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Identification of a Bidirectional Promoter from Trichoderma reesei and Its Application in Dual Gene Expression. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101059. [PMID: 36294624 PMCID: PMC9604776 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellulolytic filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei has a strong capability in protein synthesis and secretion and is increasingly used as a fungal chassis for the production of heterologous proteins or secondary metabolites. However, bidirectional promoters that would significantly facilitate multiple genes’ expression have not been characterized in T. reesei. Herein, we show that a 767-bp intergenic region between two polyketide synthase encoding genes that were involved in the biosynthesis of the typical yellow pigment served as a bidirectional promoter in T. reesei. This region was shown to be able to drive the simultaneous expression of two fluorescence reporter genes when fused to each end. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the driving strength of this bidirectional promoter from each direction reached about half of that of the commonly used promoter PgpdA. Moreover, the co-expression of two cellulase genes driven by this bidirectional promoter enabled T. reesei to produce cellulases on glucose and improved the total cellulase activities with cellulose Avicel as the carbon source. Our work identified the first bidirectional promoter in T. reesei, which would facilitate gene co-expression and find applications in synthetic biology using fungal systems.
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Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, Alphonsa Jose A, Pugazhendhi A, Binod P, Sirohi R, Reshmy R, Kumar Awasthi M. Engineering interventions in industrial filamentous fungal cell factories for biomass valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126209. [PMID: 34715339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi possess versatile capabilities for synthesizing a variety of valuable bio compounds, including enzymes, organic acids and small molecule secondary metabolites. The advancements of genetic and metabolic engineering techniques and the availability of sequenced genomes discovered their potential as expression hosts for recombinant protein production. Remarkably, plant-biomass degrading filamentous fungi show the unique capability to decompose lignocellulose, an extremely recalcitrant biopolymer. The basic biochemical approaches have motivated several industrial processes for lignocellulose biomass valorisation into fermentable sugars and other biochemical for biofuels, biomolecules, and biomaterials. The review gives insight into current trends in engineering filamentous fungi for enzymes, fuels, and chemicals from lignocellulose biomass. This review describes the variety of enzymes and compounds that filamentous fungi produce, engineering of filamentous fungi for biomass valorisation with a special focus on lignocellulolytic enzymes and other bulk chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India.
| | - K B Arun
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Anju Alphonsa Jose
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | | | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy & Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226001. Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Reshmy
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara 690 110, Kerala, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712 100, PR China
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Abstract
Trichoderma reesei's potential as a rapid and efficient biomass degrader was first recognized in the 1950s when it was isolated from Army textiles during World War II. The microbe secreted cellulases that were degrading cotton-based tents and clothing of service members stationed on the Solomon Islands. In the 1970s, at the time of the first global oil crisis, research interest in T. reesei gained popularity as it was explored as part of the solution to the worlds growing dependence on fossil fuels. Much of this early work focused on classical mutagenesis and selection of hypercellulolytic strains. This early lineage was used as a starting point for both academic research with the goal of understanding secretion and regulation of expression of the complex mixture of enzymes required for cellulosic biomass decay as well as for its development as a host for industrial enzyme production. In 2001, at the onset of the second major oil crisis, the US Department of Energy supported research programs in microbial cellulases to produce ethanol from biomass which led to another surge in the study of T. reesei. This further accelerated the development of molecular biology and recombinant DNA tools in T. reesei. In addition to T. reesei's role in bio-ethanol production, it is used to produce industrial enzymes with a broad range of applications supporting the bio-based economy. To date there are around 243 commercially available enzyme products manufactured by fermentation of microorganisms; 30 of these are made using Trichoderma as a host, 21 of which are recombinant products sold for use in food, feed, and technical applications including textiles and pulp and paper.
