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Lu Y, Liang Y, Ning S, Deng G, Xie Y, Song J, Zuo N, Feng C, Qin Y. Rare partial trisomy and tetrasomy of 15q11-q13 associated with developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder. Mol Cytogenet 2020; 13:21. [PMID: 32536972 PMCID: PMC7288499 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-020-00489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs), are additional abnormal chromosomes, which can’t be detected accurately by banding cytogenetic analysis. Abnormal phenotypes were observed in about 30% of SMC carriers. Duplication of chromosome 15 and related disorders, characterized by hypotonia motor delays, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, and epilepsy including infantile spasms, might be account for 50% of the total sSMCs. Case presentation An 11-month-old infant with an sSMC found by banding cytogenetics was referred to our clinic because of developmental retardation and autism spectrum disorder. After several months of rehabilitation treatment, the progress of motor development was obvious, but the consciousness was still far from satisfied. High-resolution karyotype analysis, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and copy number variation sequencing (CNV-Seq) were conducted to confirm the identity of the sSMC. A bisatellited dicentric sSMC was observed clearly in high-resolution karyotype analysis and a 10.16-Mb duplication of 15q11.1q13.2 (3.96 copies) together with a 1.84-Mb duplication of 15q13.2q13.3 (3 copies) was showed by CNV-Seq in the proband. It suggested that the molecular cytogenetic karyotype was 47,XY,+dic(15;15)(q13.2;q13.3). Furthermore, the clinical symptoms of the proband mostly fit 15q duplication related disorders which are characterized by hypotonia motor delays, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and intellectual disability. Conclusion We reported for the first time using CNV-Seq to detect sSMCs and find a partial trisomy and tetrasomy of 15q11-q13 associated with developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder. Our report indicates that CNV-seq is a useful and economical way for diagnosis of dup15q and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yulin Women and Children Care Hospital, Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yulin Women and Children Care Hospital, Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537000 People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Ning
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yulin Women and Children Care Hospital, Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537000 People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yulin Women and Children Care Hospital, Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yulin Women and Children Care Hospital, Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jujie Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yulin Women and Children Care Hospital, Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537000 People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zuo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yulin Women and Children Care Hospital, Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537000 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yulin Women and Children Care Hospital, Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunrong Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yulin Women and Children Care Hospital, Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537000 People's Republic of China
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Webb T, Hardy CA, King M, Watkiss E, Mitchell C, Cole T. A clinical, cytogenetic and molecular study of ten probands with supernumerary inv dup (15) marker chromosomes. Clin Genet 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Karaman B, Aytan M, Yilmaz K, Toksoy G, Onal EP, Ghanbari A, Engur A, Kayserili H, Yuksel-Apak M, Basaran S. The identification of small supernumerary marker chromosomes; the experiences of 15,792 fetal karyotyping from Turkey. Eur J Med Genet 2005; 49:207-14. [PMID: 16762822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) are often associated with developmental abnormalities and malformations are de novo in approximately 60% of the cases. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques using various probes provided the possibility to analyze and characterize sSMCs, which is highly important for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling. We now present the establishment of a specific strategy to identify the origin and structure of the sSMCs using a combination of conventional banding and classical FISH techniques. Based on this strategy, in a series of 15,792 prenatal karyotypes, 20 cases with sSMCs (prevalence 1.26 per 1000) were diagnosed. Eighteen of these cases were completely analyzed by FISH using commercial probes and Chromoprobe Multiprobe-I System. Out of 20 sSMCs 12 were satellited (10 bisatellited and two monosatellited) (60%) and eight were non-satellited (six ring-like and two isochromosomes) (40%). sSMCs were mostly derived from chromosome 15 (10/20) (50%). Euchromatin material was found in 13 cases by various banding and FISH techniques, while in six of 20 sSMCs there was no evidence of euchromatin material. Parental karyotypes could be evaluated in 15 cases and familial inheritance was found in only three of them (20%). We conclude that the proposed strategy for the identification and characterization of sSMCs is accurate and represents a good alternative to novel FISH techniques for modestly equipped cytogenetic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Karaman
