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Dörnte B, Peng C, Fang Z, Kamran A, Yulvizar C, Kües U. Selection markers for transformation of the sequenced reference monokaryon Okayama 7/#130 and homokaryon AmutBmut of Coprinopsis cinerea. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:15. [PMID: 33062286 PMCID: PMC7552465 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two reference strains have been sequenced from the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea, monokaryon Okayama 7/#130 (OK130) and the self-compatible homokaryon AmutBmut. An adenine-auxotrophy in OK130 (ade8-1) and a para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)-auxotrophy in AmutBmut (pab1-1) offer selection markers for transformations. Of these two strains, homokaryon AmutBmut had been transformed before to PABA-prototrophy and with the bacterial hygromycin resistance marker hph, respectively. RESULTS Gene ade8 encodes a bifunctional enzyme with an N-terminal glycinamide ribonucleotide synthase (GARS) and a C-terminal aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthase (AIRS) domain required for steps 2 and 5 in the de novo biosynthesis of purines, respectively. In OK130, a missense mutation in ade8-1 rendered residue N231 for ribose recognition by the A loop of the GARS domain into D231. The new ade8 + vector pCcAde8 complements the auxotrophy of OK130 in transformations. Transformation rates with pCcAde8 in single-vector and co-transformations with ade8 +-selection were similarly high, unlike for trp1 + plasmids which exhibit suicidal feedback-effects in single-vector transformations with complementation of tryptophan synthase defects. As various other plasmids, unselected pCcAde8 helped in co-transformations of trp1 strains with a trp1 +-selection vector to overcome suicidal effects by transferred trp1 +. Co-transformation rates of pCcAde8 in OK130 under adenine selection with nuclear integration of unselected DNA were as high as 80% of clones. Co-transformation rates of expressed genes reached 26-42% for various laccase genes and up to 67% with lcc9 silencing vectors. The bacterial gene hph can also be used as another, albeit less efficient, selection marker for OK130 transformants, but with similarly high co-transformation rates. We further show that the pab1-1 defect in AmutBmut is due to a missense mutation which changed the conserved PIKGT motif for chorismate binding in the C-terminal PabB domain to PIEGT in the mutated 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase. CONCLUSIONS ade8-1 and pab1-1 auxotrophic defects in C. cinerea reference strains OK130 and AmutBmut for complementation in transformation are described. pCcAde8 is a new transformation vector useful for selection in single and co-transformations of the sequenced monokaryon OK130 which was transformed for the first time. The bacterial gene hph can also be used as an additional selection marker in OK130, making in combination with ade8 + successive rounds of transformation possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Dörnte
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Can Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601 China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601 China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601 China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601 China
| | - Aysha Kamran
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Present Address: Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cut Yulvizar
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kües
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Daly P, Slaghek GG, Casado López S, Wiebenga A, Hilden KS, de Vries RP, Mäkelä MR. Genetic transformation of the white-rot fungus Dichomitus squalens using a new commercial protoplasting cocktail. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 143:38-43. [PMID: 28987554 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
D. squalens, a white-rot fungus that efficiently degrades lignocellulose in nature, can be used in various biotechnological applications and has several strains with sequenced and annotated genomes. Here we present a method for the transformation of this basidiomycete fungus, using a recently introduced commercial ascomycete protoplasting enzyme cocktail, Protoplast F. In protoplasting of D. squalens mycelia, Protoplast F outperformed two other cocktails while releasing similar amounts of protoplasts to a third cocktail. The protoplasts released using Protoplast F had a regeneration rate of 12.5% (±6 SE). Using Protoplast F, the D. squalens monokaryon CBS464.89 was conferred with resistance to the antibiotics hygromycin and G418 via polyethylene glycol mediated protoplast transformation with resistance cassettes expressing the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph) and neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) genes, respectively. The hph gene was expressed in D. squalens using heterologous promoters from genes encoding β-tubulin or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. A Southern blot confirmed integration of a resistance cassette into the D. squalens genome. An average of six transformants (±2 SE) were obtained when at least several million protoplasts were used (a transformation efficiency of 0.8 (±0.3 SE) transformants per μg DNA). Transformation of D. squalens demonstrates the suitability of the Protoplast F cocktail for basidiomycete transformation and furthermore can facilitate understanding of basidiomycete gene function and development of improved strains for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Daly
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gillian G Slaghek
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Casado López
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Wiebenga
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiina S Hilden
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland.
