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Bouri M, Salghi R, Bazzi L, Zarrouk A, Rios A, Zougagh M. Pesticide residue levels in green beans cultivated in Souss Masa valley (Morocco) after multiple applications of bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 89:638-643. [PMID: 22782357 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dissipation of bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin pyrethroid insecticides, under environmental conditions, was evaluated on green beans grown in experimental greenhouses (Souss Massa valley, Morocco). Pesticide residues were determined by gas chromatography with micro electron-capture detector (GC-μECD) after dichloromethane extraction and cleanup on florisil phase cartridges. In the case of field experiments, a random block scheme was employed. Each block contained 25 plants in a single row and tests were carried out in triplicates applying pesticides at the recommended doses by the manufacturers. Fruit samples were periodically taken until the end of the preharvest interval (p.i.). The results obtained showed that the p.i of bifenthrin in green bean were 4 days in the winter and 3.5 days in the spring, whereas that for λ-cyhalothrin 8 days was found in the winter and 7.5 days in the spring. Consequently, it is possible to consider the European Union maximum residue limit (EU MRL) values compatible with the proper agricultural practices used for growing green bean in the plastic greenhouse of Souss Massa valley in South Morocco. Bifenthrin had a degradation of first-order kinetics, whereas that of levels for λ-cyhalothrin residue can not be interpreted by the use of a first order model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouri
- Equipe de Genie de l'Environnement et de Biotechnologie, Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquees, B.P 1136, Agadir, Morocco
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Albaseer SS, Mukkanti K, Rao RN, Swamy Y. Analytical artifacts, sample handling and preservation methods of environmental samples of synthetic pyrethroids. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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An overview of sample preparation and extraction of synthetic pyrethroids from water, sediment and soil. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5537-54. [PMID: 20650460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The latest developments in sample preparation and extraction of synthetic pyrethroids from environmental matrices viz., water, sediment and soil were reviewed. Though the synthetic pyrethroids were launched in 1970s, to the best of authors' knowledge there was no review on this subject until date. The present status and recent advances made during the last 10 years in sample preparation including conservation and extraction techniques used in determination of synthetic pyrethroids in water, sediment and soil were discussed. Pre- and post-extraction treatments, sample stability during extraction and its influence upon the whole process of analytical determination were covered. Relative merits and demerits including the green aspects of extraction were evaluated. The current trends and future prospects were also addressed.
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Bagheri H, Ghanbarnejad H, Khalilian F. Immersed sol-gel based amino-functionalized SPME fiber and HPLC combined with post-column photochemically induced fluorimetry derivatization and fluorescence detection of pyrethroid insecticides from water samples. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2912-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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Vázquez PP, Mughari AR, Galera MM. Application of solid-phase microextraction for determination of pyrethroids in groundwater using liquid chromatography with post-column photochemically induced fluorimetry derivatization and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1188:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vázquez PP, Mughari AR, Galera MM. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the determination of pyrethroids in cucumber and watermelon using liquid chromatography combined with post-column photochemically induced fluorimetry derivatization and fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 607:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Faria AM, Maldaner L, Santana CC, Jardim ICSF, Collins CH. Poly(methyltetradecylsiloxane) immobilized onto silica for extraction of multiclass pesticides from surface waters. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 582:34-40. [PMID: 17386471 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A new material based on poly(methyltetradecylsiloxane) (PMTDS) thermally immobilized onto a silica support has been tested as a sorbent for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) from water of several pesticides used in soybean cultivation. The SPE methodology was developed and validated for six of these pesticides (imazethapyr, imazaquin, metsulfuron-methyl, bentazone, chlorimuron-ethyl and tebuconazole) according to the International Conference on Harmonization directives and the results were compared with those obtained with a commercial C18 SPE cartridge. The PMTDS-based sorbent gives results similar to the commercial sorbent with recoveries and precisions in agreement with directives for residue analysis. The quantification limits, after concentration, of all the pesticides evaluated were 1.0 microg L(-1), below the levels imposed by the principal regulatory agencies. The PMTDS-based sorbent preparation is fast, easy and reproducible and the cartridges are less expensive than similar commercial SPE materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anizio M Faria