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V. D. dos Santos AC, Heydenreich R, Derntl C, Mach-Aigner AR, Mach RL, Ramer G, Lendl B. Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Enable Detection of Intracellular Protein Distribution. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15719-15725. [PMID: 33259186 PMCID: PMC7745202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the intracellular location of proteins is one of the fundamental tasks of microbiology. Conventionally, label-based microscopy and super-resolution techniques are employed. In this work, we demonstrate a new technique that can determine intracellular protein distribution at nanometer spatial resolution. This method combines nanoscale spatial resolution chemical imaging using the photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR) technique with multivariate modeling to reveal the intracellular distribution of cell components. Here, we demonstrate its viability by imaging the distribution of major cellulases and xylanases in Trichoderma reesei using the colocation of a fluorescent label (enhanced yellow fluorescence protein, EYFP) with the target enzymes to calibrate the chemometric model. The obtained partial least squares model successfully shows the distribution of these proteins inside the cell and opens the door for further studies on protein secretion mechanisms using PTIR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Heydenreich
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Christian Derntl
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Astrid R. Mach-Aigner
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Robert L. Mach
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Georg Ramer
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
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Ali N, Liu J. Construction of novel Trichoderma orientalis EU7-22, strain with improved β-glucosidase activity by cellobiohydrolase I promotor optimization from Trichoderma reesei. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Inducible promoters and functional genomic approaches for the genetic engineering of filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6357-6372. [PMID: 29860590 PMCID: PMC6061484 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In industry, filamentous fungi have a prominent position as producers of economically relevant primary or secondary metabolites. Particularly, the advent of genetic engineering of filamentous fungi has led to a growing number of molecular tools to adopt filamentous fungi for biotechnical applications. Here, we summarize recent developments in fungal biology, where fungal host systems were genetically manipulated for optimal industrial applications. Firstly, available inducible promoter systems depending on carbon sources are mentioned together with various adaptations of the Tet-Off and Tet-On systems for use in different industrial fungal host systems. Subsequently, we summarize representative examples, where diverse expression systems were used for the production of heterologous products, including proteins from mammalian systems. In addition, the progressing usage of genomics and functional genomics data for strain improvement strategies are addressed, for the identification of biosynthesis genes and their related metabolic pathways. Functional genomic data are further used to decipher genomic differences between wild-type and high-production strains, in order to optimize endogenous metabolic pathways that lead to the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant end products. Lastly, we discuss how molecular data sets can be used to modify products for optimized applications.
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Wu Y, Sun X, Xue X, Luo H, Yao B, Xie X, Su X. Overexpressing key component genes of the secretion pathway for enhanced secretion of an Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase in Trichoderma reesei. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 106:83-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jin FJ, Katayama T, Maruyama JI, Kitamoto K. Comparative genomic analysis identified a mutation related to enhanced heterologous protein production in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9163-9174. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Modulating endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi cargo receptors for improving secretion of carrier-fused heterologous proteins in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:533-43. [PMID: 25362068 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02133-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are excellent hosts for industrial protein production due to their superior secretory capacity; however, the yield of heterologous eukaryotic proteins is generally lower than that of fungal or endogenous proteins. Although activating protein folding machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) improves the yield, the importance of intracellular transport machinery for heterologous protein secretion is poorly understood. Here, using Aspergillus oryzae as a model filamentous fungus, we studied the involvement of two putative lectin-like cargo receptors, A. oryzae Vip36 (AoVip36) and AoEmp47, in the secretion of heterologous proteins expressed in fusion with the endogenous enzyme α-amylase as the carrier. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that mDsRed-tagged AoVip36 localized in the Golgi compartment, whereas AoEmp47 showed localization in both the ER and the Golgi compartment. Deletion of AoVip36 and AoEmp47 improved heterologous protein secretion, but only AoVip36 deletion had a negative effect on the secretion of α-amylase. Analysis of ER-enriched cell fractions revealed that AoVip36 and AoEmp47 were involved in the retention of heterologous proteins in the ER. However, the overexpression of each cargo receptor had a different effect on heterologous protein secretion: AoVip36 enhanced the secretion, whereas AoEmp47 promoted the intracellular retention. Taken together, our data suggest that AoVip36 and AoEmp47 hinder the secretion of heterologous proteins by promoting their retention in the ER but that AoVip36 also promotes the secretion of heterologous proteins. Moreover, we found that genetic deletion of these putative ER-Golgi cargo receptors significantly improves heterologous protein production. The present study is the first to propose that ER-Golgi transport is a bottleneck for heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi.
