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Rivas-Torres A, Di Pietro V, Cordero-Rivera A. Sex wars: a female genital spine forces male damselflies to shorten copulation duration. Evolution 2023:7142852. [PMID: 37172267 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In some species, males use weapons to harm females, increasing their short-term fitness. Here we show that females can use genital adaptations against males. Females of the damselfly Enallagma cyathigerum have a conspicuous vulvar spine on the eighth abdominal segment, which contacts with the male during copulation. We tested 3 hypotheses for its function: it (a) inflicts damage to the male during copulation; (b) facilitates endophytic oviposition; and (c) stimulates males during copulation to increase their investment. We found that males mated on average for 54 min with control females, but increased copulation to 99 min with females without spine. There was no evidence of physical harm of the spine on the male's seminal vesicle, which shows 8- to 18-folds, exactly where the spine contacts during copulation. Females with and without spine exhibited the same egg-laying rates and showed similar fecundity and fertility. Longevity was also similar in males mated to control and spineless females. In contrast to many species where females resist male harassment by behavioral responses, the morphological adaptation observed in E. cyathigerum appears to act as a sexual weapon, allowing females to control copulation duration. We suggest that the spine has evolved because of sexual conflict over mating duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Rivas-Torres
- Universidade de Vigo, ECOEVO Lab, Depto. Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, E.E. Forestal, Pontevedra, Galiza, Spain
| | - Viviana Di Pietro
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Torino, Italia
| | - Adolfo Cordero-Rivera
- Universidade de Vigo, ECOEVO Lab, Depto. Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, E.E. Forestal, Pontevedra, Galiza, Spain
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2
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Verma P, Thaokar N, Andrew R. Hatching in Coromandel Marsh Dart Damselfly Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabricius) (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae): process and influence of the oviposition substrate. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2022. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.6455.14.4.20840-20847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coromandel Marsh Dart Damselfly Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabricius) breeds in stagnant pools, small garden tanks and ornamental cement ponds containing submerged and/or floating vegetation. Eggs were collected to observe two aspects of larval development: (1) The hatching rate of eggs deposited in different vegetation (Nymphaea nouchali, Lemna paucicostata, Hydrilla verticillata). Although C. coromandelianum prefers to oviposit in the broad leaves of N. nouchali, the highest rate of hatching was found in H. verticillata (95.8%) followed by N. nouchali (87.6%) and L. paucicostata (81.3%). Hatching commenced on Day 5 and was completed by Day 9. Maximum hatching (56%) was recorded on the sixth day of oviposition followed by the seventh day (20%) in all three substrates. (2) To document the process of hatching as follows: Around three minutes prior to hatching, the embryo exhibits cyclic pumping and pushing movements of the head (caused by the peristaltic movement of the mid- and hind- gut) of low intensity followed by high intensity and long pumping movements interspaced with smaller pulsating movements. Swelling of the head forces the apical chorion to split along the micropylar chute and like a lid, the apical tip topples over as a conical cap. This allows the prolarva to exit the egg. As it does so, it twists and the thorax swells breaking the prolarval sheath and releasing the first instar larva.