- Istanbul University, Institute of Child Health, Division of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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Dawson AJ, Mogk R, Rothenmund H, Bridge PJ. Paternal origin of a small, class I inv dup(15). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 107:334-6. [PMID: 11840492 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Takeda Y, Baba A, Nakamura F, Ito M, Honma H, Koyama T. Symptomatic generalized epilepsy associated with an inverted duplication of chromosome 15. Seizure 2000; 9:145-50. [PMID: 10845741 DOI: 10.1053/seiz.1999.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An inverted duplication of chromosome 15 (inv dup[15] chromosome) is the most common supernumerary marker chromosome in humans. Inv dup(15) chromosomes are commonly associated with mental retardation, epilepsy, behavioral problems and structural malformations. Though epilepsies associated with inv dup(15) chromosomes are often intractable, there have been very few reports regarding the seizure manifestations or types. We report a patient with severe mental retardation and intractable epilepsy, associated with an inv dup(15) chromosome. The seizures recorded with EEG-VTR monitoring were axial and generalized tonic seizures, and our case was diagnosed as symptomatic generalized epilepsy. Molecular and cytogenetic analysis showed an inv dup(15) chromosome containing the Prader-Willi syndrome/Angelman syndrome region mapped within bands 15q 11-q13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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6
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Wandstrat AE, Leana-Cox J, Jenkins L, Schwartz S. Molecular cytogenetic evidence for a common breakpoint in the largest inverted duplications of chromosome 15. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:925-36. [PMID: 9529335 PMCID: PMC1377019 DOI: 10.1086/301777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomes from 20 patients were used to delineate the breakpoints of inverted duplications of chromosome 15 (inv dup[15]) that include the Prader-Willi syndrome/Angelman syndrome (PWS/AS) chromosomal region (15q11-q13). YAC and cosmid clones from 15q11-q14 were used for FISH analysis, to detect the presence or absence of material on each inv dup(15). We describe two types of inv dup(15): those that break between D15S12 and D15S24, near the distal boundary of the PWS/AS chromosomal region, and those that share a breakpoint immediately proximal to D15S1010. Among the latter group, no breakpoint heterogeneity could be detected with the available probes, and one YAC (810f11) showed a reduced signal on each inv dup(15), compared with that on normal chromosomes 15. The lack of breakpoint heterogeneity may be the result of a U-type exchange involving particular sequences on either homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids. Parent-of-origin studies revealed that, in all the cases analyzed, the inv dup(15) was maternal in origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Wandstrat
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
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7
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Viersbach R, Engels H, Gamerdinger U, Hansmann M. Delineation of supernumerary marker chromosomes in 38 patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 76:351-8. [PMID: 9545101 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980401)76:4<351::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We present cytogenetic and clinical data on 38 patients with supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs). SMCs were characterized using a strategy combining classical banding techniques and molecular cytogenetic studies. Cases were ascertained prenatally, postnatally, and after fetal death. In 26 patients (68%), the SMC originated entirely from acrocentric chromosomes. Among these, most patients carried a der(15). In 11 patients (29%), they were of nonacrocentric origin, including 9 autosomal and 2 gonosomal marker chromosomes. In 1 patient the SMC was of partially acrocentric origin. Patients with small derivatives of chromosome 15 [der(15)] had a normal phenotype. Those with a larger der(15) showed phenotypical abnormalities. Patients with supernumerary marker chromosomes derived from chromosomes 13 or 21, and 14 appeared to have a low risk of abnormalities. Out of this group only 1 patient who carried an additional r(21) had physical anomalies. Patients with an SMC originating from chromosome 22 showed physical abnormalities in 2 out of 6 cases. Supernumerary marker chromosomes identified as i(9p), i(12p), and der(18) were all associated with an abnormal phenotype. Two of the derivatives of chromosome 20 analyzed were correlated with a normal phenotype, while the carrier of the third one showed physical anomalies and motor retardation. Of 2 patients with an extra der(X), 1 was normal and 1 showed an abnormal phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Aberrations/genetics
