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Burris KP, Dlugosz EM, Collins AG, Stewart CN, Lenaghan SC. Development of a rapid, low-cost protoplast transfection system for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:693-704. [PMID: 26685665 PMCID: PMC4757626 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A switchgrass protoplast system was developed, achieving a cost reduction of ~1000-fold, a threefold increase in transformation efficiency, and a fourfold reduction in required DNA quantity compared to previous methods. In recent years, there has been a resurgence in the use of protoplast systems for rapid screening of gene silencing and genome-editing targets for siRNA, miRNA, and CRISPR technologies. In the case of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), to achieve economic feasibility for biofuel production, it is necessary to develop plants with decreased cell wall recalcitrance to reduce processing costs. To achieve this goal, transgenic plants have been generated with altered cell wall chemistry; however, with limited success owing to the complexity of cell walls. Because of the considerable cost, time, and effort required to screen transgenic plants, a protoplast system that can provide data at an early stage has potential to eliminate low performing candidate genes/targets prior to the creation of transgenic plants. Despite the advantages of protoplast systems, protoplast isolation in switchgrass has proven costly, requiring expensive lab-grade enzymes and high DNA quantities. In this paper, we describe a low-cost protoplast isolation system using a mesophyll culture approach and a cell suspension culture. Results from this work show a cost reduction of ~1000-fold compared to previous methods of protoplast isolation in switchgrass, with a cost of $0.003 (USD) per reaction for mesophyll protoplasts and $0.018 for axenic cell culture-derived protoplasts. Further, the efficiency of protoplast transformation was optimized threefold over previous methods, despite a fourfold reduction in DNA quantity. The methods developed in this work remove the cost barrier previously limiting high-throughput screening of genome-editing and gene silencing targets in switchgrass, paving the way for more efficient development of transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie P Burris
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Dlugosz
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - A Grace Collins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Scott C Lenaghan
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Roest
- Research Institute Ital; P.O. Box 48 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - L. J. W. Gilissen
- Research Institute Ital; P.O. Box 48 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
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3
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Haliloglu K, Baenziger PS, Mitra A. Genetic Transformation of Wheat (Triticum AestivumL.) Anther Culture-Derived Embryos by Electroporation. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2004.10817088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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4
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Eeckhaut T, Lakshmanan PS, Deryckere D, Van Bockstaele E, Van Huylenbroeck J. Progress in plant protoplast research. PLANTA 2013. [PMID: 23955146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb04754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review we focus on recent progress in protoplast regeneration, symmetric and asymmetric hybridization and novel technology developments. Regeneration of new species and improved culture techniques opened new horizons for practical breeding in a number of crops. The importance of protoplast sources and embedding systems is discussed. The study of reactive oxygen species effects and DNA (de)condensation, along with thorough phytohormone monitoring, are in our opinion the most promising research topics in the further strive for rationalization of protoplast regeneration. Following, fusion and fragmentation progress is summarized. Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies have led to better insights in fundamental processes such as cell wall formation, cell development and chromosome rearrangements in fusion products, whether or not obtained after irradiation. Advanced molecular screening methods of both genome and cytoplasmome facilitate efficient screening of both symmetric and asymmetric fusion products. We expect that emerging technologies as GISH, high resolution melting and next generation sequencing will pay major contributions to our insights of genome creation and stabilization, mainly after asymmetric hybridization. Finally, we demonstrate agricultural valorization of somatic hybridization through enumerating recent introgression of diverse traits in a number of commercial crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Eeckhaut
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Caritasstraat 21, 9090, Melle, Belgium.