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Hedges BA, Austin AD, Conran JG, Taylor GS, Madden CP, Weinstein P. A likely association of damselflies with the habitat heterogeneity provided by the freshwater swamp lily, Ottelia ovalifolia, in Eyre Peninsula granite rock-holes, with a review of potential threats to this ephemeral habitat. T ROY SOC SOUTH AUST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03721426.2021.1996878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brock A. Hedges
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andy D. Austin
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John G. Conran
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gary S. Taylor
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Philip Weinstein
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Piersanti S, Salerno G, Di Pietro V, Giontella L, Rebora M, Jones A, Fincke OM. Tests of search image and learning in the wild: Insights from sexual conflict in damselflies. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4399-4412. [PMID: 33976818 PMCID: PMC8093675 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Search image formation, a proximal mechanism to maintain genetic polymorphisms by negative frequency-dependent selection, has rarely been tested under natural conditions. Females of many nonterritorial damselflies resemble either conspecific males or background vegetation. Mate-searching males are assumed to form search images of the majority female type, sexually harassing it at rates higher than expected from its frequency, thus selectively favoring the less common morph. We tested this and how morph coloration and behavior influenced male perception and intersexual encounters by following marked Ischnura elegans and noting their reactions to conspecifics. Contrary to search image formation and associative learning hypotheses, although males encountered the minority, male-like morph more often, sexual harassment and clutch size were similar for both morphs. Prior mating attempts or copula with morphs did not affect a male's subsequent reaction to them; males rarely attempted matings with immature females or males. Females mated early in the day, reducing the opportunity for males to learn their identity beforehand. Once encountered, the male-like morph was more readily noticed by males than the alternative morph, which once noticed was more likely to receive mating attempts. Flexible behavior gave morphs considerable control over their apparency to males, influencing intersexual encounters. Results suggested a more subtle proximal mechanism than male learning maintains these color polymorphisms and call for inferences of learning to be validated by behavior of wild receivers and their signalers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia, e BiotecnologieUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e AmbientaliUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Viviana Di Pietro
- Department of Life Science and SystemticsUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Leonardo Giontella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia, e BiotecnologieUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia, e BiotecnologieUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Albyn Jones
- Department of MathematicsReed CollegePortlandORUSA
| | - Ola M. Fincke
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOKUSA
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Šigutová H, Šigut M, Kovalev A, Gorb SN. Wing wettability gradient in a damselfly Lestes sponsa (Odonata: Lestidae) reflects the submergence behaviour during underwater oviposition. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:201258. [PMID: 33489275 PMCID: PMC7813233 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of hydrophobicity of insect cuticles has received great attention from technical fields due to its wide applicability to industry or medicine. However, in an ecological/evolutionary context such studies remain scarce. We measured spatial differences in wing wettability in Lestes sponsa (Odonata: Lestidae), a damselfly species that can submerge during oviposition, and discussed the possible functional significance. Using dynamic contact angle (CA) measurements together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we investigated differences in wettability among distal, middle and proximal wing regions, and in surface nanostructures potentially responsible for observed differences. As we moved from distal towards more proximal parts, mean values of advancing and receding CAs gradually increased from 104° to 149°, and from 67° to 123°, respectively, indicating that wing tips were significantly less hydrophobic than more proximal parts. Moreover, values of CA hysteresis for the respective wing parts decreased from 38° to 26°, suggesting greater instability of the structure of the wing tips. Accordingly, compared with more proximal parts, SEM revealed higher damage of the wax nanostructures at the distal region. The observed wettability gradient is well explained by the submergence behaviour of L. sponsa during underwater oviposition. Our study thus proposed the existence of species-dependent hydrophobicity gradient on odonate wings caused by different ovipositional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Šigutová
- Department of Biology and Ecology/ENC, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šigut