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Female
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Metaphase
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- R Viersbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
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8
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Bingham PM, Spinner NB, Sovinsky L, Zackai EH, Chance PF. Infantile spasms associated with proximal duplication of chromosome 15q. Pediatr Neurol 1996; 15:163-5. [PMID: 8888053 DOI: 10.1016/0887-8994(96)00119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a case of infantile spasms associated with a chromosome abnormality (supernumerary inverted duplication of chromosome 15 [47,XX,+inv dup(15)]). The patient was nondysmorphic and presented with mild hypotonia and delay in acquisition of gross motor milestones before the diagnosis of seizures at age 7 months. Additional features included unilateral sensorineural deafness and torticollis. Molecular cytogenetic studies confirmed that the patient has a large inv dup(15). Inv dup(15) chromosomes are variable with respect to the size and genetic composition of the chromosome and in their phenotypic effects. Patients with small inv dup(15s) may have no phenotypic abnormalities, whereas patients with large inv dup(15s) may have multiple abnormalities. ACTH therapy resulted in prompt remission of seizures and resolution of EEG abnormalities. This is the second report of a patient with IS and a supernumerary inv dup(15). Several genes code for neurotransmitter receptor subunits located in the duplicated region of chromosome 15, and abnormal dosage of these genes may be involved in the genesis of seizure activity in carriers of the inv dup(15). Chromosome analysis may lead to a specific diagnosis in infants with unexplained infantile spasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Bingham
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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9
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Flejter WL, Bennett-Baker PE, Ghaziuddin M, McDonald M, Sheldon S, Gorski JL. Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of inv dup(15) chromosomes observed in two patients with autistic disorder and mental retardation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 61:182-7. [PMID: 8669450 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960111)61:2<182::aid-ajmg17>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A variety of distinct phenotypes has been associated with supernumerary inv dup(15) chromosomes. Although different cytogenetic rearrangements have been associated with distinguishable clinical syndromes, precise genotype-phenotype correlations have not been determined. However, the availability of chromosome 15 DNA markers provides a means to characterize inv dup(15) chromosomes in detail to facilitate the determination of specific genotype-phenotype associations. We describe 2 patients with an autistic disorder, mental retardation, developmental delay, seizures, and supernumerary inv dup(15) chromosomes. Conventional and molecular cytogenetic studies confirmed the chromosomal origin of the supernumerary chromosomes and showed that the duplicated region extended to at least band 15q13. An analysis of chromosome 15 microsatellite CA polymorphisms suggested a maternal origin of the inv dup(15) chromosomes and biparental inheritance of the two intact chromosome 15 homologs. The results of this study add to the existing literature which suggests that the clinical phenotype of patients with a supernumerary inv dup(15) chromosome is determined not only by the extent of the duplicated region, but by the dosage of genes located within band 15q13 and the origin of the normal chromosomes 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Flejter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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Spinner NB, Zackai E, Cheng SD, Knoll JH. Supernumerary inv dup(15) in a patient with Angelman syndrome and a deletion of 15q11-q13. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 57:61-5. [PMID: 7645601 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320570114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have studied a patient with Angelman syndrome (AS) and a 47,XY,+inv dup(15) (pter-->q11::q11-->pter) karyotype. Molecular cytogenetic studies demonstrated that one of the apparently normal 15s was deleted at loci D15S9, GABRB3, and D15S12. There were no additional copies of these loci on the inv dup(15). The inv dup(15) contained only the pericentromeric sequence D15Z1. Quantitative DNA analysis confirmed these findings and documented a standard large deletion of sequences from 15q11-q13, as usually seen in patients with AS. DNA methylation testing at D15S63 showed a deletion of the maternally derived chromosome 15q11-q13 on one of the apparently cytogenetically normal 15s, and not by the presence of an inv dup(15). This is the fourth patient with an inv dup(15) and AS or Prader Willi syndrome, who has been studied at the molecular level. In all cases an additional alteration of chromosome 15 was identified, which was hypothesized to be the cause of the disease. Patients with inv dup(15)s may be at increased risk for other chromosome abnormalities involving 15q11-q13.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Spinner