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Gene expression metadata analysis reveals molecular mechanisms employed by Phanerochaete chrysosporium during lignin degradation and detoxification of plant extractives. Curr Genet 2017; 63:877-894. [PMID: 28275822 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lignin, most complex and abundant biopolymer on the earth's surface, attains its stability from intricate polyphenolic units and non-phenolic bonds, making it difficult to depolymerize or separate from other units of biomass. Eccentric lignin degrading ability and availability of annotated genome make Phanerochaete chrysosporium ideal for studying lignin degrading mechanisms. Decoding and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of lignin degradation will significantly aid the progressing biofuel industries and lead to the production of commercially vital platform chemicals. In this study, we have performed a large-scale metadata analysis to understand the common gene expression patterns of P. chrysosporium during lignin degradation. Gene expression datasets were retrieved from NCBI GEO database and analyzed using GEO2R and Bioconductor packages. Commonly expressed statistically significant genes among different datasets were further considered to understand their involvement in lignin degradation and detoxification mechanisms. We have observed three sets of enzymes commonly expressed during ligninolytic conditions which were later classified into primary ligninolytic, aromatic compound-degrading and other necessary enzymes. Similarly, we have observed three sets of genes coding for detoxification and stress-responsive, phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes. Results obtained in this study indicate the coordinated action of enzymes involved in lignin depolymerization and detoxification-stress responses under ligninolytic conditions. We have developed tentative network of genes and enzymes involved in lignin degradation and detoxification mechanisms by P. chrysosporium based on the literature and results obtained in this study. However, ambiguity raised due to higher expression of several uncharacterized proteins necessitates for further proteomic studies in P. chrysosporium.
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Phanerochaete chrysosporium Genomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(05)80016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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5
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Rotsaert FAJ, Hallberg BM, de Vries S, Moenne-Loccoz P, Divne C, Renganathan V, Gold MH. Biophysical and structural analysis of a novel heme B iron ligation in the flavocytochrome cellobiose dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:33224-31. [PMID: 12796496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302653200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal extracellular flavocytochrome cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) participates in lignocellulose degradation. The enzyme has a cytochrome domain connected to a flavin-binding domain by a peptide linker. The cytochrome domain contains a 6-coordinate low spin b-type heme with unusual iron ligands and coordination geometry. Wild type CDH is only the second example of a b-type heme with Met-His ligation, and it is the first example of a Met-His ligation of heme b where the ligands are arranged in a nearly perpendicular orientation. To investigate the ligation further, Met65 was replaced with a histidine to create a bis-histidyl ligated iron typical of b-type cytochromes. The variant is expressed as a stable 90-kDa protein that retains the flavin domain catalytic reactivity. However, the ability of the mutant to reduce external one-electron acceptors such as cytochrome c is impaired. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate a decrease in the redox midpoint potential of the heme by 210 mV. In contrast to the wild type enzyme, the ferric state of the protoheme displays a mixed low spin/high spin state at room temperature and low spin character at 90 K, as determined by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The wild type cytochrome does not bind CO, but the ferrous state of the variant forms a CO complex, although the association rate is very low. The crystal structure of the M65H cytochrome domain has been determined at 1.9 A resolution. The variant structure confirms a bis-histidyl ligation but reveals unusual features. As for the wild type enzyme, the ligands have a nearly perpendicular arrangement. Furthermore, the iron is bound by imidazole N delta 1 and N epsilon 2 nitrogen atoms, rather than the typical N epsilon 2/N epsilon 2 coordination encountered in bis-histidyl ligated heme proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a bis-histidyl N delta 1/N epsilon 2-coordinated protoporphyrin IX iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik A J Rotsaert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OGI School of Science and Engineering at Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006-8921, USA