| | - Prabhu Shankar Lakshmanan
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Caritasstraat 21, 9090, Melle, Belgium
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deryckere
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Caritasstraat 21, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Erik Van Bockstaele
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Caritasstraat 21, 9090, Melle, Belgium
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Huylenbroeck
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Caritasstraat 21, 9090, Melle, Belgium
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5
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Fellers JP, Guenzi AC, Taliaferro CM. Factors affecting the establishment and maintenance of embryogenic callus and suspension cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 1995; 15:232-237. [PMID: 24185782 DOI: 10.1007/bf00193726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/1994] [Revised: 06/06/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Improved suspension cell culture systems are needed to facilitate the application of recombinant DNA technology for wheat germplasm enhancement. This study evaluated three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, and the effects of medium basal salts, 2,4-D, sucrose, and L-proline concentrations on the establishment of rapidly growing and highly embryogenic callus and suspension cultures. Percent embryogenic calli was visually estimated and verified with light and scanning electron microscopy. The most highly embryogenic callus was produced by cultivar Bobwhite on medium with MS basal salts, 5.6 μ M 2,4-D, 58 mM sucrose, and zero proline. The suspension cultures that produced the greatest number of regenerated plants utilized callus tissue produced on solid medium with MS basal salts, 87 mM sucrose, 9 μM 2,4-D, and no proline.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Fellers
- Department of Agronomy, Oklahoma State University, 74078-0507, Stillwater, OK, USA
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6
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Zaghmout OM. Transformation of protoplasts and intact cells from slowly growing embryogenic callus of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1994; 89:577-82. [PMID: 24177933 DOI: 10.1007/bf00222451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/1994] [Accepted: 04/18/1994] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A procedure for culturing protoplasts from slowly growing embryogenic calli of wheat was developed. The procedure was dependent on the ability to isolate large numbers of culturable protoplasts from slowly growing embryogenic callus. Approximately 68% of the isolated protoplasts divided, and 22% formed colonies; of the latter, 67% continued to proliferate. Plating efficiency was reduced when protoplasts were transformed by polythylene glycol, electroporation, and/or Agrobacterium. Intact cells were also directly transformed by electroporation. Direct electroporation of the Agrobacterium binary vector into intact cells resulted in a significant increase of GUS activity over the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Zaghmout
- USDA-ARS, Route 3, Box 215, TX79401, Lubbock, USA
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7
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Zaghmout OM, Trolinder NL. Factors affecting transient gene expression in protoplasts isolated from very slowly growing embryogenic callus cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1993; 86:721-730. [PMID: 24193782 DOI: 10.1007/bf00222662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1992] [Accepted: 01/12/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Protoplasts isolated from embryogenic ('Mustang' and 'Chinese Spring') and non-embryogenic ('Mit') calli of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes transiently expressed β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity when electroporated with a plasmid containing the GUS gene and driven by an enhanced 35S promoter and a TMV leader sequence. Conditions for the maximum expression of GUS activity were: electroporation of the freshly isolated protoplasts at 250 Vcm(-1) and 250 μF for 2 s using 50 μg/ml of plasmid DNA; incubation of the protoplasts with the plasmid before the pulse for 2 h; and a 15-min recovery period on ice after the pulse. In general, a higher GUS activity was obtained in protoplasts of non-embryogenic (NE) callus origin than in those of embryogenic (E) callus origin. Only GUS constructs containing a duplicate 35S promoter derivative resulted in a significant level of GUS expression. The presence of the TMV viral leader sequence in the pAGUS1-TN2 plasmid construct resulted in a significant increase of GUS activity in the electroporated protoplasts of both callus types. On the other hand, protoplasts electroporated with the Adh1 promoter and intron showed a threefold less GUS activity than those electroporated with pAGUS1-TN2. Optimized conditions for DNA uptake and expression were very similar for protoplasts of both callus types. The importance of these findings for the successful regeneration of transgenic and fertile wheat plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Zaghmout
- USDA-ARS, Route #3, P.O. Box 215, 79401, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Winfield M, Davey MR, Karp A. A comparison of chromosome instability in cell suspensions of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Heredity (Edinb) 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1993.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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9
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Карадимова М, Карадимова М, Karadimova M. IN VITRO МЕТОДИ ЗА ИНДУЦИРАНЕ НА КАЛУС И РЕГЕНЕРАЦИЯ НА РАСТЕНИЯ ПРИ ПШЕНИЦАТА. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.1993.10819406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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10
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Karadimova M, Nedkovska M. Progress in Protoplast Regeneration System and Genetic Manipulation of Cereals (Rice, Wheat). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.1992.10818647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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11
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Jähne A, Lazzeri PA, Jäger-Gussen M, Lörz H. Plant regeneration from embryogenic cell suspensions derived from anther cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1991; 82:74-80. [PMID: 24212863 DOI: 10.1007/bf00231280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/1990] [Accepted: 12/05/1990] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We have established embryogenic cell suspension cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cultivars Igri, Gimpel, Princesse, and Baronesse) from anther-derived embryogenic callus. Suspension cultures of cultivars Igri and Gimpel were regenerable. The most successful cultivar was Igri, from which a number of independent cell lines producing plantlets were established. Plants could be transferred to soil; up to now, 50% of more than 200 regenerated plants were morphologically normal and fertile. The relative frequency of sterile plants increased as suspensions aged. Suspensions older than 1 year produced embryogenic callus but only albino plantlets could be regenerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jähne