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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11
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Blennow E, Bui TH, Kristoffersson U, Vujic M, Annerén G, Holmberg E, Nordenskjöld M. Swedish survey on extra structurally abnormal chromosomes in 39 105 consecutive prenatal diagnoses: prevalence and characterization by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Prenat Diagn 1994; 14:1019-28. [PMID: 7877949 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970141103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During 7 years (1985-1992), 39,105 consecutive prenatal diagnoses (34,908 amniocenteses and 4197 chorionic villus samples) were made at the five largest clinical genetic laboratories in Sweden. Thirty-one cases of extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESACs) were found, giving a total prevalence of 0.8 per 1000. Twelve ESACs were inherited, 14 were de novo and in five the parental origin was unknown. This gives an estimated prevalence of 0.3-0.4 per 1000 for familial and 0.4-0.5 per 1000 for de novo ESACs. Retrospectively, the ESACs were characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In nine cases, no material was available for this analysis. In 21 of the remaining 22 cases, the chromosomal origin could be identified by FISH. Seventeen of these (81 per cent) were derived from the acrocentric chromosomes, of which 13 originated from chromosome 15 (62 per cent). The most common ESAC was the inv dup(15) (57 per cent). Two cases were derived from chromosome 22, one from chromosome 14, and one from either chromosome 13 or chromosome 21. The four remaining cases consisted to two i(18p)s and two small ring chromosomes derived from chromosomes 4 and 19, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Blennow
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- T Webb
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Maternity Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham
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13
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Stetten G, Blakemore KJ, Courter AM, Coss CA, Jabs EW. Prenatal identification of small mosaic markers of different chromosomal origins. Prenat Diagn 1992; 12:83-91. [PMID: 1372733 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In situ hybridization using a series of alphoid DNA probes has demonstrated the origin of two small accessory mosaic marker chromosomes ascertained from 1079 amniocenteses. These markers appeared to be de novo, derived from acrocentric chromosomes, and identical by traditional cytogenetic staining (G, Q, C, AgNOR, Hoechst-distamycin). Molecular characterization showed that one marker had originated from chromosome 14, the other from chromosome 22. Clinical outcome in both cases was normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stetten
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Sago H, Iinuma K, Yoshiwara S, Takeda T, Takeda O, Onda T, Kitagawa M, Komuro N, Terashima Y, Kinoshita H. Risk determination in cases with an extra minute chromosome: prenatal diagnosis. ASIA-OCEANIA JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1991; 17:173-8. [PMID: 1867587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.1991.tb00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The interpretation of an extra minute chromosome (EMC) detected in utero presents both diagnostic and prognostic problems. Two EMC cases are presented and a flow-chart guideline is proposed for the determination of developmental risk. A prenatally detected EMC was familially inherited through a normal phenotype father. The pregnancy was continued and a normal baby boy was delivered. At one year his development was within normal ranges. The second EMC case was a mentally retarded girl examined at 4 years and 7 months of age. The EMC was identified with a combination of various staining techniques to be an inversion duplication (15). The importance of differential diagnosis of EMCs by DA/DAPI staining is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sago
