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Azzam P, Mroueh M, Francis M, Daher AA, Zeidan YH. Radiation-induced neuropathies in head and neck cancer: prevention and treatment modalities. Ecancermedicalscience 2020; 14:1133. [PMID: 33281925 PMCID: PMC7685771 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth most common human malignancy with a global incidence of 650,000 cases per year. Radiotherapy (RT) is commonly used as an effective therapy to treat tumours as a definitive or adjuvant treatment. Despite the substantial advances in RT contouring and dosage delivery, patients suffer from various radiation-induced complications, among which are toxicities to the nervous tissues in the head and neck area. Radiation-mediated neuropathies manifest as a result of increased oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis, neuroinflammation and altered cellular function in the nervous tissues. Eventually, molecular damage results in the formation of fibrotic tissues leading to susceptible loss of function of numerous neuronal substructures. Neuropathic sequelae following irradiation in the head and neck area include sensorineural hearing loss, alterations in taste and smell functions along with brachial plexopathy, and cranial nerves palsies. Numerous management options are available to relieve radiation-associated neurotoxicities notwithstanding treatment alternatives that remain restricted with limited benefits. In the scope of this review, we discuss the use of variable management and therapeutic modalities to palliate common radiation-induced neuropathies in head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Azzam
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Manal Mroueh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Marina Francis
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alaa Abou Daher
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Youssef H Zeidan
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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Satheeshkumar PS, Mohan MP. A new alimentary tract mucosal inflammation model and a possibility of receptor targeted therapy in tissue reactions in cytotoxic therapy. Oral Oncol 2014; 51:e15-6. [PMID: 25467209 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Minu P Mohan
- Mar Baselios Dental College, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Thankalam, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam, Kerala 686 691, India.
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Satheeshkumar PS, Mohan MP. Tachykinin peptide, substance P, and its receptor NK-1R play an important role in alimentary tract mucosal inflammation during cytotoxic therapy. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:2864-73. [PMID: 24981415 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The alimentary tract mucosal inflammation has been a topic of concern in oncology; though many modalities of treatment have been proposed for mucosal inflammation, the contributing adverse effects have severely affected the quality of life of patients. This review focuses on the importance of neurogenic peptide, Substance P and its receptor NK-1R in modulating the cascades of events in mucosal inflammation during cytotoxic therapy. There are various preclinical and clinical models showing increased expression of Substance P/NK-1R in ionizing radiation and chemotherapy, but only very few preclinical studies to our knowledge have highlighted or examined its role in mucosal inflammation. Hence, the importance of neuropeptide involved in the inflammatory events in mucosal inflammation in cytotoxic therapy could be a major breakthrough for future research purposes and treatment. The factors contributing to the severity of tissue reactions have been multietiogenic; thus, resultant treatment also has to be directed toward multiple contributing factors. This review also focuses on the significance of care strategy to be adopted in alimentary tract mucositis when multietiogenic factors are taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Satheeshkumar
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Velindre Hospital, Cardiff University, Wales, CF 14 2TL, UK,
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Satheeshkumar PS, Mohan MP. Tachykinin Peptide, substance p, and its receptor have a significant role in tissue reactions induced by cytotoxic therapy. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:2600-1. [PMID: 25129103 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P S Satheeshkumar
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Velindre Hospital, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 2TL, Wales, UK,
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Aprepitant, a NK-1R antagonist could be employed for cytotoxic therapy induced alimentary tract mucosal inflammation. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:e31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Waghmare CM, Agarwal J, Bachher GK. Quality of voice after radiotherapy in early vocal cord cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 10:1381-8. [PMID: 20836673 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Early glottic cancer (T1, T2N0M0), a disease of the voice box, mainly affects the voice. It can be effectively treated with both surgery and radiotherapy. Preservation of the voice while treating vocal cord cancer is not simply retaining the ability to vocalize. It is the determinant of choice of treatment and quality of life following curative management. Radiotherapy has resulted in excellent control rates with voice preservation and has been the standard of care for many decades. Several patient- (e.g., smoking, age, amount of talking during treatment), disease- (e.g., extent and site of lesion) and treatment- (e.g., radiation field size and dose, voice therapy) related factors adversely affect the quality of voice after radiotherapy. Several studies have evaluated voice quality either subjectively or objectively. Still, little is known about it. Voice quality after radiotherapy improves but does not reach the standard of the normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali M Waghmare
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, PO Sevagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442102, India.
