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Lucia-Simmons KE, Keane B. Behavioral plasticity in nest residency compensates for inbreeding depression in male prairie voles. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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3
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Sperm competition and effects of mating order on copulatory behavior in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03334955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Effects of albinism on copulatory behavior and sperm competition in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03329782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Abstract
Patterns of space use and sexual dimorphism are frequently used to infer mating systems. We examined body size and home range size and intra- and intersexual overlap degree in order to elucidate mating strategy of Akodon azarae males. We studied spacing patterns using 113 and 129 home ranges established by males and females, respectively, in four 0.25 ha enclosures during the breeding season. Significant differences between sexes in home range size and overlap degree were found. Male home ranges were always larger than those of females. We observed exclusive space use among males and among females. Considering only those males that shared their home ranges with females, average intersexual overlap value was about 50%. Males mainly overlap their home ranges with home ranges of two or three females. Significant differences in body size were found between males and females, with males being larger. We concluded that space use and sexual dimorphism in this species is consistent with patterns characteristic of polygynous rodents, and we propose a polygynous system in A. azarae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Bonatto
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Avda. Rivadavia 1917, CP C1033AAJ, Argentina Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal N°3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniela Gomez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Avda. Rivadavia 1917, CP C1033AAJ, Argentina Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal N°3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Steinmann
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Avda. Rivadavia 1917, CP C1033AAJ, Argentina Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal N°3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José Priotto
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Avda. Rivadavia 1917, CP C1033AAJ, Argentina Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal N°3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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A field test of the effects of familiarity and relatedness on social associations and reproduction in prairie voles. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Storey AE, French RJ, Payne R. Sperm Competition and Mate Guarding in Meadow Voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1995.tb00364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Holmes MM, Musa M, Lonstein JS, Monks DA. Sexual dimorphism and hormone responsiveness in the spinal cord of the socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). J Comp Neurol 2009; 516:117-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Clutton-Brock T, McAuliffe K. Female mate choice in mammals. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2009; 84:3-27. [PMID: 19326786 DOI: 10.1086/596461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Studies of mate choice in vertebrates have focused principally on birds, in which male ornaments are often highly developed, and have shown that females commonly select mates on the basis of particular phenotypic characteristics that may reflect their genetic quality. Studies of female mate choice in mammals are less highly developed and they have commonly focused on female mating preferences that are likely to be maintained by benefits to the female's own survival or breeding success. However, recent experimental studies of mate choice in mammals--especially rodents--provide increasing evidence of consistent female preferences that appear likely to generate benefits to the fitness of offspring. As yet, there is no compelling evidence that female mating preferences are less highly developed in female mammals than in female birds, although these preferences may more often be masked by the effects of male competition or of attempts by males to constrain female choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Clutton-Brock
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom.
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Tregenza T, Attia F, Bushaiba SS. Repeatability and heritability of sperm competition outcomes in males and females of Tribolium castaneum. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-009-0716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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MØLLER AP, BIRKHEAD TR. Copulation behaviour in mammals: evidence that sperm competition is widespread. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1989.tb01569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Risk of sperm competition does not influence copulatory behavior in the promiscuous meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus). J ETHOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-006-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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delBarco-Trillo J, Ferkin MH. Male meadow voles respond differently to risk and intensity of sperm competition. Behav Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ark001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Ramm SA, Parker GA, Stockley P. Sperm competition and the evolution of male reproductive anatomy in rodents. Proc Biol Sci 2005; 272:949-55. [PMID: 16024351 PMCID: PMC1564092 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm competition is a pervasive selective force in evolution, shaping reproductive anatomy, physiology and behaviour. Here, we present comparative evidence that varying sperm competition levels account for variation in the male reproductive anatomy of rodents, the largest and most diverse mammalian order. We focus on the sperm-producing testes and the accessory reproductive glands, which produce the seminal fluid fraction of the ejaculate. We demonstrate a positive association between relative testis size and the prevalence of within-litter multiple paternity, consistent with previous analyses in which relative testis size has been found to correlate with sperm competition levels inferred from social organization and mating systems. We further demonstrate an association between sperm competition level and the relative size of at least two accessory reproductive glands: the seminal vesicles and anterior prostate. The size of the major product of these glands-the copulatory plug-is also found to vary with sperm competition level. Our findings thus suggest that selection for larger plugs under sperm competition may explain variation in accessory gland size, and highlight the need to consider both sperm and non-sperm components of the male ejaculate in the context of post-copulatory sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Ramm