- Clinical Dysmorphology Laboratory, National Children's Medical Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Bortotto L, Piovan E, Furlan R, Rivera H, Zuffardi O. Chromosome imbalance, normal phenotype, and imprinting. J Med Genet 1990; 27:582-7. [PMID: 2231652 PMCID: PMC1017222 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.27.9.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A duplication of the sub-bands 1q42.11 and 1q42.12 was found in a boy and his mother. The proband has short stature (around the 10th centile) but a normal phenotype and psychomotor development. His mother is also asymptomatic. We found 30 published cases of normal subjects with an imbalance of autosomal euchromatic material. In these cases the imbalance involved either only one G positive band or a G positive and a G negative band. Thus the absence of a phenotypic effect cannot always be ascribed to the deficiency in the G positive bands of coding DNA. Moreover, in some cases, the method of transmission of the chromosome abnormality was such that an imprinting effect could be postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bortotto
- Istituto Immunotrasfusionale, Ospedale Civile di Udine, Italy
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16
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Tantravahi U, Nicholls RD, Stroh H, Ringer S, Neve RL, Kaplan L, Wharton R, Wurster-Hill D, Graham JM, Cantú ES. Quantitative calibration and use of DNA probes for investigating chromosome abnormalities in the Prader-Willi syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 33:78-87. [PMID: 2750788 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320330110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ten genomic DNA probes, subcloned from inserts derived from a phage library constructed from the DNA of flow-sorted chromosomes, have now been mapped to locations within 15q11-15q13. By dosage blotting and densitometry, 5 of these probes map to the 15q11.2-15q12 segment missing in one 15 chromosome of a Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) patient with a prominent cytological deletion. A sixth probe most likely maps to the same region. The other 4 probes map outside of this segment but within 15q11-15q13. Several of the 15q11.2-15q12 probes, and a cDNA probe homologous to one, have been used to test the DNA from 8 patients exhibiting a wide range of the clinical manifestations expected for PWS patients. DNA deletion was observed in all 3 patients with cytological 15q1 deletions as well as in a patient with an unbalanced (Y;15) translocation. DNA from 1 PWS patient with an unbalanced (5;15) translocation and an inverted duplication of the short arm and proximal long arm of 15 showed at least 1 and possibly 2 extra copies of each genomic probe tested. In the other 3 patients with no cytological deletions, no DNA deletions were found. Thus, the molecular probes described can be used in most PWS patients to analyze the region of proximal 15q implicated in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Tantravahi
- Genetics Division, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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17
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Nicholls RD, Knoll JH, Glatt K, Hersh JH, Brewster TD, Graham JM, Wurster-Hill D, Wharton R, Latt SA. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms within proximal 15q and their use in molecular cytogenetics and the Prader-Willi syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 33:66-77. [PMID: 2568752 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320330109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are described in detail for 6 DNA probes (D15S9-13, D15S18) that localize to the proximal long arm of human chromosome 15 (15q11-15q13: this report and Tantravahi et al., Am. J. Med. Genet. 33:78-87. Multiple RFLPs are detected by the probe that identifies locus D15S13, and these RFLPs are shown by genomic mapping to result from a nearby insertion or deletion of 1.8 kilobases (kb) of DNA. This set of RFLPs detected by proximal 15q probes can be used for studies on the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and on mentally retarded individuals with a supernumerary inv dup(15) chromosome. Five of the polymorphic loci (D15S9-13) map to the region implicated in the cause of the PWS (15q11.2-15q12). Each of 4 families tested with these probes, as well as an additional "PWS-like" patient, was informative by RFLP analysis. The two PWS deletions studied, which occurred de novo, were inherited from the chromosome 15 provided by the father. By contrast, the 2 inv dup(15) chromosomes analyzed were of maternal origin. The use of RFLPs can also simplify the molecular determination of copy number in chromosomal aneuploidy, as exemplified by analysis of individuals with the PWS and a deletion, patients with an inv dup(15), and one patient with a more complex rearrangement involving chromosome 15. Our studies demonstrate the application of DNA probes for both molecular cytogenetic studies on this chromosome region and the development of diagnostic molecular markers to aid early clinical diagnosis of the PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Nicholls
- Genetics Division, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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18
