Lumbosacral lipomas with spina bifida

Sacral Spina Bifida Occulta: A Frequency Analysis of Secular Change

Substantial relaxation of natural selection beginning around 1900 changed the mutation/selec­tion balance of modern genetic material, producing an increase in variable anatomical structures. While multiple structures have been affected, the temporal increase in variations of the sacrum, specifically, ‘Sa­cral Spina Bifida Occulta,’ have been reliably demonstrated on a localised scale. Calculation of largescale frequency has been hindered by the localised nature of these publications, the morphological variability of this variation, and potential pathological associations, which have produced divergent classifications, and conflicting reported rates of occurrence. A systematic review of the reported literature was conducted to provide an objective analysis of Sacral Spina Bifida Occulta frequency from 2500 BCE to the present. This review was designed to compensate for observed inconsistencies in reporting and to ascertain, for the first time, the temporal trajectory of this secular trend. A systematic review of Sacral Spina Bifida Occulta lit­erature was conducted through the strict use of clinical meta-analysis criteria. Publications were retrieved from four databases: PubMed, Embase, the Adelaide University Library database, and Google Scholar. Data were separated into three historical groups, (1 = <1900, 2 = 1900 to 1980 and 3 = >1980), and frequency outcomes compared, to determine temporal rates of occurrence. A total of 39/409 publications were included in the final analysis, representing data for 16,167 sacra, spanning a period of 4,500 years. Statistically significant results were obtained, with total open S1 frequen­cy increasing from 2.34%, (79 to 1900CE), to 4.80%, (1900 to 1980CE) and to 5.43% (>1980CE). These increases were significant at p<0.0001, with Chi-squared analysis. A clear secular increase in the global frequency of Sacral Spina Bifida Occulta has been demonstrated from 1900 to the present. This research provides a novel and adaptable framework for the future assessment of variation distribution, with impor­tant implications for the fields of biological anthropology and bioarchaeology.

Radical resection of lumbosacral lipomas in children: the Great Ormond Street Hospital experience

PURPOSE

In 2009, Pang described a radical resection technique for congenital lumbosacral lipomas, with lower long-term symptomatic re-tethering rates compared with partial resections and conservative management, and low surgical morbidity. We adopted this technique in 2011, and aim to describe our first results.

METHODS

In this monocentric retrospective audit, we included dorsal, transitional, chaotic, and caudal-type lumbosacral lipomas. Exclusion criteria were previously operated lipomas, pure filar lipomas, and concomitant major congenital anatomical urogenital/gastrointestinal abnormalities. Neuro-uro-orthopaedic status at presentation and at three months, one year and last postoperative follow-up, intraoperative electrophysiology, and extent of resection were collected.

RESULTS

From January 2011 to September 2019, 91 patients were operated (median age 2y2m; 63 transitional; 14 caudal; 8 dorsal; 6 chaotic). Preoperatively, 67% were symptomatic. Preoperative and one-year postoperative rates of impaired ambulation (44% to 43%), hypoesthesia (8% to 5%), urodynamic/uroradiological abnormalities (49% to 37%), and foot/ankle deformities (8% to 5%) were comparable, whilst pain improved (25% to 5%) but catheterisation rates increased (21% to 36%). 23/92 (25%) suffered wound-related complications. 2/91 (2%) developed symptomatic re-tethering requiring second surgery. Mean cord/sac ratio was 0.47. 43% had > 20 mm³ residual fat, which improved with increasing surgical experience.

CONCLUSION

Radical lipoma resection, guided by intraoperative neuromonitoring, with reconstruction of the neural placode and expansion duraplasty is technically feasible and results in low rates of late deterioration and re-tethering. Lipoma-type and pre-operative status are important outcome predictors. Operative risks are not insignificant. Future studies need to determine appropriate selection criteria for surgery.

Massive Lumbosacral Subcutaneous Exudate After Surgical Treatment of a Large Lipomyelocele: Case Report and Literature Review

Lipomyelocele is an uncommon type of lipoma that occurs with spina bifida. We present the clinical course and therapeutic process of a female who underwent resection of a lipomyelocele and developed a massive lumbosacral subcutaneous exudate postoperatively. The therapeutic process is described in detail, and a review of the relevant literature on lipomyelocele is presented. A 23-year-old woman presented to our institution complaining of a large lumbosacral subcutaneous mass. She underwent surgical resection of the mass and untethering of the spinal cord under intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring. A massive lumbosacral subcutaneous exudate developed postoperatively. After excluding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, we placed a suction drain. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the editor of this journal. Because of this, there is no need to conduct special ethic review and the ethical approval is not necessary. Postoperative pathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of lipomyelocele. Continuation of the negative-pressure drain for 1 week yielded >1000 mL of fluid. The patient recovered well and developed no further subcutaneous exudate. In a patient with massive lumbosacral subcutaneous exudate after surgical treatment of a large lipomyelocele, continuous negative-pressure drainage can be an effective treatment method after excluding CSF leakage.

