Mutation of lambda during prophage induction by nitrosamides

On the origin of spontaneous somatic mutations and sectored plaques detected in transgenic mice

The use of transgenic mice with bacterial genes that can be readily recovered and analysed for mutation has made it possible to measure mutant frequencies in many tissues. The mutations are detected by packaging the murine DNA into lambda phage and then growing these phage on a bacterial lawn under conditions such that the mutants are distinguishable from nonmutants. In the lacI mouse assay, the mutant plaques are blue whereas the nonmutant plaques are clear. The mutations detected in the lacI Big Blue Mouse are, in principle, a mixture of mutations that arose in the mouse (in vivo mutations), mutations that arose in the bacterium from lesions pre-existing in the murine DNA (ex vivo mutations), and mutations that arose during growth of the phage on the bacteria (in vitro mutations). It has been suggested that plaque morphology can be used to visually distinguish in vivo mutations (which would be seen as wholly blue plaques) from ex vivo mutations (which would produce blue and white sectored plaques) and in vitro mutations (which would produce sectored or pin-point plaques). We show here that this is not the case: ex vivo mutations produce plaques that are a homogeneous blue. By superinfection of bacteria with mutant and nonmutant phage and by in vitro mutagenesis, we found that blue plaques may contain large proportions of nonmutant phage. None of the mutant plaques seen after in vitro mutagenesis were sectored but most contained nonmutant phage. In addition, we show that most spontaneous mutations from the small intestine, which has a higher than normal mutant frequency, arose in vivo, since 17 of 17 mutants were homogeneous mutants. Sectored plaques must arise in some way other than by ex vivo mutation, like perhaps by the confluence of a mutant and nonmutant plaque.