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Madhavan A, Sukumaran RK. Promoter and signal sequence from filamentous fungus can drive recombinant protein production in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 165:302-308. [PMID: 24661814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cross-recognition of promoters from filamentous fungi in yeast can have important consequences towards developing fungal expression systems, especially for the rapid evaluation of their efficacy. A truncated 510bp inducible Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (cbh1) promoter was tested for the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Kluyveromyces lactis after disrupting its native β-galactosidase (lac4) promoter. The efficiency of the CBH1 secretion signal was also evaluated by fusing it to the lac4 promoter of the yeast, which significantly increased the secretion of recombinant protein in K. lactis compared to the native α-mating factor secretion signal. The fungal promoter is demonstrated to have potential to drive heterologous protein production in K. lactis; and the small sized T. reesei cbh1 secretion signal can mediate the protein secretion in K. lactis with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate PO, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate PO, Trivandrum 695 019, India.
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Miyauchi S, Te'o VS, Bergquist PL, Nevalainen KMH. Expression of a bacterial xylanase in Trichoderma reesei under the egl2 and cbh2 glycosyl hydrolase gene promoters. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:523-30. [PMID: 23467195 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Expression vectors were constructed for Trichoderma reesei using the promoters, secretion signals and the modular structure of the efficiently expressed and secreted cellulase enzymes EGL2 (Cel5A) and CBH2 (Cel6A) as a prelude to establishing a platform where a gene of interest can be expressed under several promoters simultaneously. The designs featured (i) EGL2sigpro (egl2 promoter and secretion signal), (ii) EGL2cbmlin (egl2 promoter, secretion signal, EGL2 cellulose binding module and linker), (iii) CBH2sigpro (cbh2 promoter and secretion signal) and (iv) CBH2cbmlin (cbh2 promoter, secretion signal, CBH2 cellulose binding module and linker). Recombinant vectors were introduced individually into the high protein-secreting T. reesei RUT-C30 strain to generate single-promoter transformants expressing the Dictyoglomus thermophilum xynB gene that encodes a thermophilic xylanase enzyme (XynB). Ten transformants producing XynB representing each of the four different types of vectors were selected for further testing and the highest XynB production was achieved from a transformant containing 1-2copies of the EGL2cbmlin vector. Best xylanase producers did not show any particular pattern in terms of the number of gene copies and their mode of integration into the chromosomal DNA. Transformants generated with the cbmlin-type vectors produced multiple forms of XynB which were decorated with various N- and O-glycans. One of the O-glycans was identified as hexuronic acid, whose presence had not been observed previously in the glycosylation patterns of T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Miyauchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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James ER, van Zyl WH, van Zyl PJ, Görgens JF. Recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen production in Aspergillus niger: evaluating the strategy of gene fusion to native glucoamylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:385-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zou G, Shi S, Jiang Y, van den Brink J, de Vries RP, Chen L, Zhang J, Ma L, Wang C, Zhou Z. Construction of a cellulase hyper-expression system in Trichoderma reesei by promoter and enzyme engineering. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:21. [PMID: 22314137 PMCID: PMC3342899 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma reesei is the preferred organism for producing industrial cellulases. However, a more efficient heterologous expression system for enzymes from different organism is needed to further improve its cellulase mixture. The strong cbh1 promoter of T. reesei is frequently used in heterologous expression, however, the carbon catabolite repressor CREI may reduce its strength by binding to the cbh1 promoter at several binding sites. Another crucial point to enhance the production of heterologous enzymes is the stability of recombinant mRNA and the prevention of protein degradation within the endoplasmic reticulum, especially for the bacteria originated enzymes.In this study, the CREI binding sites within the cbh1 promoter were replaced with the binding sites of transcription activator ACEII and the HAP2/3/5 complex to improve the promoter efficiency. To further improve heterologous expression efficiency of bacterial genes within T. reesei, a flexible polyglycine linker and a rigid α-helix linker were tested in the construction of fusion genes between cbh1 from T. reesei and e1, encoding an endoglucanase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus. RESULTS The modified promoter resulted in an increased expression level of the green fluorescent protein reporter by 5.5-fold in inducing culture medium and 7.4-fold in repressing culture medium. The fusion genes of cbh1 and e1 were successfully expressed in T. reesei under the control of promoter pcbh1m2. The higher enzyme activities and thermostability of the fusion protein with rigid linker indicated that the rigid linker might be more suitable for the heterologous expression system in T. reesei. Compared to the parent strain RC30-8, the FPase and CMCase activities of the secreted enzyme mixture from the corresponding transformant R1 with the rigid linker increased by 39% and 30% at 60°C, respectively, and the reduced sugar concentration in the hydrolysate of pretreated corn stover (PCS) was dramatically increased by 40% at 55°C and 169% at 60°C when its enzyme mixture was used in the hydrolysis. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that optimizations of the promoter and linker for hybrid genes can dramatically improve the efficiency of heterologous expression of cellulase genes in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Expression of ribonuclease A and ribonuclease N1 in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1041-9. [PMID: 19662399 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the ability of the fungus Neurospora crassa to produce and secrete two ribonucleases: the heterologous bovine RNase A and the endogenous RNase N(1). A set of expression vectors was constructed, each consisting of an RNase A open reading frame under the control of a specific promoter and each with a specific terminator. N. crassa transformants were analyzed at the transcriptional and protein levels. Irrespective of the promoter used, all transformants showed an RNase A-specific transcript in northern hybridization, but transcriptional strengths differed significantly. The strongest transcription was detected in transformants under the control of the cfp promoter. Western blot analysis and ELISA assays of selected transformants showed an effective secretion up to 356 ng/mL of recombinant RNase A protein. However, the highest ribonuclease activity could be detected in transformants carrying the endogenous RNase N(1) under the control of the ccg1 promoter. Expression and secretion of RNase N(1) thus represent an alternative to recombinant expression of RNase A protein. In conclusion, we have created a viable expression system for expression of homologous and heterologous proteins in N. crassa.
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Approaches for refining heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gasser B, Saloheimo M, Rinas U, Dragosits M, Rodríguez-Carmona E, Baumann K, Giuliani M, Parrilli E, Branduardi P, Lang C, Porro D, Ferrer P, Tutino ML, Mattanovich D, Villaverde A. Protein folding and conformational stress in microbial cells producing recombinant proteins: a host comparative overview. Microb Cell Fact 2008; 7:11. [PMID: 18394160 PMCID: PMC2322954 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Different species of microorganisms including yeasts, filamentous fungi and bacteria have been used in the past 25 years for the controlled production of foreign proteins of scientific, pharmacological or industrial interest. A major obstacle for protein production processes and a limit to overall success has been the abundance of misfolded polypeptides, which fail to reach their native conformation. The presence of misfolded or folding-reluctant protein species causes considerable stress in host cells. The characterization of such adverse conditions and the elicited cell responses have permitted to better understand the physiology and molecular biology of conformational stress. Therefore, microbial cell factories for recombinant protein production are depicted here as a source of knowledge that has considerably helped to picture the extremely rich landscape of in vivo protein folding, and the main cellular players of this complex process are described for the most important cell factories used for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Gasser
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ursula Rinas
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Dragosits
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Escarlata Rodríguez-Carmona
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, and CIBER-BBN Network in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristin Baumann
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Department of Chemical Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Giuliani
- University of Naples Federico II, School of Biotechnological Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Ermenegilda Parrilli
- University of Naples Federico II, School of Biotechnological Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Branduardi
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Christine Lang
- Technical University Berlin, Faculty III, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Danilo Porro
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Pau Ferrer
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Department of Chemical Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Tutino
- University of Naples Federico II, School of Biotechnological Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, and CIBER-BBN Network in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
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Liu T, Wang T, Li X, Liu X. Improved heterologous gene expression in Trichoderma reesei by cellobiohydrolase I gene (cbh1) promoter optimization. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40:158-65. [PMID: 18235978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve heterologous gene expression in Trichoderma reesei, a set of optimal artificial cellobiohydrolase I gene (cbh1) promoters was obtained. The region from -677 to -724 with three potential glucose repressor binding sites was deleted. Then the region from -620 to -820 of the modified cbh1 promoter, including the CCAAT box and the Ace2 binding site, was repeatedly inserted into the modified cbh1 promoter, obtaining promoters with copy numbers 2, 4, and 6. The results showed that the glucose repression effects were abolished and the expression level of the glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene regulated by these multi-copy promoters was markedly enhanced as the copy number increased simultaneously. The data showed the great promise of using the promoter artificial modification strategy to increase heterologous gene expression in filamentous fungi and provided a set of optional high-expression vectors for gene function investigation and strain modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Gasser B, Mattanovich D. Antibody production with yeasts and filamentous fungi: on the road to large scale? Biotechnol Lett 2006; 29:201-12. [PMID: 17120087 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts and filamentous fungi have gained significant interest for the production of recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments. The opportunities and constraints of antibody (fragment) production in these hosts are highlighted as well as cell engineering strategies to overcome the constraints. Following aspects are addressed: folding, assembly and secretion of antibody related proteins, process optimization to improve productivity and quality, proteolysis, and, as a major point of interest, glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Gasser