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Donlon TA. Similar molecular deletions on chromosome 15q11.2 are encountered in both the Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Hum Genet 1988; 80:322-8. [PMID: 3198109 DOI: 10.1007/bf00273644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Comparative molecular analysis of chromosome 15, sub-band q11.2 of patients with the Prader-Willi or Angelman syndromes demonstrates that they have a similar deletion. An hypothesis is presented that attempts to explain the tremendous degree of clinical heterogeneity in these diverse deletion-associated syndromes based on abnormal haplotypes present on the cytogenetically normal homolog. This hypothesis also addresses genetic similarities between patients who have deletion and those who have the inv dup(15) by postulating that these syndromes are caused by relative dosage ratios of normal versus abnormal alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Donlon
- Clinical Cytogenetics, Stanford University Hospital, CA
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19
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Sachs ES, Van Hemel JO, Den Hollander JC, Jahoda MG. Marker chromosomes in a series of 10,000 prenatal diagnoses. Cytogenetic and follow-up studies. Prenat Diagn 1987; 7:81-9. [PMID: 2437554 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970070204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In a series of 10,000 prenatal diagnoses 15 marker chromosomes were detected in our centre. Six of these were familial whilst nine had originated de novo. They were analysed with various staining methods. DA-DAPI staining was positive in nine out of 12 pregnancies. Six pregnancies were continued. Five normal children were born, one ended in intrauterine fetal death of a normal fetus at 37 weeks. Nine pregnancies were terminated, showing six normal fetuses, one familial cat-eye syndrome, one fetus with Down syndrome caused by additional trisomy 21 and one fetus with cystic kidneys resp. It is concluded that it seems safe to continue the pregnancy in cases of familial marker, identical to that of one parent, whilst a de novo DA-DAPI positive marker seems to present a low risk for fetal anomalies.
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Miny P, Basaran S, Kuwertz E, Holzgreve W, Pawlowitzki IH. Inv dup (15): prenatal diagnosis and postnatal follow-up. Prenat Diagn 1986; 6:303-6. [PMID: 3748995 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970060411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A de novo inv dup (15) was diagnosed at amniocentesis. No physical abnormalities were detected after birth. The boy developed severe mental and motor retardation, which became obvious at 16 months of age.
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Donlon TA, Lalande M, Wyman A, Bruns G, Latt SA. Isolation of molecular probes associated with the chromosome 15 instability in the Prader-Willi syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:4408-12. [PMID: 3012567 PMCID: PMC323742 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.12.4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry and recombinant DNA techniques have been used to obtain reagents for a molecular analysis of the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). HindIII total-digest libraries were prepared in lambda phage Charon 21A from flow-sorted inverted duplicated no. 15 human chromosomes and propagated on recombination-proficient (LE392) and recBC-, sbcB- (DB1257) bacteria. Twelve distinct chromosome 15-specific probes have been isolated. Eight localized to the region 15q11----13. Four of these eight sublocalized to band 15q11.2 and are shown to be deleted in DNA of one of two patients examined with the PWS. Heteroduplex analysis of two of these clones, which grew on DB1257 but not on LE392, revealed stem-loop structures in the inserts, indicative of inverted, repeated DNA elements. Such DNA repeats might account for some of the cloning instability of DNA segments from proximal 15q. Analysis of the genetic and physical instability associated with the repeated sequences we have isolated from band 15q11.2 may elucidate the molecular basis for the instability of this chromosomal region in patients with the PWS or other diseases associated with chromosomal abnormalities in the proximal long arm of human chromosome 15.
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Abstract
The apparently rare cytogenetic abnormality of partial trisomy 15 was diagnosed by the authors in a patient presenting with developmental retardation, macrocephaly with ventricular enlargement and prominent subarachnoid spaces, hypotonia, low-set ears, hyperextensible wrists and hands, high arched palate, tapering fingers, right esotropia, and bilateral metatarsus adductus. Clinical findings in this case are similar to previously reported cases of proximal duplications of chromosome 15 and bear some similarity to the Prader-Willi syndrome. However, our patient did not have the severe hypotonia, early failure to thrive, or genital abnormalities seen in classical Prader-Willi syndrome. This case supports the theory that a variety of cytogenetic aberrations in proximal 15q can cause a "Prader-Willi-like" syndrome. Increased clinical suspicion is needed when patients are seen with hypotonia, retarded development and mild dysmorphism if the variety of phenotypes are to be delineated.
