1
|
Martí-Clúa J. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling: historical perspectives, factors influencing the detection, toxicity, and its implications in the neurogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:302-308. [PMID: 37488882 PMCID: PMC10503596 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The halopyrimidine 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) is an exogenous marker of DNA synthesis. Since the introduction of monoclonal antibodies against BrdU, an increasing number of methodologies have been used for the immunodetection of this synthesized bromine-tagged base analogue into replicating DNA. BrdU labeling is widely used for identifying neuron precursors and following their fate during the embryonic, perinatal, and adult neurogenesis in a variety of vertebrate species including birds, reptiles, and mammals. Due to BrdU toxicity, its incorporation into replicating DNA presents adverse consequences on the generation, survival, and settled patterns of cells. This may lead to false results and misinterpretation in the identification of proliferative neuroblasts. In this review, I will indicate the detrimental effects of this nucleoside during the development of the central nervous system, as well as the reliability of BrdU labeling to detect proliferating neuroblasts. Moreover, it will show factors influencing BrdU immunodetection and the contribution of this nucleoside to the study of prenatal, perinatal, and adult neurogenesis. Human adult neurogenesis will also be discussed. It is my hope that this review serves as a reference for those researchers who focused on detecting cells that are in the synthetic phase of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Martí-Clúa
- Unidad de Citología e Histología. Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, de Fisiologia i d’Immunologia. Facultad de Biociencias. Institut de Neurociències. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martí-Clúa J. Methods for Inferring Cell Cycle Parameters Using Thymidine Analogues. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:885. [PMID: 37372169 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Tritiated thymidine autoradiography, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine (CldU), 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdU), and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyiridine (EdU) labeling have been used for identifying the fraction of cells undergoing the S-phase of the cell cycle and to follow the fate of these cells during the embryonic, perinatal, and adult life in several species of vertebrate. In this current review, I will discuss the dosage and times of exposition to the aforementioned thymidine analogues to label most of the cells undergoing the S-phase of the cell cycle. I will also show how to infer, in an asynchronous cell population, the duration of the G1, S, and G2 phases, as well as the growth fraction and the span of the whole cell cycle on the base of some labeling schemes involving a single administration, continuous nucleotide analogue delivery, and double labeling with two thymidine analogues. In this context, the choice of the optimal dose of BrdU, CldU, IdU, and EdU to label S-phase cells is a pivotal aspect to produce neither cytotoxic effects nor alter cell cycle progression. I hope that the information presented in this review can be of use as a reference for researchers involved in the genesis of tissues and organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Martí-Clúa
- Unidad de Citología e Histología, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Facultad de Biociencias, Institut de Neurociències, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Molina V, Rodríguez-Vázquez L, Owen D, Valero O, Martí J. Cell cycle analysis in the rat external granular layer evaluated by several bromodeoxyuridine immunoperoxidase staining protocols. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:477-488. [PMID: 28681271 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An important step in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry is the production of single-stranded DNA to make the incorporated BrdU accessible to the antibodies. This paper examines the effect of distinct DNA denaturation pretreatments (DNase I, sodium citrate buffer, endonuclease Eco RI and exonuclease III, and HCl hydrolysis) on detection of BrdU. We found that all the methods used in the partial denaturation of DNA combined good nuclear immunostaining with acceptable tissue integrity. We also observed that these immunohistochemical protocols revealed a spatial pattern in the distribution of DNA-synthesizing cells within the cerebellar external granular layer (EGL) of 10-day-old rats, allowing us to estimate the fraction of S-phase cells. Our results indicate that detection of BrdU-stained cells is affected by the distinct histological procedures used in such detection. Additionally, as the duration and phases of the cell cycle in EGL neuroblasts are estimated in accordance with BrdU detection, an effect on this detection can render the measurement of cell cycle inaccurate. The present work shows that DNase I and citrate buffer, at appropriate conditions, may be good alternatives for acid denaturation. However, they are less sensitive than autoradiographic techniques that use 3H-thymidine administration. Finally, current data reveal that short survival times after a single BrdU exposure do not seem to affect the cell cycle progression of the EGL neuroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Molina
- Unidad de Citología e Histología, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Rodríguez-Vázquez
- Unidad de Citología e Histología, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Owen
- Departament de Filologia Anglesa i de Germanística, Àrea de Filologia Anglesa, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliver Valero
- Servei d'Estadística Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martí
- Unidad de Citología e Histología, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boulanger JJ, Staines WA, LeBlanc V, Khoo EL, Liang J, Messier C. A simple histological technique to improve immunostaining when using DNA denaturation for BrdU labelling. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 259:40-46. [PMID: 26620201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The typical immunohistochemistry technique used to reveal 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation requires denaturation of the DNA by heat and acid to permeabilize the cell nucleus. This treatment can damage tissue and reduce the antigenicity of several proteins, which then leads to weak immunostaining and/or false negatives. We show that an overnight post-fixation step following immunohistochemistry for antigens of interest protects immunostaining during the acid/heat denaturation treatment for subsequent BrdU staining. We used this technique to study the differentiation of recently divided oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in NG2CreER:EYFP reporter mice. We used a GFP anti-EYFP antibody to maximize visualization of the EYFP-containing oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, Olig1, and GST-pi to confirm the cell phenotype. Immunostaining for GFP, Olig1, and GST-pi is reduced by DNA denaturation. We found that incorporating a post-fixation step after double immunostaining for GFP/Olig1 and GFP/GST-pi prior to DNA denaturation prevented the fading and false negatives associated with this treatment. This simple addition to BrdU immunohistochemistry protocols extends the range of proteins that can be detected in combination with BrdU, along with the number of antibodies that can be used successfully in the study of cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna J Boulanger