- Department of Biology and Ecology/ENC, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Helebrandová JB, Pyszko P, Dolný A. Behavioural Phenotypic Plasticity of Submerged Oviposition in Damselflies (Insecta: Odonata). INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10050124. [PMID: 31035680 PMCID: PMC6571832 DOI: 10.3390/insects10050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerald damselfly Lestes sponsa is a common species within the temperate zone, with no special need for protection. The tactic of submerged oviposition is well known from other Odonata species, but has rarely been noticed or described in Lestes sponsa. Our study investigated the tactics of oviposition in this species, and shows that submerged oviposition indeed occurs frequently in Lestes sponsa. We experimentally tested the difference in the roles of males and females during the submerged ovipositional behaviour by combining males/females from submerging populations with males/females from non-submerging populations. We discovered that, whereas submerging males coupling with non-submerging females did not lead to submersion, the opposite combination of pairs submerged. Other patterns of submersions are discussed further in this paper. Our research led to the conclusion that damselflies have the ability to learn and react to different situations in keeping with the learning potential of insects in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Branwen Helebrandová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Pyszko
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Environmental Technologies, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Dolný
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Environmental Technologies, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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7
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Siepielski AM, McPeek SJ, McPeek MA. Female mate preferences on high-dimensional shape variation for male species recognition traits. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1239-1250. [PMID: 29876989 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Females in many animal species must discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific males when choosing mates. Such mating preferences that discriminate against heterospecifics may inadvertently also affect the mating success of conspecific males, particularly those with more extreme phenotypes. From this expectation, we hypothesized that female mate choice should cause Enallagma females (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) to discriminate against conspecific males with more extreme phenotypes of the claspers males use to grasp females while mating - the main feature of species mate recognition in these species. To test this, we compared cerci sizes and shapes between males that were captured while mating with females to males that were captured at the same time but not mating in three Enallagma species. In contrast to our hypothesis, we found only one of forty comparisons of shape variation that was consistent with females discriminating against males with more extreme cerci shapes. Instead, differences in cerci shape between mating and single males suggested that females displayed directional preferences on 1-4 aspects of cerci shape in two of the species in our samples. These results suggest that whereas some directional biases in mating based on cerci shape occur, the intraspecific phenotypic variation in male cerci size and shape is likely not large enough for females to express any significant incidental discrimination among conspecifics with more extreme shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sarah J McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Mark A McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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8
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Anholt BR. MEASURING SELECTION ON A POPULATION OF DAMSELFLIES WITH A MANIPULATED PHENOTYPE. Evolution 2017; 45:1091-1106. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/1990] [Accepted: 12/05/1990] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R. Anholt
- Ecology Group, Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 2A9 CANADA
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9
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Fincke OM. LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS AND THE OPPORTUNITY FOR SELECTION IN A NONTERRITORIAL DAMSELFLY (ODONATA: COENAGRIONIDAE). Evolution 2017; 40:791-803. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/1985] [Accepted: 04/22/1986] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ola M. Fincke
- Program in Evolutionary Ecology and Behavior, Department of Biology; The University of Iowa; Iowa City IA 52242
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10
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Arbuthnott D, Crespi BJ, Schwander T. Female Stick Insects Mate Multiply to Find Compatible Mates. Am Nat 2015; 186:519-30. [DOI: 10.1086/682675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Fincke OM. Trade-offs in female signal apparency to males offer alternative anti-harassment strategies for colour polymorphic females. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:931-43. [PMID: 25786740 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Colour polymorphisms are known to influence receiver behaviour, but how they affect a receiver's ability to detect and recognize individuals in nature is usually unknown. I hypothesized that polymorphic female damselflies represent an evolutionary stable strategy, maintained by trade-offs between the relative apparency of morphs to male receivers. Using field experiments on Enallagma hageni and focal studies of E. hageni and Enallagma boreale, I tested for the first time the predictions that (i) green heteromorphs and blue andromorphs gain differential protection from sexual harassment via background crypsis and sexual mimicry, respectively, and (ii) female morphs behaviourally optimize their signal apparency to mate-searching males. First, based on male reactions elicited by females, against a high-contrast background, the two morphs did not differ in being detected by males, and once detected, they did not differ in being recognized (eliciting sexual reactions). However, on green ferns, heteromorphs were less likely to be detected (elicited only fly-bys) than andromorphs, but once detected, the morphs did not differ in being recognized. In contrast, when perched on a dowel with two male signal distractors, andromorphs were detected less often, and once detected, they were recognized less often than heteromorphs. Second, in fields where females foraged, andromorphs perched higher on vegetation than heteromorphs and were more often in the vicinity of males. Neither harassment rates nor evasive behaviours differed between morphs. Males aggregated in high density near shore where solitary females were rare. Equilibrium frequencies of these and other colour morphs should reflect the relative ease with which receivers detect and recognize them in the context where they are encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Fincke
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma Norman, Norman, OK, USA
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Hirayama H, Kasuya E. Cost of oviposition site selection in a water strider Aquarius paludum insularis: egg mortality increases with oviposition depth. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:646-649. [PMID: 20138050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Females generally avoid selecting sites for oviposition which have a high predation risk to increase offspring survival. Previous studies have focused on costs to ovipositing females. However, although offspring may also incur costs by being oviposited at low predation risk sites, no studies have focused on costs to offspring. Such costs to offspring were examined by using Aquarius paludum insularis, females of which avoid eggs parasitism by ovipositing at deep sites. Deep sites are safe from egg parasitism but may be unsuitable for hatching due to environmental factors. We examined the costs to offspring at deep sites by comparing the hatching rate, the duration to hatching and the proportion of drowned larvae between eggs that were set at three levels of water depth (0 cm, 25 cm and 50 cm depth). While the hatching rate at 50 cm was lower than that at 0 cm, the rate at 25 cm did not differ from that at 0 cm. Duration to hatching and the proportion of drowned larvae did not differ between the three depths. It is suggested that the declining survival rate of A. paludum eggs was due to increased water pressure at greater depth. Such a cost may exist in other species and such an observation may aid in understanding oviposition site selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hirayama
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Hirayama H, Kasuya E. Oviposition depth in response to egg parasitism in the water strider: high-risk experience promotes deeper oviposition. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Factors affecting submerged oviposition in a water strider: level of dissolved oxygen and male presence. Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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McPeek M, Shen L, Torrey J, Farid H. The Tempo and Mode of Three‐Dimensional Morphological Evolution in Male Reproductive Structures. Am Nat 2008; 171:E158-78. [DOI: 10.1086/587076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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Fincke OM. Conflict resolution in the Odonata: implications for understanding female mating patterns and female choice. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Encalada AC, Peckarsky BL. A comparative study of the costs of alternative mayfly oviposition behaviors. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Tsubaki Y, Kato C, Shintani S. On the respiratory mechanism during underwater oviposition in a damselfly Calopteryx cornelia Selys. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:499-505. [PMID: 16519894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Calopteryx cornelia females oviposit almost exclusively underwater in forest streams. Field observation showed that the duration of uninterrupted submerged oviposition ranged between 20 and 120 min and the number of eggs laid was linearly related to the time spent underwater. By holding a damselfly under water in a small jar, we measured the maximum 'submergence potential', which was defined as the time elapsed between placing the insect underwater and asphyxiation. A series of experiments showed that there was no gender difference in the submergence potential. This was about 120 min if a damselfly was allowed to change its position while under water. The submergence potential was shorter if the damselflies were kept motionless, if air bubbles trapped on the wing surfaces were removed by coating with Vaseline or if the water was hypoxic. By contrast, submergence potential was longer if a part of the wings were kept above the water surface, or if the water was agitated using a magnetic stirrer. These results suggest that ovipositing C. cornelia females depend for oxygen on the physical-gill action of the thin air layer trapped on the body and wing surfaces. Respiration capacity under water is not likely to be a limiting factor for ovipositing females during the production of a single clutch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Tsubaki
- Biodiversity Conservation Research Group, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan.