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Buckton KE, Spowart G, Newton MS, Evans HJ. Forty four probands with an additional "marker" chromosome. Hum Genet 1985; 69:353-70. [PMID: 3857214 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Information is presented which has been obtained from an exhaustive examination of 44 probands with a supernumerary marker chromosome (mar) and their families. The data include the derivation of the mar, frequency in various populations, inheritance and possible effect on fertility, congenital abnormality, and mental ability. The practical problems in assessing the risk of abnormality in a foetus discovered during prenatal diagnosis to be carrying a mar, are discussed.
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Wisniewski LP, Doherty RA. Supernumerary microchromosomes identified as inverted duplications of chromosome 15: a report of three cases. Hum Genet 1985; 69:161-3. [PMID: 3972417 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Supernumerary bisatellited microchromosomes detected in three unrelated patients were identified as inverted duplications of chromosome 15. Each of these chromosomes contained a small euchromatic interstitial band presumably derived from the proximal portion of region 15q1. The clinical significance of this material was difficult to assess. Two of our cases were ascertained as the result of routine amniotic fluid studies. One of the affected fetuses had an unusual form of mosaicism 46,XY/48,XY, + inv dup(15), + inv dup(15), but no apparent developmental abnormalities. The inv dup (15) of the second fetus was familial in origin; no phenotypic abnormalities or evidence of mosaicism were detected in the carrier parent. The third inv dup(15) was found in a 20.5-month-old boy referred for developmental retardation. The clinical findings in this case were similar to those seen in patients with large inv dup(15)'s and did not suggest Prader-Willi syndrome.
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Mohandas T, Canning N, Chu W, Passage MB, Anderson CE, Kaback MM. Marker chromosomes: cytogenetic characterization and implications for prenatal diagnosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1985; 20:361-8. [PMID: 2579555 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Satellited marker chromosomes were identified in four individuals from unrelated families; one was first encountered in cultured amniotic fluid cells obtained for prenatal diagnostic studies. We present cytogenetic characterization of these marker chromosomes and clinical findings in the individuals carrying them. Identification of a marker chromosome in amniotic fluid cell cultures presents problems in genetic counseling, as it is often difficult to determine the clinical significance of such a finding. Chromosome-banding techniques now allow the precise identification of satellited marker chromosomes originating from chromosome 15. Presence of a supernumerary bisatellited der(15) marker chromosome containing the proximal long arm of 15 has been associated with mental and developmental retardation. Application of chromosome-banding techniques was useful in characterization of the marker chromosomes and providing prenatal genetic counseling.
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Lalande M, Schreck RR, Hoffman R, Latt SA. Identification of inverted duplicated #15 chromosomes using bivariate flow cytometric analysis. CYTOMETRY 1985; 6:1-6. [PMID: 2578344 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A dual laser FACS IV cell sorter has been used to obtain bivariate flow histograms of human metaphase chromosomes stained with the DNA-specific dyes, 33258 Hoechst and chromomycin A3. Approximately twenty distinct chromosomal fluorescence populations can be resolved using this double staining technique and the flow cytometer which has been modified only by the substitution of a specially designed air-spaced achromat for the standard focusing lens. Metaphase chromosomes from two different cell lines bearing inverted duplicated #15 autosomes have been subjected to bivariate chromosome analysis. In both cases, the inverted duplicated #15 chromosomes have been identified in the bivariate flow histogram. This identification was supported by experiments in which doubly stained chromosomes were counterstained with either netropsin or distamycin A, resulting in a relative increase in the 33258 Hoechst fluorescence intensity of the structurally abnormal #15 chromosomes, compared with the other chromosomes, as predicted by cytological studies. The possibility of identifying and separating small abnormal autosomes using commercially available instrumentation should facilitate the use of recombinant DNA techniques for the construction of libraries which are highly enriched for DNA sequences from limited autosomal subregions important in the study of chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, translocations and inversion duplications.