- Population and Evolutionary Biology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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Bryja J, Stopka P. Facultative promiscuity in a presumably monogamous mouseApodemus microps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03194482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Delbarco-Trillo J, Ferkin MH. Male mammals respond to a risk of sperm competition conveyed by odours of conspecific males. Nature 2004; 431:446-9. [PMID: 15386011 DOI: 10.1038/nature02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sperm competition occurs when a female copulates with two or more males and the sperm of those males compete within the female's reproductive tract to fertilize her eggs. The frequent occurrence of sperm competition has forced males of many species to develop different strategies to overcome the sperm of competing males. A prevalent strategy is for males to increase their sperm investment (total number of sperm allocated by a male to a particular female) after detecting a risk of sperm competition. It has been shown that the proportion of sperm that one male contributes to the sperm pool of a female is correlated with the proportion of offspring sired by that male. Therefore, by increasing his sperm investment a male may bias a potential sperm competition in his favour. Here we show that male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, increase their sperm investment when they mate in the presence of another male's odours. Such an increase in sperm investment does not occur by augmenting the frequency of ejaculations, but by increasing the amount of sperm in a similar number of ejaculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Delbarco-Trillo
- Department of Biology, University of Memphis, Ellington Hall, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
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Hohoff C, Franzen K, Sachser N. Female choice in a promiscuous wild guinea pig, the yellow-toothed cavy (Galea musteloides). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-002-0569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de Luca DW, Ginsberg JR. Dominance, reproduction and survival in banded mongooses: towards an egalitarian social system? Anim Behav 2001; 61:17-30. [PMID: 11170693 DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2000.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The banded mongoose, Mungos mungo, is a social species that forms multimale and multifemale family groups. Earlier studies suggest these family groups are relatively egalitarian with small differences in reproductive opportunities among individuals of different rank. In contrast, previous studies of other social mongooses have focused on species with more despotic control of reproduction (meerkats, Suricata suricatta, dwarf mongooses, Helogale parvula). In these species, the distribution of reproductive opportunities amongst individuals of different rank has met the predictions of reproductive skew theory: dominant individuals accrue greater reproductive benefits than subordinates, with subordinates breeding less often than dominants. In this paper we test how well two predictions of reproductive skew theory explain variance in measures of reproductive effort, and its correlates, in a wild population of banded mongooses in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. We measure dominance rank in males and females, and we investigate whether individuals of higher social rank accrue greater benefits than subordinates in terms of survival and reproduction. Banded mongoose dominance hierarchies showed linearity, but low reproductive skew. Rank was not significantly correlated with age. Furthermore, there were only small effects of dominance rank on nutritional levels, and no effects on reproduction and survival, suggesting that banded mongoose societies are indeed relatively egalitarian. No evidence of reproductive suppression was found and other forms of reproductive control were not observed. However, we do not exclude the possibility of increased reproductive competition in circumstances of higher ecological constraints. These findings show that reproductive skew theory is equally useful in explaining variation in reproduction in societies with low reproductive skew, as it is in explaining the allocation of reproductive effort in despotic social systems. Copyright 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
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Jackson TP. The social organization and breeding system of Brants' whistling rat (Parotomys brantsii). J Zool (1987) 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dynamics of space use and male vigour amongst wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus, in the cereal ecosystem. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00197004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Natoli E, De Vito E. Agonistic behaviour, dominance rank and copulatory success in a large multi-male feral cat, Felis catus L., colony in central Rome. Anim Behav 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tegelström H, Searle J, Brookfield J, Mercer S. Multiple paternity in wild common shrews (Sorex araneus) is confirmed by DNA-fingerprinting. Heredity (Edinb) 1991; 66 ( Pt 3):373-9. [PMID: 1880048 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1991.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have tested for the occurrence of multiple paternity in wild common shrews by karyotypic analysis and DNA-fingerprinting of five wild-caught females and their litters. Karyotypic data suggest that some litters were sired by more than one male, but provide no definitive evidence. By using DNA-fingerprinting, it was possible to establish that two males sired the litter of two females. The present report shows that multiple paternity is not a rare phenomenon in the common shrew and by using DNA-fingerprinting it is possible to assign individual offspring to different male parents even when none of the putative fathers are available for inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tegelström