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cx. Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Chen T, Chen G. Identification and quantitation of pyrethroid pesticide residues in vegetables by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1848-54. [PMID: 17510928 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative method consisting of solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-ITMS) analysis was developed for the identification and quantitation of ten pyrethroid pesticides commonly used in vegetables. The best HPLC separation was achieved using a gradient program of methanol/water mixture. For the vegetable samples, an SPE procedure to clean up the matrices was carried out prior to LC/MS analysis. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of quantification of the pyrethroid pesticides (tetramethrin, allethrin, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, bioresmethrin, permethrin and bifenthrin) ranged from 0.03 to 0.1 mg kg-1 with relative standard deviations<20%, and the mean recoveries ranged from 69.5 to 102.5%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of pyrethroids in six vegetables with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
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Martínez DB, Vázquez PP, Galera MM, García MDG. Determination of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Vegetables with Liquid Chromatography Using Detection by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Vigna CRM, Morais LSR, Collins CH, Jardim ICSF. Poly(methyloctylsiloxane) immobilized on silica as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction of some pesticides. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1114:211-5. [PMID: 16600261 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A laboratory-made sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) was obtained by thermal immobilization of poly(methyloctylsiloxane) (PMOS) onto silica. Cartridges packed with the new sorbent were used for the simultaneous determination of imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, diuron, linuron and chlorimuron-ethyl in water. These pesticides were separated and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The recoveries achieved with the laboratory-made PMOS cartridges were compared with those of some commercially available silica-based and polymer-based cartridges having C18, C8 and NH(2) pendant groups. Method validation using the laboratory-made sorbent was performed for the five pesticides at three fortifications levels (1x, 2x and 10x the limit of quantification of each pesticide). The laboratory-made PMOS cartridge has low cost preparation and showed good recoveries (72-111%) for all pesticides. Repeatability and intermediate precision were lower than 15%. Its performance was similar or even better, in some cases, than those of the commercial cartridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila R M Vigna
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Cromatografia Líquida-LabCrom, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, CEP 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Zanella R, Primel EG, Gonçalves FF, Kurz MHS, Mistura CM. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of herbicide residues in surface and agriculture waters. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Martínez-Galera M, López-López T, Gil-García MD, Martínez-Vidal JL, Picón-Zamora D, Cuadros-Rodríguez L. A comparative study of the correction of systematic errors in the quantitation of pyrethroids in vegetables using calibration curves prepared using standards in pure solvent. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:653-60. [PMID: 12638049 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2002] [Revised: 12/10/2002] [Accepted: 12/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study of two mathematical approaches was performed in order to correct systematic errors due to the presence of the unexpected interferences which appear when the quantitation of the analyte in real samples is carried out with calibration curves built using standards in pure solvent. These methods consisted in the establishment of different mathematical expressions which transform the concentration (Cs) obtained using calibration graphs built using pure solvent into the corrected concentration (C(M)) that should be obtained if the quantitation is carried out with calibration curves built using standards dissolved in blank matrix extracts. In the two approaches the correction is performed from the results of an intermediate precision study which was carried out using both calibration graphs (prepared using pure solvent and blank matrix extract). By using ANCOVA to compare the slope of both solvent-based and matrix-matched calibration graphs, matrix effect was found in the determination of deltamethrin in tomato and acrinathrin in tomato and pepper. In these cases, both approaches led to good results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Galera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04071 Almería, Spain