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Ibanez M, Valderrama-Canales FJ, Maranillo E, Vazquez T, Pascual-Font A, McHanwell S, Sanudo J. Human laryngeal ganglia contain both sympathetic and parasympathetic cell types. Clin Anat 2010; 23:673-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.20956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Forsgren S, Landström F, Kjörell U, Henriksson R, Franzén L. Analysis of VIP and CGRP plasma levels after radiotherapy for treatment of metastasis from prostatic carcinoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 921:279-83. [PMID: 11193835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that radiotherapy leads to an increased level of neuropeptides in various organs. In the study we report here, we examined whether the plasma levels of two neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), are influenced by radiotherapy. Blood was collected at four time intervals after radiotherapy; 1-12 days after treatment for skeletal metastasis from prostatic carcinoma. The VIP- and CGRP-plasma levels, as analyzed by radioimmunoassay, were not statistically different between the different time points analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Forsgren
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Höckerfelt U, Franzén L, Kjörell U, Forsgren S. Parallel increase in substance P and VIP in rat duodenum in response to irradiation. Peptides 2000; 21:271-81. [PMID: 10764956 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(99)00200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation was administered to the upper abdomen of rats, whereupon the duodenum was examined. Numerous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and substance P (SP)-like immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen in the damaged mucosa, often in close association to each other. The intensity of the SP- and VIP-like immunoreaction was increased in several of the tissue compartments and, as measured with radioimmunoassay, the contents of SP- and VIP-like materials were increased after 30 Gray. The results show that SP and VIP levels increase after irradiation and suggest that SP and VIP are involved in interactive reactions in the reorganization and inflammatory processes in the gut after abdominal irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Höckerfelt
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeâ University, Umeå, Sweden
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Persson-Sjögren S, Forsgren S, Täljedal IB. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and protein gene product 9.5 in mouse islets transplanted under the kidney capsule. Neuropeptides 1998; 32:307-18. [PMID: 10102675 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4179(98)90053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic islets transplanted to the kidney of syngeneic mice were stained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), acetylcholinesterase and the pan-neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP). Nerve fibers expressing TH-like immunoreactivity (TH-LI) and CGRP-LI were rare for 4 days but increased 2 (CGRP) or 6 (TH) weeks after transplantation. In 1-year-old grafts the CGRP-LI innervation resembled that in situ, while TH-LI and PGP-LI innervations were increased. SP-LI fibers remained rare throughout. Perikarya intrinsic to the islets did not show CGRP-LI or SP-LI. The results indicate a progressive ingrowth of sensory fibers into the grafts and that the TH-LI innervation becomes even more pronounced than in the pancreas. The post-transplantation reaction of islet intrinsic neurons does not involve CGRP and SP, contrasting with previous observations for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.
