1
|
Galaviz VE, Quintana PJE, Yost MG, Sheppard L, Paulsen MH, Camp JE, Simpson CD. Urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene in US-Mexico border residents who frequently cross the San Ysidro Port of Entry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:84-89. [PMID: 26669848 PMCID: PMC7051192 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust presents a community exposure hazard, but methods to measure internal exposure are lacking. We report results from a community-based study using 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and its urinary metabolites as markers of exposure to traffic-related diesel particulate matter (DPM). The study participants were Tijuana, Mexico residents who commuted on foot into San Diego, California for work or school using the International San Ysidro Port of Entry, placing them within feet of idling traffic (referred to as border commuters). The comparison group (non-border commuters) was comprised of residents of south San Diego who did not commute into Mexico. Air concentration of 1-NP in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was measured in personal samples from participants. Spot urine samples were analyzed for 1-NP urinary metabolites 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (8-OHNP) and 8-hydroxy-N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (8-OHNAAP). Compared with non-border commuters, border commuters had two- to threefold higher mean urinary concentrations for unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted 8-OHNP and 8-OHNAAP. Urinary 8-OHNAAP and the sum of 8-OHNP and 8-OHNAAP were both associated with personal exposure to 1-NP in the prior 24 h. These results suggest that 1-NP urinary metabolites reflect recent exposure to DPM-derived 1-NP in community settings and can be useful for exposure analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Eileen Galaviz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Michael George Yost
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Henry Paulsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janice Ellouise Camp
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher David Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gong J, Zhu T, Kipen H, Rich DQ, Huang W, Lin WT, Hu M, Zhang JJ. Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites as biomarkers of exposure to traffic-emitted pollutants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:104-10. [PMID: 26382649 PMCID: PMC4765327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
1-Nitro-pyrene has been considered a compound specific to diesel combustion emission, while 1- and 2-nitro-napthalene are mainly produced through photochemical conversion of naphthalene released to the atmosphere. Metabolites of these compounds may serve as biomarkers of exposure to traffic related pollutants. We collected urine samples from 111 healthy and non-smoking subjects within (i.e., during the Beijing Olympics) and outside (i.e., before and after the Olympics) a traffic control regime to improve Beijing's air quality. Urines were analyzed for the sum of 1&2-amino-naphthalene (metabolites of 1- and 2-nitro-naphthalene) and 1-amino-pyrene (a metabolite of 1-nitro-pyrene), using an HPLC-fluorescence method. Within the same time periods, PM2.5 mass and constituents were measured, including elemental carbon, sulfate, nitrate, PAHs, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particle number concentrations. The associations between the urinary metabolites and air pollutants were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. From the pre- to during-Olympic period, 1&2-amino-naphthalene and 1-hydroxy-pyrene decreased by 23% (p=0.066) and 16% (p=0.049), respectively, while there was no change in 1-amino-pyrene (2% increase, p=0.892). From during- to post-Olympic period, 1&2-amino-naphthalene, 1-amino-pyrene and 1-hydroxy-pyrene concentrations increased by 26% (p=0.441), 37% (p=0.355), and 3% (p=0.868), respectively. Furthermore, 1&2-amino-naphthalene and 1-hydroxy-pyrene were associated with traffic related pollutants in a similar lag pattern. 1-amino-pyrene was associated more strongly with diesel combustion products (e.g. PN and elemental carbon) and not affected by season. Time-lag analyses indicate strongest/largest associations occurred 24-72h following exposure. 1&2-amino-naphthalene and 1-hydroxy-pyrene can be used as a biomarker of exposure to general vehicle-emitted pollutants. More data are needed to confirm 1-amino-pyrene as a biomarker of exposure to diesel combustion emissions. Controlling creatinine as an independent variable in the models will provide a moderate adjusting effect on the biomarker analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Gong
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA; University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Peking University, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and the Center for Environmental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Howard Kipen
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David Q Rich
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Peking University, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Ting Lin
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Hu
- Peking University, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and the Center for Environmental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA; University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barabanov II, Polukhin AV, Korolev VV, Kuibida LV, Nefedov AA. Novel covalently linked pyrene–aryl azide systems: synthesis of 1-(4-azidobenzoyloxy)pyrene. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
4
|
Li X, Zenobi R. Use of Polyetheretherketone as a Material for Solid Phase Extraction of Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3526-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303402s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution
and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich,
Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Toriba A, Hayakawa K. Biomarkers of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.53.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Toriba
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hayakawa K, Toriba A, Kameda T, Tang N. Development of Analytical Methods for Hazardous Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Studies on Their Environmental Behavior. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2007. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.56.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Akira Toriba
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Ning Tang
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu X, Hurtubise RJ. DETERMINATION OF THE pKa VALUES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON METABOLITES BY CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Wyoming , Laramie , WY , 82071 , U.S.A
| | - Robert J. Hurtubise
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Wyoming , Laramie , WY , 82071 , U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chapter 4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(01)80007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
9
|
Immunochemical test to monitor human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: urine as sample source. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Zühlke J, Knopp D, Niessner R. Determination of 1-nitropyrene with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay versus high-performance column switching technique. J Chromatogr A 1998; 807:209-17. [PMID: 9646496 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on microplates and a HPLC coupled-column switching method were compared for the determination of the nitroarene compound 1-nitropyrene in airborne particulate organic matter collected at a busy intersection over a period of 2 months. After purification of the sample extract with silica, in the multidimensional chromatographic method nitroarenes were separated on a RP18 precolumn from matrix constituents followed by on-line reduction to corresponding aminoarenes with a Pt catalyst on alumina and a further separation of 1-aminopyrene on a second RP18 column. Methanol-water (70:30, v/v) was the mobile phase used. With ELISA, a six-fold overestimation was obtained for untreated samples. After clean-up it was lowered to approximately 1.6-fold overestimation which was mainly caused by cross-reaction of 2-nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluoranthene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zühlke
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|