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Biserova NM, Mustafina AR, Malakhov VV. Structure of the Excretory System of the Plerocercoid Pyramicocephalus phocarum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea): Proof for the Existence of Independent Terminal Cells. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2021; 496:17-20. [PMID: 33635484 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496621010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The excretory system ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry have been investigated in the plerocercoid Pyramicocephalus phocarum. It has been shown that P. phocarum has independent terminal cells, cyrtocytes. The entire canal system is a single undivided syncytium, which includes nephridial funnels of the terminal tubules, and peripheral and central canals. The nephridial funnel and cyrtocyte form a filtration complex of the protonephridial type. In the caudal region, several peripheral canals open into a deep fold of the tegument, the urinary bladder. The excretory pores are separated from the tegument by annular septate desmosomes. There are no cell junctions inside the excretory system. The presence of the F-actin ring and the expression of non-synaptic serotonin in the collar area have been detected in cyrtocytes by immunocytochemistry methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Biserova
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A R Mustafina
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Malakhov
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Koziol U. Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) of cestodes. Exp Parasitol 2016; 180:84-100. [PMID: 27939766 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cestodes (tapeworms) have complex adaptations to their obligatory parasitic life-style. Among these adaptations, they show many evolutionary innovations in their development, including complex life-cycles with multiple hosts and life-stages, several independent origins of asexual reproduction, and the evolution of segmentation as a mean to generate massive reproductive output. Therefore, cestodes offer many opportunities for the investigation of the evolutionary origins of developmental novelties (evo-devo). However, cestodes have not been exploited as major models for evo-devo research due to the considerable technical difficulties involved in their study. In this review, a panoramic view is given of classical aspects, methods and hypothesis of cestode development, together with recent advances in phylogenetics, genomics, culture methods, and comparative analysis of cestode gene expression. Together with the availability of powerful models for related free-living flatworms, these developments should encourage the incorporation of these fascinating parasites into the first-line of evo-devo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Koziol
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.
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Koziol U, Jarero F, Olson PD, Brehm K. Comparative analysis of Wnt expression identifies a highly conserved developmental transition in flatworms. BMC Biol 2016; 14:10. [PMID: 26941070 PMCID: PMC4778295 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early developmental patterns of flatworms are extremely diverse and difficult to compare between distant groups. In parasitic flatworms, such as tapeworms, this is confounded by highly derived life cycles involving indirect development, and even the true orientation of the tapeworm antero-posterior (AP) axis has been a matter of controversy. In planarians, and metazoans generally, the AP axis is specified by the canonical Wnt pathway, and we hypothesized that it could also underpin axial formation during larval metamorphosis in tapeworms. Results By comparative gene expression analysis of Wnt components and conserved AP markers in the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Hymenolepis microstoma, we found remarkable similarities between the early stages of larval metamorphosis in tapeworms and late embryonic and adult development in planarians. We demonstrate posterior expression of specific Wnt factors during larval metamorphosis and show that scolex formation is preceded by localized expression of Wnt inhibitors. In the highly derived larval form of E. multilocularis, which proliferates asexually within the mammalian host, we found ubiquitous expression of posterior Wnt factors combined with localized expression of Wnt inhibitors that correlates with the asexual budding of scoleces. As in planarians, muscle cells are shown to be a source of secreted Wnt ligands, providing an explanation for the retention of a muscle layer in the immotile E. multilocularis larva. Conclusions The strong conservation of gene expression between larval metamorphosis in tapeworms and late embryonic development in planarians suggests, for the first time, a homologous developmental period across this diverse phylum. We postulate these to represent the phylotypic stages of these flatworm groups. Our results support the classical notion that the scolex is the true anterior end of tapeworms. Furthermore, the up-regulation of Wnt inhibitors during the specification of multiple anterior poles suggests a mechanism for the unique asexual reproduction of E. multilocularis larvae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0233-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Koziol
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. .,University of Würzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Francesca Jarero
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
| | - Peter D Olson
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
| | - Klaus Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany.
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Bruňanská M, Poddubnaya LG, Xylander WER. Spermatozoon cytoarchitecture of Amphilina foliacea (Platyhelminthes, Amphilinidea). Parasitol Res 2012; 111:2063-9. [PMID: 22932939 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mature spermatozoon of Amphilina foliacea Rudolphi, 1819 has been examined using transmission electron microscopy. The male gamete is filiform and tapered at both extremities. Its moderately electron-dense cytoplasm possesses two parallel axonemes of unequal lengths with the 9 + "1" trepaxonematan pattern, a mitochondrion, a nucleus, parallel cortical microtubules, four electron-dense attachment zones, and electron-dense glycogen granules. A crested body is absent. The anterior extremity of the cell exhibits a single axoneme. The anteriormost cortical microtubules have been observed with the appearance of the second axoneme. The number of cortical microtubules reaches a maximum (up to 25) in the nucleated region III of the spermatozoon. A single mitochondrion extends from the middle of region II to the end of region III of the cell. Both axonemes have become disorganized in a similar way: the axonemal doublets disappear first, followed by the central core. The nucleus is surrounded by a few cortical microtubules in the proximal part of region V. In the distal extremity of the mature spermatozoon, there is only the nucleus. Differences of spermatozoon ultrastructure within Amphilinidea and other Neodermata are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Bruňanská
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040-01 Košice, Slovak Republic.