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Paloheimo M, Mäntylä A, Kallio J, Suominen P. High-yield production of a bacterial xylanase in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei requires a carrier polypeptide with an intact domain structure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:7073-82. [PMID: 14660351 PMCID: PMC309970 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.12.7073-7082.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial xylanase gene, Nonomuraea flexuosa xyn11A, was expressed in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei from the strong cellobiohydrolase 1 promoter as fusions to a variety of carrier polypeptides. By using single-copy isogenic transformants, it was shown that production of this xylanase was clearly increased (up to 820 mg/liter) when it was produced as a fusion protein with a carrier polypeptide having an intact domain structure compared to the production (150 to 300 mg/liter) of fusions to the signal sequence alone or to carriers having incomplete domain structures. The carriers tested were the T. reesei mannanase I (Man5A, or MANI) core-hinge and a fragment thereof and the cellulose binding domain of T. reesei cellobiohydrolase II (Cel6A, or CBHII) with and without the hinge region(s) and a fragment thereof. The flexible hinge region was shown to have a positive effect on both the production of Xyn11A and the efficiency of cleavage of the fusion polypeptide. The recombinant Xyn11A produced had properties similar to those of the native xylanase. It constituted 6 to 10% of the total proteins secreted by the transformants. About three times more of the Man5A core-hinge carrier polypeptide than of the recombinant Xyn11A was observed. Even in the best Xyn11A producers, the levels of the fusion mRNAs were only approximately 10% of the level of cel7A (cbh1) mRNA in the untransformed host strain.
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Enzyme Production in Industrial Fungi-Molecular Genetic Strategies for Integrated Strain Improvement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(03)80014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Gordon CL, Khalaj V, Ram AFJ, Archer DB, Brookman JL, Trinci APJ, Jeenes DJ, Doonan JH, Wells B, Punt PJ, van den Hondel CAMJJ, Robson GD. Glucoamylase::green fluorescent protein fusions to monitor protein secretion in Aspergillus niger. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 2):415-426. [PMID: 10708380 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-2-415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A glucoamylase::green fluorescent protein fusion (GLA::sGFP) was constructed which allows the green fluorescent protein to be used as an in vivo reporter of protein secretion in Aspergillus niger. Two secretory fusions were designed for secretion of GLA::sGFP which employed slightly different lengths of the glucoamylase protein (GLA499 and GLA514). Expression of GLA::sGFP revealed that fluorescence was localized in the hyphal cell walls and septa, and that fluorescence was most intense at hyphal apices. Extracellular GLA::sGFP was detectable by Western blotting only in the supernatant of young cultures grown in soya milk medium. In older cultures, acidification of the medium and induction of proteases were probably responsible for the loss of extracellular and cell wall fluorescence and the inability to detect GLA::sGFP by Western analysis. A strain containing the GLA::sGFP construct was subjected to UV mutagenesis and survivors screened for mutations in the general secretory pathway. Three mutants were isolated that were unable to form a halo on either starch or gelatin medium. All three mutants grew poorly compared to the parental strain. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that for two of the mutants, GLA::sGFP accumulated intracellularly with no evidence of wall fluorescence, whereas for the third mutant, wall fluorescence was observed with no evidence of intracellular accumulation. These results indicate that the GLA::sGFP fusion constructs can be used as convenient fluorescent markers to study the dynamics of protein secretion in vivo and as a tool in the isolation of mutants in the general secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Gordon
- School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK1
| | - Vahid Khalaj
- School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK1
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- Centre for Phytotechnology, Institute for Molecular Plant Sciences, Clusius Laboratory, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 Al Leiden, The Netherlands2
| | - David B Archer
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK3
| | - Jayne L Brookman
- School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK1
| | - Anthony P J Trinci
- School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK1
| | - David J Jeenes
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK3
| | - John H Doonan
- Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK5
| | - Brian Wells
- Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK5
| | - Peter J Punt
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Technology, Utrechtseweg 48, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands4
| | - Cees A M J J van den Hondel
