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Linkage Map of Lissotriton Newts Provides Insight into the Genetic Basis of Reproductive Isolation. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:2115-2124. [PMID: 28500054 PMCID: PMC5499121 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Linkage maps are widely used to investigate structure, function, and evolution of genomes. In speciation research, maps facilitate the study of the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation by allowing identification of genomic regions underlying reduced fitness of hybrids. Here we present a linkage map for European newts of the Lissotriton vulgaris species complex, constructed using two families of F2 L. montandoni × L. vulgaris hybrids. The map consists of 1146 protein-coding genes on 12 linkage groups, equal to the haploid chromosome number, with a total length of 1484 cM (1.29 cM per marker). It is notably shorter than two other maps available for salamanders, but the differences in map length are consistent with cytogenetic estimates of the number of chiasmata per chromosomal arm. Thus, large salamander genomes do not necessarily translate into long linkage maps, as previously suggested. Consequently, salamanders are an excellent model to study evolutionary consequences of recombination rate variation in taxa with large genomes and a similar number of chromosomes. A complex pattern of transmission ratio distortion (TRD) was detected: TRD occurred mostly in one family, in one breeding season, and was clustered in two genomic segments. This is consistent with environment-dependent mortality of individuals carrying L. montandoni alleles in these two segments and suggests a role of TRD blocks in reproductive isolation. The reported linkage map will empower studies on the genomic architecture of divergence and interactions between the genomes of hybridizing newts.
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Kulikova T, Khodyuchenko T, Petrov Y, Krasikova A. Low-voltage scanning electron microscopy study of lampbrush chromosomes and nuclear bodies in avian and amphibian oocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36878. [PMID: 27857188 PMCID: PMC5114574 DOI: 10.1038/srep36878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleus is a highly compartmentalized part of the cell where the key processes of genome functionality are realized through the formation of non-membranous nuclear domains. Physically nuclear domains appear as liquid droplets with different viscosity stably maintained throughout the interphase or during the long diplotene stage of meiosis. Since nuclear body surface represents boundary between two liquid phases, the ultrastructural surface topography of nuclear domains is of an outstanding interest. The aim of this study was to examine ultrathin surface topography of the amphibian and avian oocyte nuclear structures such as lampbrush chromosomes, nucleoli, histone-locus bodies, Cajal body-like bodies, and the interchromatin granule clusters via low-voltage scanning electron microscopy. Our results demonstrate that nuclear bodies with similar molecular composition may differ dramatically in the surface topography and vice versa, nuclear bodies that do not share common molecular components may possess similar topographical characteristics. We also have analyzed surface distribution of particular nuclear antigens (double stranded DNA, coilin and splicing snRNA) using indirect immunogold labeling with subsequent secondary electron detection of gold nanoparticles. We suggest that ultrastructural surface morphology reflects functional status of a nuclear body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuri Petrov
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alla Krasikova
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Koshel E, Galkina S, Saifitdinova A, Dyomin A, Deryusheva S, Gaginskaya E. Ribosomal RNA gene functioning in avian oogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:533-542. [PMID: 27339801 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite long-term exploration into ribosomal RNA gene functioning during the oogenesis of various organisms, many intriguing problems remain unsolved. In this review, we describe nucleolus organizer region (NOR) activity in avian oocytes. Whereas oocytes from an adult avian ovary never reveal the formation of the nucleolus in the germinal vesicle (GV), an ovary from juvenile birds possesses both nucleolus-containing and non-nucleolus-containing oocytes. The evolutionary diversity of oocyte NOR functioning and the potential non-rRNA-related functions of the nucleolus in oocytes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Koshel
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Svetlana Galkina
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Alsu Saifitdinova
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Alexandr Dyomin
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Svetlana Deryusheva
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Elena Gaginskaya
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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da Silva JB, Suárez P, Nagamachi CY, Carter TF, Pieczarka JC. Cytogenetics of the Brazilian Bolitoglossa paraensis (Unterstein, 1930) salamanders (Caudata, Plethodontidae). Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:526-9. [PMID: 25249775 PMCID: PMC4171776 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plethodontid salamanders of genus Bolitoglossa constitute the largest and most diverse group of salamanders, including around 20% of living caudate species. Recent studies have indicated the occurrence of five recognized species in the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. We present here the first cytogenetic data of a Brazilian salamander, which may prove to be a useful by contribution to the cytotaxonomy of the genus. Specimens were collected near the “type” locality (Utinga, Belém, PA, Brazil). Chromosomal preparations from duodenal epithelial cells and testes were subjected to Giemsa staining, C-banding and DAPI/CMA3 fluorochrome staining. All specimens showed a karyotype with 13 bi-armed chromosome pairs (2n = 26). Nucleolar Organizer Regions, evidenced by CMA3, were located distally on the long arm of pair 7 (7q). DAPI+ heterochromatin was predominantly centromeric, with some small pericentromeric bands. Although the C-banding patterns of other Bolitoglossa species are so far unknown, cytogenetic studies conducted in other Plethodontid salamanders have demonstrated that pericentromeric heterochromatin is a useful cytological marker for identifying interspecific homeologies. Species diversification is usually accompanied by chromosomal changes. Therefore, the cytogenetic characterization of Bolitoglossa populations from the middle and western Brazilian Amazon Basin could identify differences which may lead to the identification of new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Barata da Silva