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Zanella R, Primel EG, Machado SLO, Gonçalves FF, Marchezan E. Monitoring of the herbicide clomazone in environmental water samples by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Determination of pyrethroids in vegetables by HPLC using continuous on-line post-elution photoirradiation with fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Zanella R, Primel EG, Gonçalves FF, Martins AF. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of clomazone residues in surface water. J Chromatogr A 2000; 904:257-62. [PMID: 11204239 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for the determination of clomazone residues in surface water by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The method involves solid-phase extraction with C18 extraction tubes. Clomazone was separated on a C18 column with a mobile phase of methanol-water (65:35, v/v) at pH 4.0 and a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. After optimization of the extraction and separation conditions, the method was validated. The method developed can be used for determination of clomazone in surface water, at the limit of 0.1 mcirog/l set by the European Union drinking water directive, with a 400-fold preconcentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zanella
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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16
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Surface water preparation procedure for chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. Talanta 1999; 50:985-91. [DOI: 10.1016/s0039-9140(99)00193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/1998] [Revised: 03/30/1999] [Accepted: 06/24/1999] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Hennion MC. Solid-phase extraction: method development, sorbents, and coupling with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:3-54. [PMID: 10526783 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide updated information about the most important features of the new solid-phase extraction (SPE) materials, their interaction mode and their potential for modern SPE. First, the recent developments are given in formats, phases, automation, high throughput purpose and set-up of new types of procedures. Emphasis is then placed on the large choice of sorbents for trapping analytes over a wide range of polarities, such as highly cross-linked copolymers, functionalized copolymers, graphitized carbons or some specific n-alkylsilicas. The method development is given which is based on prediction from liquid chromatographic retention data or solvation parameters in order to determine the main parameters of any sequence (type and amount of sorbent, sample volume which can be applied without loss of recovery, composition and volume of the clean-up solution, composition and volume of the desorption solution). Obtaining extracts free from matrix interferences in a few steps--one step when possible--is now included in the development of SPE procedure. New selective phases such as mixed-mode and restricted access matrix sorbents or emerging phases such as immunosorbents or molecularly imprinted polymers are reviewed. Selectivity obtained by combining two sorbents is described with the use of ion-exchange or ion-pair sorbents. Special attention is given to complete automation of the SPE sequence with its on-line coupling with liquid chromatography followed by various detection modes. This represents a fast, modern and reliable approach to trace analysis. Many examples illustrate the various features of modern SPE which are discussed in this review. They have been selected in both biological and environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hennion
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie de Paris, France.
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Hogenboom A, Malmqvist U, Nolkrantz K, Vreuls J, Brinkman U. Rapid analysis of organic microcontaminants in environmental water samples by trace enrichment and liquid chromatography on a single short column. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Martín-Esteban A, Fernández P, Cámara C. New design for the on-line solid-phase extraction of pesticides using membrane extraction disk material and liquid chromatography in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Cserháti T, Forgács E. Simultaneous determination of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetone in industrial waste waters by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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van der Hoff GR, Pelusio F, Brinkman UA, Baumann RA, van Zoonen P. Automated solid-phase extraction coupled to gas chromatography with electron-capture detection: a combination of extraction and clean-up of pyrethroids in the analysis of surface water. J Chromatogr A 1996; 719:59-67. [PMID: 8589837 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The combination of automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) and large-volume introduction gas chromatography electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) is used for the determination of synthetic pyrethroids in surface and drinking water. The selectivity that is needed for the use of GC-ECD of environmental samples is achieved by addition of a polarity modifier to the sample. In this study, sufficient methanol was added to 19 ml of sample to obtain a level of 30% of modifier prior to SPE. The cartridge is washed with one additional ml of 30% methanol in water. After drying, the cartridge is eluted with toluene. GC-ECD analysis is performed by on-column introduction of 100 microliters of the toluene extract. The whole procedure was automated by using an automated solid-phase extraction apparatus. Limits of detection (LODs) for the pyrethroids in surface water are in the range of 1 to 8 ng/1 (signal-to-noise ratio = 3); even lower limits of detection are possible for drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R van der Hoff
- National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM) Bilthoven, Netherlands
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