- Department of Genetics, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Spinka M. The effect of time of day on sperm competition and male reproductive success in laboratory rats. Physiol Behav 1990; 47:483-8. [PMID: 2359757 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90113-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to test the hypothesis that siring success of male rats depends on when during the receptivity period the matings occur. In Experiment 1, females were mated with pairs of males differing in coat colour genetic marker. The males copulated with the female successively, either about 1 hour apart at dusk (schedule AA) or about 1 hour apart around midnight (BB) or one at dusk and the other around midnight (AB). The males mating first had lesser siring success under the schedule AB than under the other two schedules. In Experiment 2, females were mated under the same regimen as in Experiment 1. One male of each competing pair had its spermatozoa labeled by 3H-thymidine. The proportions of spermatozoa of the labeled males were identified in samples from uterine horns and oviducts. Balanced contributions of both males were recorded in uterus in all groups. No definitive conclusion concerning oviductal sperm composition could be reached. In both experiments, night-mating males copulated more quickly. It is suggested that copulation at about midnight is advantageous in intermale reproductive competition and that the function of the diurnal variation in the speed of male sexual behaviour might be clarified on this ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Spinka
- Research Institute of Animal Production, Uhrínĕves, Czechoslovakia
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Schwagmeyer P, Foltz D. Factors affecting the outcome of sperm competition in thirteen-lined ground squirrels. Anim Behav 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Huck U, Tonias BA, Lisk RD. The effectiveness of competitive male inseminations in golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, depends on an interaction of mating order, time delay between males, and the time of mating relative to ovulation. Anim Behav 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-3472(89)90046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The potential for sexual selection in males: Effect of sex ratio and spatiotemporal distribution of receptive females. Evol Ecol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02207565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dewsbury DA, Shapiro LE, Taylor SA. Disruption of ejaculates by male copulation in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Physiol Behav 1987; 41:53-8. [PMID: 3685153 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(87)90130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Six experiments were conducted to analyze possible disruption of sperm transport occurring when one male deer mouse copulates soon after another male ejaculates. When a second male mated soon after the first, females had significantly fewer uterine sperm 1 hr later than when a delay of 7 or 15 min was imposed between males. However, it was impossible to detect any effect of such disruption on pregnancy initiation. Similarly, artificial stimulation soon after an ejaculation was ineffective in disrupting pregnancy initiation. No effect of a rapid resumption of copulation could be detected on litter composition in a sperm competition situation. Although it is clear, from these and other data, that the phenomenon of ejaculate disruption occurs in deer mice, technical difficulties may interfere with experimental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Dewsbury
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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Huck UW, Lisk RD, Allison JC, Dongen CV. Determinants of mating success in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): Social dominance and mating tactics under seminatural conditions. Anim Behav 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(86)80156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Interactions between males and their sperm during multi-male copulatory episodes of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Anim Behav 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(85)80186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huck UW, Quinn RP, Lisk RD. Determinants of mating success in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) IV. Sperm competition. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00300142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Dewsbury DA. Studies of pericopulatory pregnancy blockage and the gestation period in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Horm Behav 1985; 19:164-73. [PMID: 4007797 DOI: 10.1016/0018-506x(85)90016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that female deer mice in cycling estrus that copulate with or are exposed to more than one male at the time of mating have a lower probability of delivering a litter than when mating with and being exposed to just one male. In the present research the effect of post-mating exposure to the bedding of a strange versus a familiar male was studied in females in postpartum estrus. In four experiments females in postpartum estrus were protected from pericopulatory pregnancy blockage, presumably by suckling-induced elevated prolactin levels. Varying female experience, number of ejaculations, and the presence of suckling pups had no effect on this protection. Thus, both the pericopulatory block and the Bruce effect (a more delayed type of pregnancy blockage) occur in cycling, but not suckling, females. This suggests that the two may have a common mechanism and leads to a new perspective in the search for adaptive significance. In addition, the subsequent gestation periods were prolonged in females nursing young; the length was affected by the number of pups weaned from the previous litter and the number of pups being carried.
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Male capacity as related to sperm production, pregnancy initiation, and sperm competition in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00293102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McClintock MK. Group Mating in the Domestic Rat as a Context for Sexual Selection: Consequences for the Analysis of Sexual Behavior and Neuroendocrine Responses. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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42
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Bj�rklund M, Westman B. Extra-pair copulations in the Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00299674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Variance in male and female reproductive success in a harem-polygynous mammal, the black-tailed prairie dog (Sciuridae: Cynomys ludovicianus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00300058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Dewsbury DA. Pregnancy blockage following multiple-male copulation or exposure at the time of mating in deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00297664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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