Comparison of different treatments for unresectable esophageal cancer

Palliative therapy for patients with unresectable esophageal carcinoma

Most patients diagnosed with carcinoma of the esophagus do not undergo therapy with curative intent. The focus of treatment for these patients is to maximize their progression-free survival and palliate the most common sequelae of their disease: dysphagia, malnutrition, pain, and intraluminal tumor bleeding. This article discusses the available treatment options for palliation of patients with unresectable esophageal cancer.

A randomized prospective comparison of self-expandable plastic stents and partially covered self-expandable metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal dysphagia

OBJECTIVES

Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) provide effective palliation in patients with malignant dysphagia, although severe complications and mortality may result. We performed a prospective controlled trial to compare a new self-expanding polyester mesh stent (Polyflex) with SEMS (Ultraflex).

METHODS

One hundred one patients with unresectable esophageal carcinoma were randomized to placement of a Polyflex (N=47) or a partially covered Ultraflex (N=54) stent. Patients with esophagogastric junction (EGJ) malignancy were excluded.

RESULTS

Placement was successful in 46 (98%) patients with the Polyflex and 54 (100%) patients with the Ultraflex stent. In one patient, the Polyflex stent could not be placed. After 1 wk, dysphagia was improved by at least 1 grade in 100% of the Polyflex group and in 94% of the Ultraflex group. Major complications were observed in 48% of the Polyflex group and 33% of the Ultraflex group. Intraprocedural perforation occurred in 1 Polyflex and 1 Ultraflex patient. Two Polyflex patients had postprocedural hemorrhage. Twenty (44%) patients with a Polyflex stent and 18 (33%) with an Ultraflex stent had recurrent dysphagia because of tumor overgrowth, stent migration, hyperplastic granulomatous reaction, or food bolus impaction. Multivariate analysis showed a significantly higher complication rate with Polyflex than with Ultraflex stents (odds ratio 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.4). However, median survival was 134 days with Polyflex and 122 days with Ultraflex stents (P=NS).

CONCLUSIONS

No difference was seen in palliation of dysphagia between the two stents. Significantly more complications, especially late stent migration, were observed in the Polyflex group.

Endoscopic palliation of malignant dysphagia: a challenging task in inoperable oesophageal cancer

BACKGROUND

The main goal when managing patients with inoperable oesophageal cancer is to restore and maintain their oral nutrition. The aim of the present study was to assess the value of endoscopic palliation of dysphagia in patients with oesophageal cancer, who either due to advanced stage of the disease or co-morbidity are not suitable for surgery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

All the endoscopic palliative procedures performed over a 5-year period in our unit were retrospectively reviewed. Dilatation and insertion of self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) were mainly used for tight circumferential strictures whilst ablation with Nd-YAG laser was used for exophytic lesions. All procedures were performed under sedation.

RESULTS

Overall 249 palliative procedures were performed in 59 men and 40 women, with a median age of 73 years (range 35-93). The median number of sessions per patient was 2 (range 1-13 sessions). Palliation involved laser ablation alone in 24%, stent insertion alone in 22% and dilatation alone in 13% of the patients. In 41% of the patients, a combination of the above palliative techniques was applied. A total of 45 SEMS were inserted. One third of the patients did not receive any other palliative treatment, whilst the rest received chemotherapy, radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Swallowing was maintained in all patients up to death. Four oesophageal perforations were encountered; two were fatal whilst the other two were successfully treated with covered stent insertion and conservative treatment. The median survival from diagnosis was 10.5 months (range 0.5-83 months) and the median survival from 1st palliation was 5 months (range 0.5-68.5 months).

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic interventions are effective and relatively safe palliative modalities for patients with oesophageal cancer. It is possible to adequately palliate almost all cases of malignant dysphagia. This is achieved by expertise in combination treatment.

Esophageal palliation--photodynamic therapy/stents/brachytherapy

The optimal treatment for malignant dysphagia should be safe, effective,cost-effective, and have minimal morbidity. Photodynamic therapy,brachytherapy, and esophageal stenting all represent viable options for the palliation of malignant dysphagia. Characterization of the patients and their tumors allows individualization of the treatment and the selection of the optimal treatment for each individual patient. Institutional resources and expertise also are significant factors in treatment. Further comparative studies may help further delineate the relative merits of these treatments and the optimal treatment of patients with malignant obstruction.

Palliative treatment by high–dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy in patients with advanced esophageal cancer

PURPOSE

The aim of this work was to analyze the results of palliative HDR brachytherapy in patients with advanced esophageal cancer.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Ninety-one patients with unresectable, advanced esophageal cancer were treated palliatively by HDR brachytherapy. All patients received a total dose of 22.5 Gy in three fractions per week. Remissions of dysphagia and other clinical and radiological factors were assessed in the first month posttreatment, and then in the third, sixth, and twelfth months. The survival rate was compared with some chosen clinical factors using a log-rank test and the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS

The median survival time among all patients was 8.2 months. The median survival time according to the obtained remission was 14.6, 7.2, and 3.8 months (log-rank p = 00001, F Cox p = 0.00001) for complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR), and lack of remission (NR), respectively. A longer median survival time was observed when tumor size was less then 5 cm (12.1 months), than between 5 and 10 cm (7.8 months), or longer than 10 cm (6.4 months) (log-rank p = 0.002). Longer median survival times were observed in clinical stage II (14.1 months), compared with clinical stage III (7.7 months) and IV (7.2 months) (log-rank p = 0.01). Significant correlations were found between survival and the Karnofsky Performance Status, grade of dysphagia, and age.