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19
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Sperm competition in Odonata (Insecta): the evolution of female sperm storage and rivals' sperm displacement. J Zool (1987) 2003. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952836903004357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Costs of sexual interactions to females in Rambur's forktail damselfly, Ischnura ramburi (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Anim Behav 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2000.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Gorb SN, Kesel A, Berger J. Microsculpture of the wing surface in Odonata: evidence for cuticular wax covering. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2000; 29:129-35. [PMID: 18088921 DOI: 10.1016/s1467-8039(00)00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2000] [Accepted: 05/29/2000] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The insect wing membrane is usually covered by scales, hairs, and acanthae, which serve diverse functions, such as species-specific coloration pattern, decrease of wind resistance during flight or decrease of wing wettability. Representatives of Palaeoptera (Odonata and Ephemeroptera) have no hairy structures on the wing membrane, but both its sides are fine-sculptured. In this study, the nature of the wing covering was studied using acoustic microscopy, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy followed by a variety of chemical treatments. It was shown that wing microsculptures are not cuticular outgrowths, but a wax covering, which is similar to pruinosity, which has been previously described in several odonate taxa. Data from scanning acoustic microscopy revealed that scratches on the wax covering have material density different from the surrounding material. Various functions of the wax covering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Gorb
- Biochemistry Department, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Zeiss C, Martens A, Rolff J. Male mate guarding increases females' predation risk? A case study on tandem oviposition in the damselfly Coenagrion puella (Insecta: Odonata). CAN J ZOOL 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/z99-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To estimate whether male mate guarding alters the predation risk for females, we conducted experiments in field cages with the damselfly Coenagrion puella. We experimentally compared the risk for females ovipositing solitarily versus in tandem with the male. The backswimmer Notonecta glauca was used as a predator. Owing to the oviposition behaviour of the damselflies, N. glauca only preys on females, therefore it was possible to determine whether the presence of males decreases or increases females' predation risk. Females in tandem were more frequently touched and grasped by N. glauca than solitary females. In most tandem pairs, the female showed the first reaction to the attack and the male responded subsequently. After an attack, most solitary females left the oviposition site but most tandem females stayed. Once grasped by the predator, more solitary females were killed.
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Cordero A, Carbone S, Utzeri C. Mating opportunities and mating costs are reduced in androchrome female damselflies, Ischnura elegans (Odonata). Anim Behav 1998; 55:185-97. [PMID: 9480685 DOI: 10.1006/anbe.1997.0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Female colour polymorphism is a perplexing characteristic of many damselfly species. In Ischnura elegans three female phenotypes occur, one of which has the same blue coloration as the male (androchromes) whilst the others are inconspicuous brown gynochromes (infuscans and infuscans-obsoleta morphs). By marking a natural population near Rome, Italy, we found that all female phenotypes have similar survivorship, but they differ in mating frequency. Androchromes represented 55% of females but were involved in 43% of matings, whereas infuscans females represented 27% of females and 40% of matings and the infuscans-obsoleta phenotype 18% of females and 17% of matings. Old androchromes stored significantly less sperm in their spermatheca than old gynochromes, suggesting that they had mated less often. The majority of mature androchromes were observed alone (54%) when the majority of gynochromes (82-84%) were mating. When live tethered conspecifics were presented to males, blue models (male and androchrome female) were less attractive than brown models (gynochrome females). In contrast, all female colour morphs and males were equally (highly) attractive to males when the models were dead. Androchromes were significantly larger than gynochromes. Our results indicate that androchrome females mate less often than gynochromes, which could be a means of avoiding unnecessary and costly matings, but some androchrome females failed to reproduce (mate or oviposit) probably because they were unable to mate at all. The different explanations for the maintenance of this polymorphism in I. elegans are discussed. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cordero
- Departamento de Ecoloxia e Bioloxia Animal, Universidade de Vigo
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Singer F, Riechert SE. Mating system and mating success of the desert spider Agelenopsis aperta. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00167792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bennett S, Mill PJ. Pre- and post-maturation survival in adults of the damselflyPyrrhosoma nymphula(Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). J Zool (1987) 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb01768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Corderos A, Miller P. Sperm transfer, displacement and precedence in Ischnura graellsii (Odonata : Coenagrionidae). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00166711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Michiels NK, Dhondt AA. Costs and benefits associated with oviposition site selection in the dragonfly Sympetrum danae (Odonata: Libellulidae). Anim Behav 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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The adaptive significance of the prolonged copulations of the damselfly, Ischnura graellsii (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). Anim Behav 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Martens A, Rehfeldt G. Female aggregation in Platycypha caligata (odonata: chlorocyphidae): a tactic to evade male interference during oviposition. Anim Behav 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(89)80029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Convey P. Post-copulatory guarding strategies in the non-territorial dragonfly Sympetrum sanguineum (Mu¨ller) (Odonata: Libellulidae). Anim Behav 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-3472(89)90006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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