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Mules EH, Stamberg J. Reproductive outcomes of paracentric inversion carriers: report of a liveborn dicentric recombinant and literature review. Hum Genet 1984; 67:126-31. [PMID: 6745933 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An abnormal infant had a dicentric chromosome 14 with an inverted tandem duplication [46,XY,inv dup(14) (pter----q32.3::q24.2----pter)], thus making him trisomic for the proximal two-thirds of chromosome 14. This abnormality was derived from a maternal paracentric inversion in chromosome 14 [46,XX,inv(14)(q24.2q32.3)]. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a liveborn infant carrying a stable, dicentric product of crossing over within a paracentric inversion loop. A review of the reproductive outcomes of paracentric inversion carriers in the literature suggests that they are at some risk for pregnancy wastage. The risk for liveborn recombinants is small but such births have occurred, at least to female carriers.
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Mattei MG, Souiah N, Mattei JF. Chromosome 15 anomalies and the Prader-Willi syndrome: cytogenetic analysis. Hum Genet 1984; 66:313-34. [PMID: 6373566 DOI: 10.1007/bf00287636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of chromosome 15 is very different from that of the other acrocentric chromosomes. The cytogenetic characteristics of rearrangements associated with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are analyzed as similar rearrangements irrespective of the associated phenotype (reciprocal translocations of chromosome 15, small bisatellited additional chromosomes, Robertsonian translocations, interstitial deletions, pericentric inversions). This study suggests that: (1) The proximal ( 15q ) region and PWS seem to be indissociable ; (2) chromosome 15 has an indisputable cytogenetic originality which could be related to its histochemical properties. Chromosome 15 constitutive heterochromatin usually contains much 5-methylcytosine-rich DNA and a large amount of each of the four satellite DNAs. Furthermore the existence in the proximal ( 15q ) region of one or several palindromic sequences could be postulated to explain the great lability of this region of chromosome 15.
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Knight LA, Lipson M, Mann J, Bachman R. Mosaic inversion duplication of chromosome 15 without phenotypic effect: occurrence in a father and daughter. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1984; 17:649-54. [PMID: 6585144 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320170315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A mosaic marker chromosome was observed in 2 generations. Multiple staining techniques identified it as an inverted duplication of chromosome 15 (inv dup 15) derived from the paternal grandmother. Although this inv dup 15 included a central R band, there was no noticeable phenotypic effect.
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Steinbach P, Djalali M, Hansmann I, Kattner E, Meisel-Stosiek M, Probeck HD, Schmidt A, Wolf M. The genetic significance of accessory bisatellited marker chromosomes. Hum Genet 1983; 65:155-64. [PMID: 6228512 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ten new cases of accessory bisatellited marker chromosomes examined in different laboratories are reported. As a basis for genetic counseling in the context of prenatal diagnosis a cytogenetic categorization of such marker chromosomes is proposed and an estimation of the genetic risk associated with each category is carried out. The results are as follows: There is no increased risk for offspring with abnormal phenotype born to a healthy carrier of an accessory bisatellited marker chromosome with either a single or two closely adjacent C-bands (Category AI or AII). The unbiased sample of cases with de novo accessory bisatellited marker chromosomes of categories AI and AII is too small to allow a satisfactory estimation of the actual risk that, in case of such a prenatal finding, the foetus may not show a normal phenotype as a consequence of the marker chromosome. There is, however, evidence that this risk may be lower than 10%. Accessory bisatellited marker chromosomes showing a discrete pattern of G- and R-bands situated between two distant C-bands (Category AIII) usually indicate a chromosomal imbalance giving rise to an abnormal phenotype. Mosaic carriers of such dicentric marker chromosomes may, however, present a normal phenotype.
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Chapter 3. Prenatal Cytogenetic Diagnosis. Methods Cell Biol 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)61363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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