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Rotsaert FA, Li B, Renganathan V, Gold MH. Site-directed mutagenesis of the heme axial ligands in the hemoflavoenzyme cellobiose dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 390:206-14. [PMID: 11396923 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium is an extracellular 90-kDa hemoflavoenzyme, organized into an N-terminal heme domain and a C-terminal flavin domain. The amino acid residues Met65 and His114 or His163 were suggested to be heme iron ligands. Mutations of these residues were made and mutant proteins were characterized. H114A mutant cultures produce a stable hemoflavoenzyme with spectral and kinetic characteristics similar to those of wild-type CDH. The M65A and H163A transformants secrete a 90-kDa hemoflavoenzyme, which oxidizes cellobiose in the presence of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP), but is unable to reduce cytochrome c. The heme domains of the M65A and H163A CDH variants are, however, unstable and susceptible to degradation, both yielding a 70-kDa cellobiose-oxidizing flavoenzyme. The spectral and kinetic characteristics of these truncated variants suggest that they contain only their respective flavin domains. The yield of the 90-kDa proteins was low and the proteins could not be purified to homogeneity; however, absorption spectra indicate that the 90-kDa proteins do contain the heme domain. Like the truncated flavoenzymes, the 90-kDa variants reduce DCPIP but are unable to transfer electrons to cytochrome c, in contrast to wild-type CDH. These findings suggest that H163 and M65 are the axial heme ligands and that both ligands are required for the reactivity and structural integrity of the heme domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Rotsaert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Beaverton, Oregon 97006-8921, USA
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Ma B, Mayfield MB, Gold MH. The green fluorescent protein gene functions as a reporter of gene expression in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:948-55. [PMID: 11157267 PMCID: PMC92671 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.2.948-955.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2000] [Accepted: 11/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene (egfp) was used as a reporter of gene expression driven by the glyceraldehyde-p-dehydrogenase (gpd) gene promoter and the manganese peroxidase isozyme 1 (mnp1) gene promoter in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Four different constructs were prepared. pUGGM3' and pUGiGM3' contain the P. chrysosporium gpd promoter fused upstream of the egfp coding region, and pUMGM3' and pUMiGM3' contain the P. chrysosporium mnp1 promoter fused upstream of the egfp gene. In all constructs, the egfp gene was followed by the mnp1 gene 3' untranslated region. In pUGGM3' and pUMGM3', the promoters were fused directly with egfp, whereas in pUGiGM3' and pUMiGM3', following the promoters, the first exon (6 bp), the first intron (55 bp), and part of the second exon (9 bp) of the gpd gene were inserted at the 5' end of the egfp gene. All constructs were ligated into a plasmid containing the ura1 gene of Schizophyllum commune as a selectable marker and were used to transform a Ural1 auxotrophic strain of P. chrysosporium to prototrophy. Crude cell extracts were examined for GFP fluorescence, and where appropriate, the extracellular fluid was examined for MnP activity. The transformants containing a construct with an intron 5' of the egfp gene (pUGiGM3' and pUMiGM3') exhibited maximal fluorescence under the appropriate conditions. The transformants containing constructs with no introns exhibited minimal or no fluorescence. Northern (RNA) blots indicated that the insertion of a 5' intron resulted in more egfp RNA than was found in transformants carrying an intronless egfp. These results suggest that the presence of a 5' intron affects the expression of the egfp gene in P. chrysosporium. The expression of GFP in the transformants carrying pUMiGM3' paralled the expression of endogenous mnp with respect to nitrogen and Mn levels, suggesting that this construct will be useful in studying cis-acting elements in the mnp1 gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Beaverton, Oregon 97006-8921, USA
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8
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Li D, Youngs HL, Gold MH. Heterologous Expression of a Thermostable Manganese Peroxidase from Dichomitus squalens in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 385:348-56. [PMID: 11368016 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dichomitus squalens belongs to a group of white-rot fungi which express manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase but do not express lignin peroxidase (LiP). To facilitate structure/function studies of MnP from D. squalens, we heterologously expressed the enzyme in the well-studied basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (gpd) promoter of P. chrysosporium was fused to the coding region of the mnp2 gene of D. squalens, 5 bp upstream of the translation start site, and placed in a vector containing the ural gene as a selectable marker. Purified recombinant protein (rDsMnP) was similar in kinetic and spectral characteristics to both the wild-type MnPs from D. squalens and P. chrysosporium (PcMnP). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the rDsMnP was determined and was identical to the predicted sequence. Cleavage of the propeptide followed a conserved amino acid motif (A-A-P-S/T) in both rDsMnP and PcMnP. However, the protein from D. squalens was considerably more thermostable than its P. chrysosporium homolog with half-lives 15- to 40-fold longer at 55 degrees C. As previously demonstrated for PcMnP, addition of exogenous MnII and CdII conferred additional thermal stability to rDsMnP. However, unlike PcMnP, ZnII also confers some additional thermal stability to rDsMnP at 55 degrees C. Some differences in the metal-specific effects on thermal stability of rDsMnP at 65 degrees C were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Beaverton 97006-8921, USA