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Technology, Utrechtseweg 48, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands4
| | - Geoffrey D Robson
- School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK1
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Pakula TM, Uusitalo J, Saloheimo M, Salonen K, Aarts RJ, Penttilä M. Monitoring the kinetics of glycoprotein synthesis and secretion in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei: cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) as a model protein. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 1):223-232. [PMID: 10658668 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-1-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors have developed methodology to study the kinetics of protein synthesis and secretion in filamentous fungi. Production of cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) by Trichoderma reesei was studied by metabolic labelling of the proteins in vivo with [35S]methionine or [14C]mannose, and subsequent analysis of the labelled proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the different pl forms of the nascent proteins allowed monitoring of the maturation of CBHI during the transport along the biosynthetic pathway. The maturation of the pi pattern of CBHI as well as secretion into culture medium was prevented by treatment with the reducing agent DTT. The pl forms of CBHI detectable in the presence of DTT corresponded to the early endoplasmic reticulum forms of the protein. Removal of N-glycans by enzymic treatment (endoglycosidase H or peptide-N-glycosidase F), or chemical removal of both N- and O-glycans, changed the pl pattern of CBHI, showing that glycan structures are involved in formation of the different pl forms of the protein. By quantifying the labelled proteins during a time course, parameters describing protein synthesis and secretion were deduced. The mean synthesis time for CBHI under the conditions used was 4 min and the minimum secretion time was 11 min. The methodology developed in this study provides tools to reveal the rate-limiting factors in protein production and to obtain information on the intracellular events involved in the secretion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina M Pakula
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, PO Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland1
| | - Jaana Uusitalo
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, PO Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland1
| | - Markku Saloheimo
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, PO Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland1
| | - Katri Salonen
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, PO Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland1
| | - Robert J Aarts
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, PO Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland1
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, PO Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland1
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Maras M, van Die I, Contreras R, van den Hondel CA. Filamentous fungi as production organisms for glycoproteins of bio-medical interest. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:99-107. [PMID: 10612410 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026436424881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are commonly used in the fermentation industry for large scale production of glycoproteins. Several of these proteins can be produced in concentrations up to 20-40 g per litre. The production of heterologous glycoproteins is at least one or two orders of magnitude lower but research is in progress to increase the production levels. In the past years the structure of protein-linked carbohydrates of a number of fungal proteins has been elucidated, showing the presence of oligo-mannosidic and high-mannose chains, sometimes with typical fungal modifications. A start has been made to engineer the glycosylation pathway in filamentous fungi to obtain strains that show a more mammalian-like type of glycosylation. This mini review aims to cover the current knowledge of glycosylation in filamentous fungi, and to show the possibilities to produce glycoproteins with these organisms with a more mammalian-like type of glycosylation for research purposes or pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maras
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universiteit Gent, Belgium
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Frenken LG, Hessing JG, Van den Hondel CA, Verrips CT. Recent advances in the large-scale production of antibody fragments using lower eukaryotic microorganisms. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 149:589-99. [PMID: 9835423 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(98)80011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L G Frenken
- Biotechnology Group, Unilever Research Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Enzymes from filamentous fungi are already widely exploited, but new applications for known enzymes and new enzymic activities continue to be found. In addition, enzymes from less amenable non-fungal sources require heterologous production and fungi are being used as the production hosts. In each case there is a need to improve production and to ensure quality of product. While conventional, mutagenesis-based, strain improvement methods will continue to be applied to enzyme production from filamentous fungi the application of recombinant DNA techniques is beginning to reveal important information on the molecular basis of fungal enzyme production and this knowledge is now being applied both in the laboratory and commercially. We review the current state of knowledge on the molecular basis of enzyme production by filamentous fungi. We focus on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of protein production, the transit of proteins through the secretory pathway and the structure of the proteins produced including glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Archer