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Aalto Y, Forsgren S, Kjörell U, Bergh J, Franzén L, Henriksson R. Enhanced expression of neuropeptides in human breast cancer cell lines following irradiation. Peptides 1998; 19:231-9. [PMID: 9493854 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(97)00323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have observed that the expression of the neuropeptides bombesin (BN-), the mammalian counterpart being gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and substance P (SP) in intact normal tissues, such as salivary and laryngeal glands, increases in response to irradiation. In the present study, the aim was to evaluate whether irradiation can have effects on individual cells that normally synthesize neuropeptides. In addition, since these neuropeptides are potentially mitogenic, we studied tumor cells. Therefore, the estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and its subline, with acquired doxorubicin resistance, MDA-MB-231 Dox were examined before irradiation and 4, 10, and 15 days after irradiation with 4 Gy (195 kV, 2 Gy fractions with 4 hours interval). Potential dose related changes were studied by delivering single doses of 2 or 9 Gy with the same technique. Immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods were used for detection of the SP and BN/GRP. Before, and at all time points following irradiation, a subpopulation in both cell lines displayed an intense immunostaining of SP and BN/GRP. A partial reorganization of the immunoreactive material was observed 10 days after irradiation. The RIA-analyses displayed signs of a dose-related increase, and a time-dependent transient and significant increase in the content of both peptides. The pattern of changes differed between the two peptides, and was especially pronounced in the doxorubicin resistant cells with regard to SP. Another neuropeptide, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), was not detected in the cells used. The results suggest that irradiation has effects on a population of cultured neuropeptide-synthesizing cells. The occurrence and the specific changes obtained in the levels of neuropeptides, in response to irradiation, might imply an importance in the growth of breast cancer cells and in explaining repair processes following irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Aalto
- Department of Oncology, Umeå University, Sweden
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Esposito V, Linard C, Maubert C, Aigueperse J, Gourmelon P. Modulation of gut substance P after whole-body irradiation. A new pathological feature. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41:2070-7. [PMID: 8888723 DOI: 10.1007/bf02093612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation induces gastrointestinal dysfunction and inflammatory reactions. The present study carried out in the rat, focuses on substance P, an inflammatory mediator implicated in the control of intestinal motility. We have investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on plasma and tissue substance P levels, ileal smooth muscle activity, and properties of specific receptors. Plasma and ileal (mucosa and muscle) substance P concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. At doses ranging from 1 to 8 Gy, plasma substance P levels increased in a dose-dependent manner up to four days after irradiation. Ileal mucosal concentration decreased rapidly 1 hr after a 6-Gy irradiation as compared to controls. A second class of binding sites appeared three days after 6 Gy irradiation. In addition, substance P contractile effects measured on isolated ileum showed a fourfold decrease of EC50, three days after 6 Gy irradiation. These results indicated that gamma irradiation induced an increase of plasma levels concomitant with a modification of gastro-intestinal substance P specific binding sites and contractile activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Esposito
- Institut de Protection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Département de Protection de la santé de I'Homme et de Dosimétrie, Section Autonome de Radiobiologie Appliquée à la Médecine, IPSN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Aalto Y, Forsgren S, Kjörell U, Franzén L, Gustafsson H, Henriksson R. Time- and dose-related changes in the expression of substance P in salivary glands in response to fractionated irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995; 33:297-305. [PMID: 7545658 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(95)00173-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression of different neuropeptides in the innervation of submandibular and parotid glands of the rats was examined 2 and 5 days after initiation of radiation treatment as well as 10 and 180 days following the termination of irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS The irradiation was given on 2 or 5 consecutive days with daily doses of 4-8 Gy up to a total dose of 20-40 Gy. Immunohistochemical methods were used for the demonstration of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and, the rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine synthetic pathway, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The content of SP was also analyzed by the use of radioimmunoassay (RIA). RESULTS In the parenchyma of both the submandibular and the parotid glands of control animals as well as after 2 days of irradiation treatment, a few nerve fibers showing SP-like immunoreactivity (LI) were observed. A marked increase in the expression of SP in the innervation of the parenchyma in both glands was observed 10 days after cessation of radiation treatment. The number of stained nerve fibers and the intensity of fluorescence in the fibers seemed to be dose dependent because the group subjected to a total dose of 40 Gy displayed a more pronounced staining intensity than that treated with 30 Gy. These results were supported by the RIA analysis. One hundred eighty days after treatment no obvious differences in SP-expression were seen between control and irradiated animals. No acute and long-term alterations were seen with regard to the other peptides and TH. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that specific dose- and time-dependent changes in the expression of SP in the parenchyma of both submandibular and parotid glands occur in response to fractionated irradiation. The observations add further aspects to the tissue differences in physiological response and sensitivity to irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Aalto
- Department of Oncology, Umeå University, Sweden
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