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Li B, Rotsaert FA, Gold MH, Renganathan V. Homologous expression of recombinant cellobiose dehydrogenase in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 270:141-6. [PMID: 10733918 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is a novel extracellular hemoflavoenzyme from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and is produced only in cultures supplemented with cellulose. In this report, CDH from P. chrysosporium has been homologously expressed in cultures supplemented with glucose as the sole carbon source when no endogenous CDH is expressed. This was achieved by placing the cdh-1 gene under the control of the D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) promoter (1.1 kb) fused upstream of the ATG start codon of cdh-1. The gpd promoter-chd-1 construct was inserted into the multiple cloning site of the expression vector pOGI18, which contained the Schizophyllum commune ade5 as a selectable marker. The P. chrysosporium ade1 auxotrophic strain OGC107-1 was transformed with the pAGC1 construct, and the prototrophic transformants were assayed for CDH activity. Approximately 50% of the Ade(+) transformants exhibited CDH activity in the extracellular medium of stationary cultures. At least one of the transformants produced high levels (500-600 U/liter) of recombinant CDH (rCDH). Purification by ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephacryl S-200 chromatography, and FPLC using a Mono-Q 5/5 column yielded homogeneous rCDH. Physical, spectral, and kinetic characteristics of purified homologously expressed rCDH were similar to those of wild-type CDH. This expression system will enable site-directed mutagenesis studies to be carried out on CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, 20000 N.W. Walker Road, Beaverton, Oregon 97006-8921, USA
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Sollewijn Gelpke MD, Mayfield-Gambill M, Lin Cereghino GP, Gold MH. Homologous expression of recombinant lignin peroxidase in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:1670-4. [PMID: 10103266 PMCID: PMC91236 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.4.1670-1674.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) promoter was used to drive expression of lip2, the gene encoding lignin peroxidase (LiP) isozyme H8, in primary metabolic cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The expression vector, pUGL, also contained the Schizophyllum commune ura1 gene as a selectable marker. pUGL was used to transform a P. chrysosporium Ura11 auxotroph to prototrophy. Ura+ transformants were screened for peroxidase activity in liquid cultures containing high-carbon and high-nitrogen medium. Recombinant LiP (rLiP) was secreted in active form by the transformants after 4 days of growth, whereas endogenous lip genes were not expressed under these conditions. Approximately 2 mg of homogeneous rLiP/liter was obtained after purification. The molecular mass, pI, and optical absorption spectrum of rLiPH8 were essentially identical to those of the wild-type LiPh8 (wt LiPH8), indicating that heme insertion, folding, and secretion functioned normally in the transformant. Steady-state and transient-state kinetic properties for the oxidation of veratryl alcohol between wtLiPH8 and rLiPH8 were also identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Sollewijn Gelpke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Portland, Oregon 97291-1000, USA
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Zapanta LS, Hattori T, Rzetskaya M, Tien M. Cloning of Phanerochaete chrysosporium leu2 by complementation of bacterial auxotrophs and transformation of fungal auxotrophs. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:2624-9. [PMID: 9647839 PMCID: PMC106435 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.7.2624-2629.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A Phanerochaete chrysosporium cDNA library was constructed in an expression vector that allows expression in both Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This expression vector, lambda YES, contains the lacZ promoter for expression in E. coli and the GAL1 promoter for expression in yeast. A number of genes were cloned by complementation of bacterial amino acid auxotrophs. The cDNA encoding the beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase from P. chrysosporium was characterized further. The genomic clone (gleu2) was subsequently isolated and was used successfully as a selectable marker to transform P. chrysosporium auxotrophs for LEU2. Protoplasts for transformation were prepared with readily obtained conidiospores rather than with basidiospores, which were used in previous P. chrysosporium transformation procedures. The method described here allows other genes to be isolated from P. chrysosporium for use as selectable markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Zapanta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Abstract
This review highlights significant recent advances in the molecular genetics of white-rot fungi and identifies areas where information remains sketchy. The development of critical experimental tools such as genetic mapping techniques is described. A major portion of the text focuses on the structure, genomic organization and transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding peroxidases, laccases and glyoxal oxidase. Finally, recent efforts on heterologous expression of lignin-degrading enzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cullen
- Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Technology, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Homologous and heterologous gene transfer systems in basidiomycetes. MYCOSCIENCE 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02268584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mayfield MB, Kishi K, Alic M, Gold MH. Homologous expression of recombinant manganese peroxidase in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:4303-9. [PMID: 7811070 PMCID: PMC201985 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.12.4303-4309.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The promoter region of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpd) was used to drive expression of mnp1, the gene encoding Mn peroxidase isozyme 1, in primary metabolic cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. A 1,100-bp fragment of the P. chrysosporium gpd promoter region was fused upstream of the mnp1 gene to construct plasmid pAGM1, which contained the Schizophyllum commune ade5 gene as a selectable marker. pAGM1 was used to transform a P. chrysosporium ade1 auxotroph to prototrophy. Ade+ transformants were screened for peroxidase activity on a solid medium containing high carbon and high nitrogen (2% glucose and 24 mM NH4 tartrate) and o-anisidine as the peroxidase substrate. Several transformants that expressed high peroxidase activities were purified and analyzed further in liquid cultures. Recombinant Mn peroxidase (rMnP) was expressed and secreted by transformant cultures on day 2 under primary metabolic growth conditions (high carbon and high nitrogen), whereas endogenous wild-type mnp genes were not expressed under these conditions. Expression of rMnP was not influenced by the level of Mn in the culture medium, as previously observed for the wild-type Mn peroxidase (wtMnP). The amount of active rMnP expressed and secreted in this system was comparable to the amount of enzyme expressed by the wild-type strain under ligninolytic conditions. rMnP was purified to homogeneity by using DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, Blue Agarose chromatography, and Mono Q column chromatography. The M(r) and absorption spectrum of rMnP were essentially identical to the M(r) and absorption spectrum of wtMnP, indicating that heme insertion, folding, and secretion were normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Mayfield
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science & Technology, Portland 97291-1000
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Noël T, Labarère J. Homologous transformation of the edible basidiomycete Agrocybe aegerita with the URA1 gene: characterization of integrative events and of rearranged free plasmids in transformants. Curr Genet 1994; 25:432-7. [PMID: 8082189 DOI: 10.1007/bf00351782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The URA1 gene, encoding dihydroorotate dehydrogenase of the pyrimidine pathway, cloned into pUC18 (pUra1-1) was used to develop an homologous transformation system for the cultivated mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Protoplasts of a ura1 auxotrophic strain were transformed by electroporation with efficiencies ranging from 1 to 26 transformants per micrograms of DNA. The phenotype of the stable Ura+ transformants suggested a strong nuclear heterogeneity further confirmed by Southern-blot analysis. All transformants acquired extrachromosomal forms derived from pUra1-1. Integration of pUra1-1 into chromosomal DNA occurred for some transformants. Plasmids containing the integrant of pUC18 recombined to different parts of the URA1 gene were rescued from A. aegerita transformants through transformation of E. coli. Their molecular analysis indicated that they represent products of the continuous excision of primary-integrated vector sequences rather than ARS-dependent autoreplicative forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Noël
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Amélioration des Champignons Cultivés, Université de Bordeaux II-INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Broda P, Birch P, Brooks P, Copa-Patiño JL, Sinnott ML, Tempelaars C, Wang Q, Wyatt A, Sims P. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and its natural substrate. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1994; 13:189-95. [PMID: 8167034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We seek to define more fully how Phanerochaete chrysosporium degrades its natural substrate, lignocellulose. This contribution concerns several relevant topics. Mineralisation of [14C]DHP, as a model for lignin degradation, showed that a set of genetically defined meiotically derived products of strain ME446 differed in their degradative ability and also that, under optimum conditions for mineralisation, extracellular lignin peroxidase activity was absent. Xylanolytic and xylosidase/beta(1-->3) glucanase activities are also described. The complexity of the CBHI gene family is described and differential splicing of a CBHI gene transcript is proposed. In contrast to the multiplicity of CHBI genes there is a single CBHII gene. PCR methods were developed to analyse differential gene expression on different substrates. We have also developed a transformation system involving a reporter construct for the analysis of CBHI promoter function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Broda
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Molecular Biology, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK
