were identified at the inner thylakoid surface. The 5.0, 8.2, 10.5, 17.2, 19.3 and 22.1 kDa polypeptides appear to have regulatory rather than catalytic functions as their release from photosystem I particles upon high salt-alkali treatment does not affect photosystem I-mediated electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Tjus
- Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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