Lack of uniformity in the clinical assessment of children with lipomyelomeningocele: a review of the literature and recommendations for the future

OBJECTIVE

An objective clinical assessment tool whose accuracy and reproducibility can be validated is essential for the initial evaluation, selection for surgery and surveillance of children with lipomyelomeningocele (LMMC). The aim of this study was to analyse the large number of such tools presently in use and recommend an alternative that could lead to greater uniformity between different series and greater consistency in the assessment of individual patients.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature between January 1980 and December 2010 was undertaken and details of how the children in each series were assessed and the degree to which age was taken into account recorded.

RESULTS

Thirty-six different assessment tools were used in 40 different publications. None was validated in all aspects. Objective measures were used most in urological assessments but rarely in other domains. Age-specific assessments were used in only 10 % of publications.

CONCLUSION

This study confirmed that the assessment tools for evaluation of children with LMMC are inconsistent, often vague and poorly validated. This compromises the ability of clinicians who care for them to compare studies across centres for both treated and untreated children. We have sought to highlight those criteria which are relevant, measurable and reproducible and which might be combined into an easily applied assessment.

Asymptomatic lumbosacral lipomas--a natural history study

BACKGROUND

Inevitable deterioration due to mechanical tethering is perceived as the natural history for complex congenital spinal lipomas of the conus medullaris region, even if asymptomatic at presentation. The conventional wisdom that prophylactic surgical untethering improves outcome has been challenged recently [1, 2]. This study examines the natural history of asymptomatic un-operated children with lumbosacral lipomas (LSL) and investigates whether predictive factors herald deterioration.

METHODOLOGY

Over the past decade, children presenting with complex LSL to a single clinician at Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), London, UK have undergone a thorough assessment focusing on neurological and urological evaluation and MRI of the lumbosacral spine. For children deemed to be asymptomatic, conservative management has been adopted with close periodic surveillance of neurological and urological function, thus avoiding untethering surgery unless symptomatic deterioration occurs. A retrospective review identified this cohort of children asymptomatic of their LSL and their progress closely recorded.

DISCUSSION

This study suggests that the natural history of this subgroup of dysraphic patients may be more benign than hitherto considered. Conservative management with adoption of a novel surveillance policy and timely intervention only in the presence of symptomatic deterioration resulted in 71% of this series remaining clinically asymptomatic at mean follow up period of 5.9 years (range, 1.0-19.3 years). At 10 years, the cumulative risk of deterioration determined by the Kaplan-Meier method was 40%. Children aged<2 years, female, with presence of a transitional type of LSL and associated syrinx were independently associated with a higher risk of deterioration.

Orthopaedic deformities associated with lumbosacral spinal lipomas

BACKGROUND

Lipomeningocele is the most common cause of occult spinal dysraphism and spinal cord tethering. Children with this condition seem normal at birth except for cutaneous signs, and the initial complaints are usually musculoskeletal. We studied the orthopaedic deformities observed in this condition.

METHODS

We reviewed the medical charts of 159 patients with a diagnosis of lipoma of the lumbosacral spine that were examined in the Myelodysplasia Clinic over 25 years. Of these patients, 122 were treated by a single orthopaedic surgeon (L.D.) and were studied in detail. Of these 122 patients, 45 were over 15 years of age at the time of the final follow-up.

RESULTS

Most patients had cutaneous stigmata. Foot deformities were the most common orthopaedic problems, followed by scoliosis. In patients over 15 years of age, the incidence of foot deformities was 44.2% (36 feet), with 20 feet requiring surgical treatment. The most common foot deformities were cavovarus, cavus, and equinocavovarus. In 70% of the surgical cases, good correction was achieved with only one procedure. Foot surgeries in patients under the age of 8 years were usually soft tissue procedures, and bony procedures were performed primarily in patients over the age of 11 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Orthopaedic deformities are common at the initial presentation in patients with occult spinal dysraphism. A careful clinical examination with a high index of suspicion for spinal cord anomalies is indicated in all cases of spinal and lower extremity deformities. Foot deformities are very common and surgical treatment is usually successful. A thorough follow-up evaluation, including manual muscle strength testing, should be performed routinely to detect tethering of the cord in the early stages and to prevent worsening of the orthopaedic deformities.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

This was a retrospective case study. Level 4.

RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS AND CLINICAL COURSE OF CONUS LIPOMA

OBJECTIVE

A significant variety in morphology of conus lipomas may underlie differences in clinical presentation of the patients and controversy in surgical management. We retrospectively studied 58 patients with conus lipomas at our institutions. The purpose of this study was to infer the clinical course from the radiological findings and to provide information for decision-making in planning for surgical treatment.

METHODS

The patients underwent untethering surgery between 1984 and 2005. There were 35 transitional and 23 dorsal lipomas. The age at surgery ranged from 1 month to 50 years (median, 4 yr). Preoperative clinical history, radiological findings, and postoperative results were analyzed.