- Institute of General Botany, AMP II, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, W-2000, Hamburg 52, FRG
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12
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Redway FA, Vasil V, Vasil IK. Characterization and regeneration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) embryogenic cell suspension cultures. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1990; 8:714-7. [PMID: 24232924 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1989] [Revised: 03/09/1990] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stable cell suspension cultures were established from two types of calli (one compact, nodular and embryogenic, the other friable and embryogenic) derived from cultured immature embryos of wheat (cv FLA302). Only aged calli, which had been subcultured for at least 5-8 months, formed suspensions comprised mainly of groups of small, round, densely cytoplasmic, starch-containing cells. Only the embryogenic suspension derived from the aged, compact and nodular callus formed distinct somatic embryos when plated on regeneration media containing IAA and zeatin. Upon subsequent transfer to fresh regeneration medium more than 200 green rooted plants were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Redway
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Vegetable Crops, University of Florida, 32611-0514, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Vasil V, Redway F, Vasil IK. Regeneration of Plants from Embryogenic Suspension Culture Protoplasts of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Nat Biotechnol 1990. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt0590-429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Wang WC, Nguyen HT. A novel approach for efficient plant regeneration from long-term suspension culture of wheat. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1990; 8:639-642. [PMID: 24232775 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/1989] [Revised: 01/29/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hexaploid wheat plants were easily regenerated from young embryo-derived callus for twelve genotypes tested. After a 2.5 years culture period, however, most of the callus cells lost their ability to regenerate into shoots, but not into roots.A novel approach was used to regenerate shoots from the long-term suspension cultured cells. In general, instead of selecting embryogenic callus as source material, this approach requires the inoculation of unselected callus into liquid medium followed by removing the free floating cell portion, selecting out non-root forming cell clumps from the root forming primary suspension culture, and growing the putative shoot-competent clumps in liquid medium with reduced auxin concentrations. We have successfully established shoot-competent wheat suspension cultures for cv. 'Mustang'. High (>80%) frequencies of plant regeneration were observed from plating of 2.5 year suspension cultures. The suspension cultures established by this approach have been utilized to select for heat tolerant variants and will be an ideal source material for protoplast culture and transformation studies. This approach can also be applied to other cereal crops which form roots easily but are unstable in maintaining long term regenerable cultures and which are not easily adaptable to suspension culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Entomology, Texas Tech University, 79409, Lubbock, TX, USA
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15
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Kamo K, Chen J, Lawson R. The establishment of cell suspension cultures ofGladiolus that regenerate plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02623835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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In Vitro Culture of Wheat and Rice for Understanding the Molecular Basis of Somatic Embryogenesis and for Transformation. THE IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ON AGRICULTURE 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0587-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Sági L, Barnabás B. Evidence for cytoplasmic control of in vitro microspore embryogenesis in the anther culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1989; 78:867-872. [PMID: 24226021 DOI: 10.1007/bf00266673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/1989] [Accepted: 06/27/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, 'Siete Cerros 66' and 'Penjamo 62', as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of 'Penjamo 62' in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sági
- Genetics Department, Agricultural Research Institute HAS, H-2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
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18
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Mendel RR, Müller B, Schulze J, Kolesnikov V, Zelenin A. Delivery of foreign genes to intact barley cells by high-velocity microprojectiles. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1989; 78:31-34. [PMID: 24227026 DOI: 10.1007/bf00299749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/1989] [Accepted: 01/24/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Foreign DNA was introduced through the cell walls of intact suspension culture cells of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by utilizing the particle acceleration approach. DNA-coated microscopic tungsten particles were accelerated to velocities that permitted their penetration of intact cells. Chimaeric constructs of β-glucuronidase and neomycin phosphotransferase II under the control of the dual Agrobacterium TR 1'2' promoter or the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter served as reporter genes. Three days after particle delivery, high-level expression of both reporter genes was observed. That plasmid size could be critical for stabilizing DNA in the course of particle delivery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Mendel
- Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Academy of Sciences of GDR, 4325, DDR-Gatersleben, GDR
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Oard JH, Paige D, Dvorak J. Chimeric gene expression using maize intron in cultured cells of breadwheat. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1989; 8:156-160. [PMID: 24233093 DOI: 10.1007/bf00716830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/1988] [Revised: 04/17/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
High voltage electrical pulses were used to introduce the CAT reporter gene into cultured protoplasts of breadwheat,Triticum aestivum. Four DNA constructs harboring the CAT gene and the 35S or mannipine synthase promoter were tested for levels of CAT activity 40-45 hr after electroporation of protoplasts. One construct, containing a maize intron sequence between 35S and CAT sequences, conferred 30 to 185 fold greater CAT activity over the other three constructs. Data from these experiments suggest that a maize intron or sequences with similar effects may be required in DNA constructs for efficient heterologous gene expression in cultured cells of breadwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Oard
- Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California-Davis, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
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