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18
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Reddy CA, D'Souza TM. Physiology and molecular biology of the lignin peroxidases of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1994; 13:137-52. [PMID: 8167033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium produces lignin peroxidases (LiPs), a family of extracellular glycosylated heme proteins, as major components of its lignin-degrading system. Up to 15 LiP isozymes, ranging in M(r) values from 38,000 to 43,000, are produced depending on culture conditions and strains employed. Manganese-dependent peroxidases (MnPs) are a second family of extracellular heme proteins produced by P. chrysosporium that are also believed to be important in lignin degradation by this organism. LiP and MnP production is seen during secondary metabolism and is completely suppressed under conditions of excess nitrogen and carbon. Excess Mn(II) in the medium, on the other hand, suppresses LiP production but enhances MnP production. Nitrogen regulation of LiP and MnP production is independent of carbon and Mn(II) regulation. LiP activity is also affected by idiophasic extracellular proteases. Intracellular cAMP levels appear to be important in regulating the production of LiPs and MnPs, although LiP production is affected more than MnP production. Studies on the sequencing and characterization of lip cDNAs and genes of P. chrysosporium have shown that the major LiP isozymes are each encoded by a separate gene. Each lip gene encodes a mature protein that is 343-344 amino acids long, contains 1 putative N-glycosylation site, a number of putative O-glycosylation sites, and is preceded by a 27-28-amino acid leader peptide ending in a Lys-Arg cleavage site. The coding region of each lip gene is interrupted by 8-9 introns (50-63 bp), and the positions of the last two introns appear to be highly conserved. There are substantial differences in the temporal transcription patterns of the major lip genes. The sequence data suggest the presence of three lip gene subfamilies. The genomic DNA of P. chrysosporium strain BKMF-1767 was resolved into 10 chromosomes (genome size of 29 Mb), and that of strain ME-446 into 11 chromosomes (genome size of 32 Mb). The lip genes have been localized to five chromosomes in BKMF-1767 and to four chromosomes in ME-446. DNA transformation studies have reported both integrative and non-integrative transformation in P. chrysosporium.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1101
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19
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Alic M, Akileswaran L, Gold MH. Gene replacement in the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Gene 1993; 136:307-11. [PMID: 8294022 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90485-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ability to carry out gene replacements and gene targeting in the lignin-degrading basidiomycete fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, would facilitate studies on the roles and regulation of various components of its lignindegrading system. A plasmid consisting of the P. chrysosporium ura3 gene (encoding orotidylate decarboxylase) interrupted with the Schizophyllum commune ade2 gene (encoding an adenine biosynthetic enzyme) was used to transform the P. chrysosporium ade2 strain to adenine prototrophy with selection on 5-fluoroorotic acid for inactivation of the ura3 gene. Stable Ade+Ura- strains were obtained at a frequency of approximately one transformant per microgram of DNA. In all of the Ade+Ura- transformants examined by Southern analysis, the chromosomal ura3 locus had been replaced by the plasmid insert.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alic
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Beaverton 97006
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20
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Akileswaran L, Alic M, Clark EK, Hornick JL, Gold MH. Isolation and transformation of uracil auxotrophs of the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Curr Genet 1993; 23:351-6. [PMID: 8467534 DOI: 10.1007/bf00310898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Uracil auxotrophs of Phanerochaete chrysosporium were isolated using 5-fluoroorotate resistance as a selection scheme. The ura3 auxotrophs deficient in orotidylate decarboxylase and ura5 auxotrophs deficient in orotate phosphoribosyl transferase were characterized by enzyme assays and complementation tests. The ura5 auxotrophs were transformed to prototrophy with the ura5 gene from the ascomycete Podospora anserina. The ura3 auxotrophs were transformed to prototrophy with the ura3 gene from the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. The P. chrysosporium ura3 gene was isolated from a lambda EMBL3 genomic library using the S. commune ura3 gene as a probe. A 6.6-kb fragment incorporating the ura3 gene was subcloned into Bluescript SK+(pURA3.1) and used to transform P. chrysosporium ura3 auxotrophic strains. The pURA3.1 insert was mapped for restriction sites and the approximate location of the ura3 gene within the insert was determined. Double auxotrophic strains were transformed with either of two marker genes and the resulting single auxotrophic strains were crossed to demonstrate genetic recombination between two nuclei of identical genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Akileswaran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Beaverton 97006-1999
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21