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Młocicki D, Swiderski Z, Bruňanská M, Conn DB. Functional ultrastructure of the hexacanth larvae in the bothriocephalidean cestode Eubothrium salvelini (Schrank, 1790) and its phylogenetic implications. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:539-48. [PMID: 20637299 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional ultrastructure and its phylogenic implications in the bothriocephalid cestode Eubothrium salvelini (Schrank, 1790) are described and discussed. The infective hexacanth shows bilateral symmetry in cellular organization. The mature hexacanth is armed with three pairs of oncospheral hooks of a heterogeneous electron density. It is covered by a thin layer of the oncospheral tegument, possessing characteristic bubble-like processes at the surface. Within the infective hexacanth larva five cell types were distinguished: (1) a binucleated subtegumental cell; (2) the U-shaped, tetranucleated penetration gland; (3) two nerve cells; (4) three types of somatic cells represented by: i) myocytons of both somatic and hook musculature, ii) numerous degenerating micromeres with pycnotic nuclei and iii) a new oncospheral cell type, the interstitial cell, that has never been observed in any other hexacanth; and (5) large germinative cells with characteristic prominent nucleoli in their large spherical nuclei. Functions of all the cell types are described on the basis of the obtained ultrastructural characteristics and previously published reports. The mode of the penetration gland secretion is classified as apocrine. Flame cells have never been observed within the hexacanth of E. salvelini. The results of the present study, comparing the functional aspects of the ultrastructure of the hexacanths of E. salvelini with literature data on the oncospheres of other bothriocephallideans and diphyllobothriideans, suggest potential phylogenetic and evolutionary criteria for determining relationships among these groups of tapeworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Młocicki
- W. Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland.
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Chervy L. Unified terminology for cestode microtriches: a proposal from the International Workshops on Cestode Systematics in 2002-2008. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2009; 56:199-230. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2009.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zamparo D, Brooks DR, Hoberg EP, McLennan DA. Phylogenetic analysis of the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) with emphasis on the Neodermata and relatives. ZOOL SCR 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2001.00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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. TK, . HS, . TM, . ST. Frequency of Precancerous Lesions in Stomach of Patients. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2006.666.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Pichelin S, Cribb TH, Bona FV. Glossocercus chelodinae (MacCallum, 1921) n. comb. (Cestoda: Dilepididae) from freshwater turtles in Australia and a redefinition of the genus Bancroftiella Johnston, 1911. Syst Parasitol 1998. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1005922311904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rohde
- Department of Zoology, University of New England, Armidale NSW, Australia
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12
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Xylander WER. Ultrastructure of the lycophora larva ofGyrocotyle urna (Cestoda, Gyrocotylidea). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01632710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rohde K, Watson N. Ultrastructural studies of juvenile Austramphilina elongata: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the tegument. Int J Parasitol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(90)90140-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xylander WER. Ultrastructure of the lycophora larva ofGyrocotyle urna (Cestoda, Gyrocotylidea). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00803572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ultrastructural studies of juvenileAustramphilina elongata: transmission electron microscopy of sensory receptors. Parasitol Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00928189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rohde K, Watson N. Ultrastructural studies of larval and juvenile Austramphilina elongata (Platyhelminthes, Amphilinidea); penetration into, and early development in the intermediate host, Cherax destructor. Int J Parasitol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(89)90083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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ROHDE KLAUS, WATSON N, CANNON LRG. Comparative ultrastructural studies of the epidermis, sperm and nerve fibres of Cleistogamia longicirrus and Seritia stichopi (RhabdocoeIa, UmagiIIidae). ZOOL SCR 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1988.tb00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Walz B, Schäffner KH, Sawyer RT. Ultrastructure of the anterior salivary gland cells of the giant leech, Haementeria ghilianii (Annelida, Hirudinea). J Morphol 1988; 196:321-32. [PMID: 3418718 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051960305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The giant anterior salivary gland cells from the large mammalian blood-sucking, glossiphoniid leech, Haementeria ghilianii, can be subdivided into three morphologically and functionally distinct regions: 1) a soma, responsible for the synthesis and storage of secretory products; 2) a long cell process, responsible for the storage and intracellular transport of the secretory vesicles; and 3) the site of exocytosis at the process terminal. The giant somata are densely packed with secretory vesicles. Deep plasmalemmal invaginations invade the soma and form an extensive system of extracellular lacunae. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus are organized in the cell periphery, near the highly branched nucleus, and along the lacunae. The somata taper into long processes extending over several centimeters to the proboscis tip. These contain secretory vesicles through their whole length. In the process periphery, the vesicles are completely ensheathed by a concentric subplasmalemmal smooth ER cisterna. This originates deeply within the soma and extends through the whole cell process to its terminal. The ER provides support for up to several hundred longitudinally oriented microtubules. Secretion occurs at the very tip of the cell processes, each of which terminates at the proboscis tip at the base of a cuticular pore. We found synapses close to the sites of exocytosis, providing morphological evidence for neuronal control of secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Walz
- Abteilung für Vergleichende Neurobiologie, Universität Ulm, Federal Republic of Germany
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Ultrastructural studies on the reproductive system of Gyrocotylidea and Amphilinidea (Cestoda). Parasitol Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00539459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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ROHDE KLAUS. Ultrastructural studies of epidermis, sense receptors and sperm of Craspedella sp. and Didymorchis sp. (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela). ZOOL SCR 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1987.tb00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xylander WER. Ultrastructure of the lycophora larva of Gyrocotyle urna (Cestoda, Gyrocotylidea). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00312258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Collins GH, Pope SE. Cestodarians in long-necked tortoises. Aust Vet J 1987; 64:96. [PMID: 3579763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rohde K. The formation of glandular secretion in larval Austramphilina elongata (Amphilinidea). Int J Parasitol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(87)90064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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