Theories on the metastatic process and possible therapeutic options

Molecular evidence for derivation of metastatic cells from minor subclones of primary clear renal cell carcinomas

The production of metastases depends on changes in a large number of genes. It is also connected with the interaction of tumor cells with the environment. It has been reported that primary tumor clone domination is also an important factor in metastasizing, and in many neoplasms dominating clones are the metastatic forerunners. Up to now it is unknown whether domination of a given clone in a primary renal cell carcinoma is a crucial factor in forming metastases or rather presence or absence of specific genes imposes the major advantage in the metastatic process. To study the presence or absence of the duplication and mitotic nondisjunction event as one of the phenomenon in the creation of metastases, as well as possible derivation of metastatic cells from the minor subclone of primary tumor, we examined three metastatic renal clear-cell carcinomas in which by comparative genomic hybridization we detected the loss of 3p in the primary tumor and two copies of 3p in the corresponding metastasis. Loss of heterozygosity analyses using markers for 3p25 (D3S1038), 3p21.1 (D3S1295), and 3p14.2 (D3S1481) proved heterozygosity of at least two 3p loci in all metastatic tumors, which indicates the absence of mitotic nondisjunction event as a cause of occurrence of two copies of 3p in metastases. Our results suggest that in some of the clear-cell renal carcinomas metastatic cells may derive from minor subclones of primary tumors.