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK
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Gouka RJ, Punt PJ, van den Hondel CA. Glucoamylase gene fusions alleviate limitations for protein production in Aspergillus awamori at the transcriptional and (post) translational levels. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:488-97. [PMID: 9023927 PMCID: PMC168339 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.2.488-497.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we have analyzed the effects of a glucoamylase gene fusion on the mRNA levels and protein levels for the human interleukin-6 gene (hil6) and the guar alpha-galactosidase gene (aglA). Previously it was shown that production of nonfused alpha-galactosidase and hIL-6 in Aspergillus awamori was limited at transcriptional and (post)translational levels, respectively (R. J. Gouka, P. J. Punt, J. G. M. Hessing, and C. A. M. J. J. van den Hondel, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1951-1957, 1996). Vectors were constructed which contained either the hil6 or aglA gene fused to the Aspergillus niger glucoamylase gene (glaA) under control of the efficient 1,4-beta-endoxylanase A promoter and transcription terminator. For comparison, the vectors were integrated in a single copy at the pyrG locus of A. awamori. A glaA fusion to the 5' end of the hil6 gene resulted in a large increase in hIL-6 yield, whereas with a glaA fusion to the 3' end of the hil6 gene, almost no protein was produced. Nevertheless, the steady-state mRNA levels of both fusions were very similar and not clearly increased compared to those of a strain expressing nonfused hIL-6. Fusions of glaA to the 5' end of the wild-type guar aglA gene resulted in truncated mRNA lacking almost 900 bases (> 80%) of the aglA sequence. When the coding sequence of the wild-type aglA gene was replaced by a synthetic aglA gene with optimized Saccharomyces cerevisiae codon usage, full-length mRNA was obtained. Compared to a nonfused synthetic aglA gene, a glaA fusion with the synthetic aglA gene resulted in a 25-fold increase in the mRNA level and, as a consequence, a similar increase in the alpha-galactosidase protein level. The truncated transcripts derived from the wild-type aglA gene were further analyzed by nuclear run-on transcription assays. These experiments indicated that transcription elongation in the nucleus proceeded at least 400 bases downstream of the site where the truncation was determined, indicating that transcription elongation or premature termination was not the reason for the generation of truncated mRNAs. As the truncated mRNA also contained a poly(A) tail, truncation most likely occurs by incorrect processing of the aglA mRNA in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gouka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Technology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Gouka RJ, Punt PJ, Hessing JG, van den Hondel CA. Analysis of heterologous protein production in defined recombinant Aspergillus awamori strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:1951-7. [PMID: 8787393 PMCID: PMC167973 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.6.1951-1957.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out to obtain more insight into the parameters that determine the secretion of heterologous proteins from filamentous fungi. A strategy was chosen in which the mRNA levels and protein levels of a number of heterologous genes of different origins were compared. All genes were under control of the Aspergillus awamori 1,4-beta-endoxylanase A (exlA) expression signals and were integrated in a single copy at the A. awamori pyrG locus. A Northern (RNA) analysis showed that large differences occurred in the steady-state mRNA levels obtained with the various genes; those levels varied from high values for genes of fungal origin (A. awamori 1,4-beta-endoxylanase A, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, and Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase) to low values for genes of nonfungal origin (human interleukin 6 and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [guar] alpha-galactosidase). With the C. tetragonoloba alpha-galactosidase wild-type gene full-length mRNA was even undetectable. Surprisingly, small amounts of full-length mRNA could be detected when a C. tetragonoloba alpha-galactosidase gene with an optimized Saccharomyces cerevisiae codon preference was expressed. In all cases except human interleukin 6, the protein levels corresponded to the amounts expected on basis of the mRNA levels. For human interleukin 6, very low protein levels were observed, whereas relatively high steady-state mRNA levels were obtained. Our data suggest that intracellular protein degradation is the most likely explanation for the low levels of secreted human interleukin 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gouka
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Technology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Keränen S, Penttilä M. Production of recombinant proteins in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1995; 6:534-7. [PMID: 7579664 DOI: 10.1016/0958-1669(95)80088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The potential of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei for producing heterologous proteins has recently been demonstrated with a number of secreted proteins. Rate-limiting steps and ways of improving the production have been studied, especially using antibody Fab fragments. Major improvements have been achieved by producing the foreign protein fused to the fungal cellulase cellobiohydrolase I. In addition to the strong inducible cbh1 promoter, other promoters, which are regulated in a different manner, have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keränen
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, Espoo, Finland
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