CONCLUSIONS

HDR brachytherapy for advanced esophageal cancer allowed for improvement of dysphagia in most patients. The complete or partial remission, the older age of patients, and the lower grade of dysphagia observed in first month posttreatment were the most important prognostic factors allowing for prolonged survival (confirmed by a multivariate analysis). In the univariate analysis, important prognostic factors for prolonged survival were: a higher Karnofsky Performance Status, a lower clinical stage and a small tumor size.

Derivação retroesternal com tubo gástrico isoperistáltico no carcinoma irressecável de esôfago

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o benefício do tratamento paliativo pela derivação esofágica com o tubo gástrico isoperistáltico em pacientes com carcinoma de esôfago irressecável. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 53 pacientes com carcinoma espino celular do esôfago sem condições de ressecabilidade avaliados por critérios endoscópicos e radiológicos. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino com idade média de 56,8 anos. A operação realizada foi a derivação esofágica com o tubo gástrico isoperistáltico, de grande curvatura e transposto através do espaço retro esternal. RESULTADOS: Vinte e oito pacientes (52,0%) desenvolveram uma ou mais complicações, sendo a mais freqüente a deiscência e/ou estenose da anastomose cervical (15 pacientes - 28,3%). Em 48 pacientes que sobreviveram, 37 (77,0%) referiram alívio da disfagia no seguimento pós-operatório. A média de sobrevida em 23 pacientes foi de sete meses e meio (seis a 13 meses) e 14 pacientes estão em seguimento com o tempo variável entre dois e 16 meses, com boa evolução, com perda de seguimento nos 11 pacientes restantes. CONCLUSÕES: Tubo gástrico isoperistáltico tem aceitável morbidade e mortalidade para a população em estudo, permitindo paliação da disfagia na maioria dos casos.

Tubo gástrico isoperistáltico no tratamento paliativo do carcinoma irressecável do esôfago

A meta do tratamento dos pacientes portadores de carcinoma avançado de esôfago é o alívio da disfagia. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a experiência dos autores na utilização da derivação esofagogástrica através de um tubo gástrico isoperistáltico seguido de radioterapia, no tratamento de doentes portadores de carcinoma irressecável do esôfago. MÉTODO: No período de 1990 a 1999, 30 pacientes foram submetidos à cirurgia de derivação. Vinte e quatro doentes (80%) eram do sexo masculino e seis (20%) do feminino; a idade variou de 27 a 69 anos, média de 49,3 anos. Em todos os casos o diagnóstico foi confirmado por endoscopia digestiva alta e biópsia. Aqueles com tumores maiores que 6cm ao esofagograma ou com sinais de invasão da árvore respiratória à broncoscopia foram considerados irressecáveis. Após avaliação clínica e preparo pré-operatório foram submetidos à operação de derivação. O ato operatório foi realizado por duas equipes, uma na região cervical e outra na abdominal e a duração da intervenção variou entre três a quatro horas. Após a alta hospitalar os pacientes foram encaminhados para a radioterapia. RESULTADOS: Não houve óbito operatório. A mortalidade pós-operatória foi de 10%, um caso de tromboembolismo pulmonar e dois de broncopneumonia. Treze pacientes (43,3%) desenvolveram fístula cervical e em 11 ocorreu o fechamento espontâneo da fístula; um caso necessitou de reoperação e outro veio a falecer no 14º dia pós-operatório com a fístula aberta. Oito pacientes (26,6%) apresentaram estenose da anastomose esôfago-tubo; todos evoluíram bem com dilatação endoscópica. A deglutição foi restabelecida em todos os pacientes até o momento do óbito, excetuando aqueles que faleceram em virtude de complicações pós-operatórias (três casos). O tempo de internação variou de 12 a 45 dias e a sobrevida média foi de 7,9 meses. CONCLUSÕES: Os autores concluíram que nos pacientes portadores de carcinoma irressecável do esôfago, a derivação da obstrução através de um tubo gástrico isoperistáltico atinge seu objetivo primeiro que é aliviar a disfagia até o momento do óbito. A morbidade é alta, porém a maioria das complicações tem evolução benigna. A mortalidade é aceitável levando-se em conta a gravidade do carcinoma do esôfago.

Results of expandable metal stents for malignant esophageal obstruction in 100 patients: short-term and long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND

Expandable metal stents palliate malignant dysphagia in most cases, but early complications and outcomes in long-term survivors have not been well described. This report summarizes our experience with expandable metal stents for malignant dysphagia.