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1 N 6N5
| | - William A Staines
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Véronique LeBlanc
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1 N 6N5
| | - Eve-Ling Khoo
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1 N 6N5
| | - Jacky Liang
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1 N 6N5
| | - Claude Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1 N 6N5.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Habib M, Fares F, Bourgeois CA, Bella C, Bernardino J, Hernandez-Blazquez F, de Capoa A, Niveleau A. DNA global hypomethylation in EBV-transformed interphase nuclei. Exp Cell Res 1999; 249:46-53. [PMID: 10328952 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In tumors, DNA is often globally hypomethylated compared to DNA extracted from normal tissues. This observation is usually made after extraction and exhaustive digestion of DNA followed by analysis of nucleosides by chromatography or digestion with restriction enzymes, gel analysis, and hybridization. This approach provides an average value which does not give information on the various cell subpopulations included in heterogeneous samples. Therefore an immunochemical technique was set up with the aim of demonstrating, in a population of mixed cells, the possibility of detecting the presence of individual nuclei containing hypomethylated DNA, on a cell-by-cell basis. Monoclonal antibodies to 5-methylcytidine were used to label cells grown in vitro. Under appropriate fixation and permeabilization conditions, interphase nuclei were labeled. Quantitative differences in the labeling were detected between Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cells and normal peripheral blood monocytes by flow cytometry analysis. Similar differences were observed by fluorescence microscopy. Both results were confirmed by Southern transfer and hybridization of DNA fragments generated by restriction enzyme digestion. This observation, which is in accordance with the occurrence of global DNA hypomethylation in tumors as established by chromatography, opens the field for the analysis of fresh tumor samples by flow cytometry and microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Habib
- Centre Commun de Quantimétrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, 69373, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yao R, Sugino IK, Greulich KM, Ishida M, Weier HU, Zarbin MA. Optimization of non-isotopic in situ hybridization: detection of the Y chromosome in paraformaldehyde-fixed, wax-embedded cat retina. Exp Eye Res 1998; 66:223-30. [PMID: 9533848 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1997.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A technique was developed to detect the Y chromosome in paraformaldehyde-fixed diethylglycoldiesterate-embedded cat retina. The Y chromosome specific DNA probe was labeled with digoxigenin through polymerase chain reaction incorporation. After treatment of paraformaldehyde-fixed, diethylglycoldiesterate-embedded tissue sections with deoxyribonucleic acid decondensation and proteolytic digestion, non-fluorescent, non-isotopic in situ hybridization was performed on the retina sections. Most extensive treatment was required for the outer nuclear layer while the inner nuclear layer required more extensive treatment than the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Under optimal pretreatment conditions, the male cat retina displayed black spots which specifically localized at the periphery of the nuclei, while the female cat retina showed negative staining for the Y chromosome specific probe. The technique allows observation of the Y chromosome signal with preservation of retinal morphology and thus may be a valuable tool to discriminate donor cells in retinal pigment epithelial cell and photoreceptor cell transplants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stroh T, Zupanc GK. The postembryonic development of somatostatin immunoreactivity in the central posterior/prepacemaker nucleus of weakly electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus: a double-labelling study. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 93:76-87. [PMID: 8804694 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(96)00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide somatostatin (SS) is widely distributed in both the central and peripheral nervous system of vertebrates. Its widespread distribution is paralleled by a large variety of diverse functions. While embryonic and perinatal development of SS-like immunoreactivity have been well examined, little is known about the postnatal development of this neuropeptide. Since, in teleosts, neurogenesis persists in many brain regions during adulthood, these vertebrates are well suited to investigate this phenomenon. In the present study, we have, therefore, examined the development of somatostatinergic cells born during adulthood in the central posterior/prepacemaker nucleus (CP/PPn) of Apteronotus leptorhynchus, a weakly electric gymnotiform fish. This was achieved by labelling proliferating cells with the thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and by simultaneous immunocytochemical detection of SS-like immunoreactivity. SS-like immunoreactivity is adopted in a period between 2 days and 3.5 days after birth. While the number of BrdU-labelled cells in the CP/PPn decreases 10 days after birth, the percentage of double-labelled cells among the BrdU-labelled cells remains with 1.0-7.6% in the period between 3.5 days and 100 days after birth rather constant. This percentage matches well the fraction of SS-positive cells in the total population of cells present in the CP/PPn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Stroh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung Physikalische Biologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Souchier C, Ffrench M, Benchaib M, Catallo R, Bryon PA. Methods for cell proliferation analysis by fluorescent image cytometry. CYTOMETRY 1995; 20:203-9. [PMID: 7587705 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Methods were developed for multimodal microscopic image analysis in order to identify and analyze one cell type under various microscopic conditions. Our purpose was to quantify both total DNA content using propidium iodide (PI) stain and S-phase fraction using the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation technique in cell population subsets. The model chosen was plasma cells in bone marrow triply labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins, with amino-methylcoumarin-acetate (AMCA) for BrdUrd, and with PI for DNA. Image analysis included three phases. First, plasma cells were recognized on FITC images, and the centroid positions were stored. Second, plasma cell nuclei were geodesically reconstructed from these stored positions using PI images in which DNA content was measured, and the nuclear mask outlines were stored. Third, BrdUrd incorporation level of plasma cells was measured on AMCA images inside PI nuclei masks and stored. Image DNA vs. BrdUrd scatterplots were obtained for cells selected according to the expression of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin. Thus, both ploidy and proliferation could be independently evaluated on a subset of the cellular population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Souchier
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Analytique, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|