RESULTS

Fifteen patients were asymptomatic, and 43 patients were symptomatic preoperatively. Twenty-one patients presented with motor deficits of the lower extremities. In seven patients, motor deficits appeared early, before 1 year of age. Massive lipomas compressing the cord or herniation of the spinal cord into the subcutaneous tissue were characteristic findings of such early deterioration. Motor deficits were present in 73% of patients with lipomas extending to the lumbar level, whereas 88% of patients with lipomas confined to the sacral level had only urinary deficits. During a mean postoperative follow-up period of 7.9 years, 4 (27%) of the 15 asymptomatic patients developed urinary and/or motor deficits, and 12 (28%) of the 43 symptomatic patients showed further neurological deterioration.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that the location and morphology of conus lipomas influence the neurological presentation of the patients. Early prophylactic surgery is a reasonable treatment option if early deterioration is predicted by imaging studies.

Recurrent meningitis caused by cervico-medullary abscess, a rare presentation

BACKGROUND

Recurrent bacterial meningitis is usually a complication of cranial anatomical defect or the result of impaired humoral immunity, notably, defects of the complement system and agammaglobulinemia. It could present a diverse range of symptoms.

DISCUSSION

Meningitis as a presentation of intramedullary abscess is not common. Here we present a 7-year-old boy with recurrent meningitis as the first manifestation of an underlying upper cervical cord abscess.

Intramedullary spinal cord abscess: case report

Intramedullary spinal cord abscesses are rare lesions with a poor prognosis unless diagnosed and treated promptly. We report a case of a Nigerian man with tuberculous meningitis that was complicated by an intraspinal cord abscess and was treated surgically. The literature regarding this uncommon clinical entity is reviewed.

Cutaneous stigmata of occult spinal dysraphism

We describe a 4-year-old Hispanic boy with a dermal pit and an overlying macular vascular malformation in the lumbosacral area. Magnetic resonance imaging of the region revealed an intraspinal lesion at L1-L2. A fibrous tract was excised. A benign lipoma intrinsic to the roots of the cauda equina was noted at surgery. The cutaneous stigmata of occult spinal dysraphisms are reviewed.

[Magnetic resonance imaging in spinal dysraphisms]

We studied by magnetic resonance imaging the incidence of associated malformations in a group of 38 patients with diagnosis of spina bifida followed in our outpatient clinic. Twenty-two children were born with spina aperta and 16 with spina bifida occulta. Tethered cord was found in the majority of patients of both groups. Syringomyelia was found in 13 patients. The craniocervical region was studied in 11 patients with the diagnosis of spina bifida aperta; Chiari malformation was found in 8. The results point to the fact that asymptomatic malformations detected by MRI techniques are frequent in patients with spina bifida.

Spina bifida and intraspinal lipomas

Experience with nine consecutive cases of intraspinal lipomas revealed some unreported observations. The results of surgery are discussed with regard to pathology, timing of surgery and a modified surgical technique. Earlier compared to later operative intervention produces less bleeding, shorter operation time, easier removal of softer lipoma and easier reconstruction of conus and cord after removal of mass. Adequate dura cover can always be obtained by stripping off the dura from the fibro fatty stalk of lumbosacral lipoma. Watertight closure of dura prevents cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and is ensured by the use of continuous monofilament suture material such as prolene.

Pyomyelia: an intramedullary spinal abscess complicating lumbar lipoma with spina bifida

We report a case of spinal dysraphism, complicated by an intramedullary spinal abscess (IMSA). The magnetic resonance images of this case are shown and the pathophysiology of this condition is discussed.

Interdisciplinary treatment of spina bifida children

In the Spina Bifida Centre, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital (Milan, Italy), from June 1985 to June 1990, 60 spina bifida children have been treated. The results of the rehabilitation programme (including orthopaedic, urological and psychosocial aspects) at the time of the survey were: (a) Neuromotor function: 72% of the patients achieved ambulation, 52% of these being less than 2 years of age, and 20% older than 2 years; 18% were too young for walking. Thus, considering the children's age, about 90% of the subjects achieved the standing position, and 89% achieved ambulation. (b) Bladder function: 83% of the children had a complete urological evaluation; 40% of those with a neuropathic bladder had a hyperreflex type, 54% areflexic, and 6% normoreflexic. Thirty-two percent of the patients had signs of 'high pressure' bladder function. Urinary continence was: 36% > or = 2 hours, 20% < 2 hours, 44% not detectable (age < 2 years). Forty percent of the subjects used intermittent catheterisation. (c) Psychosocial aspect: child adaptation to the disease and to the rehabilitation programme was good in 61% of the patients; family problems were identified in 70% of the patients; enrollment in preschool and school programmes was normal (or with specialist teaching) in about 74%; 33.3% of the subjects had disturbance of affect. The results clearly showed that the interdisciplinary approach favoured the social integration of these children.

Syringomyelia secondary to congenital intraspinal lipoma

Preoperative evaluation using serial magnetic resonance imaging was performed on an infant with lumbosacral lipoma. Syrinx formation arising just above the lipoma was observed in conjunction with rapid growth of the lipoma. Definite shrinkage of syringomyelia was obtained after radical excision of the lipoma. The syrinx formation was possibly caused by compression from the extramedullary lipoma.