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Schuren FH, Harmsen MC, Wessels JG. A homologous gene-reporter system for the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune based on internally deleted homologous genes. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1993; 238:91-6. [PMID: 8479444 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Problems encountered in our attempts to achieve expression of heterologous genes, driven by ascomycetous regulatory sequences, in homobasidiomycetes led us to develop a gene-reporter system based on the expression of homologous genes in Schizophyllum commune. Internal deletions were made in the coding sequences of the regulated Sc4 gene and the constitutively expressed GPD gene. After introduction of these constructs into S. commune it was found that the expected truncated transcripts were produced. The internally deleted Sc4 gene, containing 1140bp of upstream and 200 bp of downstream sequences, was only expressed in dikaryons at the time of fruiting (as was the resident Sc4 gene) but not at all in monokaryons, indicating that the construct contained all regulatory sequences necessary and sufficient to confer control by the mating-type genes and expression during fruiting. The internally deleted GPD gene, containing 1300 bp of upstream and 150 bp of downstream sequences, was expressed both in monokaryons and dikaryons at levels similar to those of the resident GPD gene, indicating that all sequences necessary for proper expression were present. This reporter-gene system may be applicable to the analysis of cis-regulatory sequences of these genes. Furthermore, heterologous genes may be inserted into the well-expressed GPD deletion construct to obtain expression of such genes in S. commune and possibly in other homobasidiomycetes.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Fungal
- Genes, Mating Type, Fungal
- Genes, Regulator
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Restriction Mapping
- Schizophyllum/genetics
- Transformation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Schuren
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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22
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Paice MG, Reid ID, Bourbonnais R, Archibald FS, Jurasek L. Manganese Peroxidase, Produced by
Trametes versicolor
during Pulp Bleaching, Demethylates and Delignifies Kraft Pulp. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:260-5. [PMID: 16348850 PMCID: PMC202088 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.1.260-265.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that
Trametes
(
Coriolus
)
versicolor
bleaches kraft pulp brownstock with the concomitant release of methanol. In this work, the fungus is shown to produce both laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) but not lignin peroxidase during pulp bleaching. MnP production was enhanced by the presence of pulp and/or Mn(II) ions. The maximum level of secreted MnP was coincident with the maximum rate of fungal bleaching. Culture filtrates isolated from bleaching cultures produced Mn(II)- and hydrogen peroxide-dependent pulp demethylation and delignification. Laccase and MnP were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. Purified MnP alone produced most of the demethylation and delignification exhibited by the culture filtrates. On the basis of the methanol released and the total and phenolic methoxyl contents of the pulp, it appears that MnP shows a preference for the oxidation of phenolic lignin substructures. The extensive increase in brightness observed in the fungus-treated pulp was not found with MnP alone. Therefore, either the MnP effect must be optimized or other enzymes or compounds from the fungus are also required for brightening.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Paice
- Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada, 570 St. John's Boulevard, Pointe Claire, Quebec H9R 3J9, Canada
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23
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Peng M, Singh NK, Lemke PA. Recovery of recombinant plasmids from Pleurotus ostreatus transformants. Curr Genet 1992; 22:53-9. [PMID: 1611668 DOI: 10.1007/bf00351742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A transformation system employing selectable resistance to hygromycin B has been developed for the mushroom-forming fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus. Vector pAN7-1, a commonly used non-replicative vector for integrative transformation in fungi, yielded 5-46 resistant colonies per micrograms of DNA per 10(7) viable protoplasts. Southern blot analysis of certain transformants revealed unexpected replicative plasmids containing pAN7-1 sequences, but modified for size, methylation and restriction enzyme pattern when compared to the initial transforming vector. Two such replicative derivatives of pAN7-1 have been rescued from P. ostreatus by cloning into Escherichia coli. Rescued plasmids have been used to probe DNA from untransformed P. ostreatus in an effort to identify fungal sequences that recombined in vivo with pAN7-1 to form replicative plasmids. Such replicative sequences have been localized in high molecular weight (chromosomal) DNA of wild-type P. ostreatus. Transformation has been obtained for P. ostreatus using a rescued plasmid, thereby confirming the role of this recombinant plasmid as a shuttle vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peng
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Auburn University, AL 36849-5407
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