METHODS

Over a 48-month period, 127 stents were placed in 100 patients with dysphagia from esophageal cancer (93%) or lung cancer. Most had undergone prior treatment. Dysphagia scores, duration of palliation, complications, and reintervention were evaluated.

RESULTS

Immediate improvement in dysphagia was observed in 85% of patients with no procedure-related deaths. Dysphagia score decreased from 3.3 before stent to 2.3 (p < 0.005). Average interval to reintervention was 80 days. In 40 patients surviving more than 120 days, 31 (78%) required reintervention. Major complications occurred in 3 patients receiving poststent chemoradiation (tracheoesophageal fistula, T1 vertebral body abscess, mediastinal abscess). Other complications included unsatisfactory deployment requiring immediate removal (3 patients), migration (11 patients), pain requiring removal (2 patients), food impaction (10 patients), and tumor ingrowth (37 patients).

CONCLUSIONS

Expandable metal stents offer excellent short-term palliation of malignant dysphagia. In long-term survivors, recurrent dysphagia requiring reintervention is common. In a small subset of patients receiving chemoradiation after stent placement, major complications were observed.

Self-Expanding Esophageal Metallic Stents in the Treatment of Esophageal Obstruction

Esophageal obstruction from any cause is debilitating. In patients with malignant obstruction palliation to relieve pain and dysphagia is the primary goal. Conventional endoluminal prostheses allow variable palliation. Covered expandable metallic stents with an 18-mm lumen allow improved deglutition. From December 1994 through December 1998, 59 patients underwent placement of self-expanding silicone-covered esophageal stents for esophageal obstruction. There were 36 men and 23 women ranging in age from 41 to 94. All patients underwent esophageal dilation using a flexible gastroscope and Savary bougies. After dilation placement of the stent was performed under fluoroscopic control. Follow-up was complete in all patients. Technical success was achieved in all patients. There was one postoperative death (bronchopulmonary fistula), one migration of the stent requiring removal, and one recurrent obstruction. The remaining stents were well tolerated even in the cervical region (four patients). All patients returned to a diet of solid foods. We conclude that covered self-expanding esophageal metallic stents are technically simple and safe to insert and appear to provide durable excellent palliation of esophageal obstruction due to either benign or malignant conditions.

Palliation of malignant dysphagia with expanding metallic stents

PURPOSE

The authors describe their experience with expanding metallic stents for the palliation of malignant dysphagia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

During a 52-month period, 138 stents were inserted in 121 patients with malignant esophageal obstruction. The average age was 74 years; there were 78 men and 43 women. Data regarding the degree of initial dysphagia, presence of an esophago-respiratory fistula, effect of stent placement on swallowing ability, complications at the time of stent placement, and long-term survival were obtained.

RESULTS

An improvement in dysphagia symptoms was recorded in more than 95% of patients. The average survival after stent placement was 24 weeks. Complications necessitating further intervention occurred in 26 patients.

CONCLUSION

Insertion of self-expanding metallic endoprostheses for the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction is an effective therapy that can be carried out with relative ease. Successful palliation of symptoms can be expected in more than 95% of cases.

Esophageal cancer: therapeutic approaches and nursing care

OBJECTIVES

To review the various treatment approaches, complications, and nursing management of patients with esophageal cancer.

DATA SOURCES

Review articles, staging manual, textbook chapters, and research studies.

CONCLUSIONS

The diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer is a complicated process. Combined multimodal therapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery is showing promising results. However, each treatment approach has complications and side effects that must be managed.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

Nursing care is complicated and requires coordinating various support services, patient and family education, clinical assessment, nutritional management, management of side effects, and palliative care.

Esophageal stents may interfere with the swallowing reflex: an illustrative case history

Dysphagia is an important and distressing symptom which has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. Although endoscopic palliation of dysphagia due to unresectable or recurrent esophageal carcinoma can be provided by esophageal dilatation and intubation, laser ablation, injection of alcohol or sclerosants, or brachytherapy, these techniques are often unsuitable for the palliation of high esophageal tumors. We present a patient with recurrent carcinoma of the proximal esophagus who developed an inability to swallow as a complication of intubation with an esophageal stent. The dysphagia improved dramatically after the stent was removed.

Esophageal carcinoma: current controversies

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia has increased so substantially in the last two decades that adenocarcinoma now accounts for approximately one half of esophageal malignancies seen in the United States and Europe. The reasons for this histological change may be related to a parallel increase in the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in the Western world and the subsequent development of Barrett's metaplasia. Controversies surrounding carcinoma of the esophagus that are currently the focus of study are the relationship of Barrett's esophagus to the development of adenocarcinoma; whether adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and cardia is the same disease; the correct way to stage the disease; the treatment of disease confined to the mucosa; the extent of surgical resection to cure disease beyond the mucosa; the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of the disease; and the methods of palliating patients with incurable disease.