- Laboratorio de Citogenética , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal do Pará , Belém, PA , Brazil
| | - Pablo Suárez
- Laboratorio de Citogenética , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal do Pará , Belém, PA , Brazil
| | - Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi
- Laboratorio de Citogenética , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal do Pará , Belém, PA , Brazil
| | - Timothy Frederick Carter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph, ON , Canada
| | - Julio Cesar Pieczarka
- Laboratorio de Citogenética , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal do Pará , Belém, PA , Brazil
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Probing the meiotic mechanism of intergenomic exchanges by genomic in situ hybridization on lampbrush chromosomes of unisexual Ambystoma (Amphibia: Caudata). Chromosome Res 2010; 18:371-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-010-9121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Morgan GT. Working with Oocyte Nuclei: Cytological Preparations of Active Chromatin and Nuclear Bodies from Amphibian Germinal Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 463:55-66. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-406-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Of several distinct aggregations or nuclear bodies in the nucleus, two of the most prominent are the sphere organelle and the coiled body. Recent molecular studies indicate that the coiled body found in interphase nuclei may be identical to the sphere organelle found in the amphibian oocyte nucleus. This is not the first time an interphase nuclear body has been suspected of being the same as a structure in the oocyte nucleus; the first such structure was the nucleolus. Both the sphere organelle and the nucleolus are attached to site-specific loci on oocyte lampbrush chromosomes. Because of their unique morphologies and utility in reproducibly identifying specific genetic elements, they have been referred to as lampbrush chromosomal landmarks. The discovery of the way nucleoli arise has led to an understanding of their function, and for this reason I discuss current models for the genesis of spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Roth
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Basic Sciences, Seattle, WA 98104-29092, USA
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Abstract
Lampbrush chromosome 11 from the newt Taricha granulosa was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the size of all loops in this bivalent. Measurements with an XY digitizer revealed a mean loop length of 14.9 microns, with a large standard deviation and a skewed distribution toward higher values. The size of the loops at this stage of diplotene extension is similar to that reported in other eukaryotes studies with different approaches. We estimated, from the DNA content of chromosome 11, that between 0.4% and 2.2% of the DNA is found in the loops while the rest of the DNA must remain in the compact chromomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- P León
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, University of Costa Rica, San José
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Kezer J, Sessions SK, Le�n P. The meiotic structure and behavior of the strongly heteromorphic X/Y sex chromosomes of neotropical plethodontid salamanders of the genus Oedipina. Chromosoma 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00292789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pyne CK, Loones MT, Lacroix JC. Correlation between isolated lampbrush chromosomes and nuclear structures of Pleurodeles waltl oocytes: An electron microscopic study. Chromosoma 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00329682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Green DM. Cytogenetics of the endemic New Zealand frog, Leiopelma hochstetteri: extraordinary supernumerary chromosome variation and a unique sex-chromosome system. Chromosoma 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00331795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Green DM, Kezer J, Nussbaum RA. Supernumerary chromosome variation and heterochromatin distribution in the endemic New Zealand frog Leiopelma hochstetteri. Chromosoma 1987; 95:339-44. [PMID: 3652816 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Specimens of the endemic New Zealand frog Leiopelma hochstetteri from Tapu on North Island were found to have six, nine or ten supernumerary chromosomes in their karyotypes. In comparison with previously published data, these results further indicate probable geographic variation in supernumerary chromosome number between populations. Increased numbers of supernumeraries in these frogs is correlated with apparent decrease of centromeric heterochromatin in the five large metacentric chromosomes of the karyotype, as detected by C-banding. Meiosis was abnormal in a male with a high number of supernumeraries. In lampbrush preparations from a single female with one supernumerary univalent, the supernumerary often had a denser, beaded appearance in comparison with the regular bivalents. Evidence is consistent with the notion that these supernumerary chromosomes may have arisen from centromeric fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Green
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada
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Cytogenetics of the chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus (Blanchard): the evolutionary significance of cryptobranchoid karyotypes. Chromosoma 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00292262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sessions SK. Cytogenetics of diploid and triploid salamanders of the Ambystoma jeffersonianum complex. Chromosoma 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00286329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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