CT and MRI aspects of supratentorial hemispheric tumors of childhood and adolescence

Radiological features of infantile glioblastoma and desmoplastic infantile tumors: British Columbia's Children's Hospital experience

OBJECT Two of the more common infantile brain tumors, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and desmoplastic infantile tumors (DITs), can be difficult to distinguish on MRI. Both tumors occur in the supratentorial compartment and both have solid and cystic components. Differentiating between the 2 on MRI studies could assist the surgeon in discussions with family and child management. The authors report on their institutional experience with both tumors, focusing on radio-graphic features, especially the diffusion studies, which might be useful in distinguishing between infantile GBM and DIT. METHODS A retrospective review was undertaken of all infantile brain tumors treated at British Columbia's Children's Hospital between 1982 and 2012, and cases of GBM and DIT were recorded. Only cases that had imaging were included in the study. A literature review was completed to identify reported cases of infantile GBM and DIT. Only reports that described or included radiological studies (particularly MRI) of the tumors were included. Certain radiographic features of the tumors were reviewed, including location, size, consistency, pattern of enhancement, and features on MR diffusion studies. RESULTS Of 70 cases of infantile brain tumors, 2 GBM cases and 3 DIT cases (all 3 of which were desmoplastic infantile gangliogliomas [DIGs]) met the inclusion criteria. The radiological studies obtained in all 5 cases were reviewed by a neuroradiologist. All 5 patients had supratentorial tumors with cystic-solid consistency. Diffusion MRI studies showed restricted diffusion in the 2 GBM cases, but no evidence of restricted diffusion in the DIG tumors. The GBM tumors were heterogeneously enhancing, and the DIG tumors showed avid and homogeneous enhancement. The literature review revealed 29 cases of infantile GBM and 32 cases of DIG/DIT that met the inclusion criteria. The tumors were large in both groups. The tumors were cystic-solid in consistency in 10 of 30 (33%) of GBM cases and 28 of 32 (87.5%) of DIT cases. The contrast enhancement was heterogeneous in 9 of 30 (30%) GBM cases, and it was homogeneous and avid in 27 of 32 (84%) of DIT cases. Diffusion studies were recorded in 2 published infantile GBM cases, and in both of them diffusion was restricted. The authors only found 1 report that discussed DIG tumor features on MR diffusion studies, but the interpretation was difficult and unclear. CONCLUSIONS Magnetic resonance imaging, especially diffusion-weighted imaging, may be a useful aid in distinguishing between infantile GBM and DIT tumors, with infantile GBM demonstrating restricted diffusion.

Management of childhood brain tumors: consensus report by the Pediatric Hematology Oncology (PHO) Chapter of Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP)

Brain tumors are the second most common childhood tumors and remain the leading cause of cancer related deaths in children. Appropriate diagnosis and management of these tumors are essential to improve survival. There are no clinical practical guidelines available for the management of brain tumors in India. This document is a consensus report prepared after a National Consultation on Pediatric Brain Tumors held in Delhi on 06 Nov 2008. The meeting was attended by eminent experts from all over the country, in the fields of Neurosurgery, Radiation Oncology, Pediatric Oncology, Neuropathology, Diagnostic Imaging, Pediatric Endocrinology and Allied Health Professionals. This article highlights that physicians looking after children with brain tumors should work as part of a multidisciplinary team to improve the survival, quality of life, neuro-cognitive outcomes and standards of care for children with brain tumors. Recommendations for when to suspect, diagnostic workup, initial management, long-term follow up and specific management of individual tumors are outlined.

Central nervous system tumors

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors comprise 15% to 20% of all malignancies occurring in childhood and adolescence. They may present in a myriad of ways, often delaying diagnosis. Symptoms and signs depend on the growth rate of the tumor, its location in the central nervous system (CNS), and the age of the child. This article describes the presentation, diagnosis and management of these tumors.

Postoperative Regression of Desmoplastic Infantile Gangliogliomas: Report of Two Cases

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE

Desmoplastic infantile gangliogliomas (DIGs) are extremely rare tumors that respond well to treatment. However, their biological behavior remains to be clarified. We describe two patients whose DIGs spontaneously regressed after surgery, without adjuvant therapy.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A 9-month-old girl presented with left hemiparesis, and a 6-month-old boy presented with increasing head circumference. For both patients, neuroimaging demonstrated a huge cystic tumor that included a solid portion and was widely attached to the dura. Gadolinium-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid produced strong enhancement.

INTERVENTION

One patient underwent partial and the other subtotal tumor removal. Histologically, both tumors were diagnosed as DIGs. Postoperatively, the residual tumors were monitored without adjuvant therapy, and both regressed in several months.

CONCLUSION

Our experience suggests that DIGs may include a subgroup of tumors with a tendency for spontaneous regression, possibly attributable to the induction of apoptosis.

Meningiomas em pacientes pediátricos: relato de 2 casos

Os meningiomas correspondem de 1% a 4% das neoplasias intracranianas primárias em pacientes pediátricos; a incidência nesta população aumenta de acordo com a faixa etária. Não há predominância quanto ao sexo, ao contrário do que acontece na população adulta onde predominam no sexo feminino. Relatamos dois casos de meningioma em crianças, discutindo os aspectos clínicos, radiológicos e histológicos desta entidade. O primeiro paciente é do sexo masculino, com 2 anos de idade e apresentava com crises convulsivas há 4 meses. Os exames de imagem revelaram uma lesão expansiva de 20 mm na região parieto-occipital direita, a qual foi totalmente ressecada. Os exames histológico e imunohistoquímico definiram o diagnóstico de meningioma. Atualmente, 17 meses após a cirurgia, o paciente encontra-se bem, sem evidências de recidiva tumoral. O segundo paciente é do sexo feminino, com 11 anos, e queixava-se de cefaléia frontal há 2 anos. Os exames radiológicos demonstraram presença de lesão expansiva de 5 cm em região frontal direita. Realizou-se craniotomia frontal com ressecção total do tumor. O diagnóstico histológico foi de meningioma. Atualmente, 20 meses após a cirurgia, encontra-se sem evidência de recidiva tumoral. Os autores discutem ainda o tratamento e prognóstico dos meningiomas pediátricos ressaltando que apesar de incomuns, estes devem fazer parte do diagnóstico diferencial de lesões intracranianas expansivas nesta faixa etária.