1
|
Oscillatory Mechanism of α-Fe(N) ↔ γ'-Fe 4N Phase Transformations during Nanocrystalline Iron Nitriding. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031006. [PMID: 35160951 PMCID: PMC8838475 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of nanocrystalline α-iron nitriding to γ’-iron nitride in an ammonia atmosphere was studied at 598–648 K and at atmospheric pressure. Oscillatory changes in nitriding reaction rates depending on nitrogen concentration in a solid sample were observed. This phenomenon was explained by a gradual change in the iron active surface coverage degree, with nitrogen resulting from a gradual change in the free enthalpy of nitrogen segregation. The α-Fe(N) nanocrystallites’ transformation into γ’-Fe4N went through six metastable FeNx states. The continuous function proposed by Fowler and Guggenheim was modified to a stepwise variable function.
Collapse
|
2
|
Qi X, Shinagawa T, Lu X, Yui Y, Ibe M, Takanabe K. Surface coverage control for dramatic enhancement of thermal CO oxidation by precise potential tuning of metal supported catalysts. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9774-9783. [PMID: 36091892 PMCID: PMC9400665 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03145k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
External potential control allows reactant coverage control on the catalyst, in this case to suppress excessive CO adsorption, leading to improved thermal CO oxidation performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Qi
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shinagawa
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaofei Lu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuhki Yui
- Advanced Material Engineering Division, Higashifuji Technical Center, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1200 Mishuku, Susono, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masaya Ibe
- Advanced Material Engineering Division, Higashifuji Technical Center, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1200 Mishuku, Susono, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takanabe
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Walker EA, Pallathadka SA. How a Quantum Computer Could Solve a Microkinetic Model. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:592-597. [PMID: 33382628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A CO oxidation microkinetic model is set up for a quantum circuit. The CO oxidation microkinetic model, and microkinetic models in general, exhibit an advantage of not requiring an encoding step because of being a subclass of systems of equations. The microkinetic model is cast as a nonlinear set of equations at first. Then, a linearizing approximation is made, and the resulting linear set of equations may be iterated to converge to the solution to the nonlinear set of equations. In this CO oxidation, the linearized set of equations is realized to chemical accuracy with one iteration. Current limitations in executing the quantum circuit to obtain the solution are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Walker
- Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Shreyas Addamane Pallathadka
- Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Microwave Enthrakometric Labs-On-A-Chip and On-Chip Enthrakometric Catalymetry: From Non-Conventional Chemotronics Towards Microwave-Assisted Chemosensors. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A unique chemical analytical approach is proposed based on the integration of chemical radiophysics with electrochemistry at the catalytically-active surface. This approach includes integration of: radiofrequency modulation polarography with platinum electrodes, applied as film enthrakometers for microwave measurements; microwave thermal analysis performed on enthrakometers as bolometric sensors; catalytic measurements, including registration of chemical self-oscillations on the surface of a platinum enthrakometer as the chemosensor; measurements on the Pt chemosensor implemented as an electrochemical chip with the enthrakometer walls acting as the chip walls; chemotron measurements and data processing in real time on the surface of the enthrakometric chip; microwave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements using an enthrakometer both as a substrate and a microwave power meter; microwave acceleration of chemical reactions and microwave catalysis оn the Pt surface; chemical generation of radio- and microwaves, and microwave spin catalysis; and magnetic isotope measurements on the enthrakometric chip. The above approach allows one to perform multiparametric physical and electrochemical sensing on a single active enthrakometric surface, combining the properties of the selective electrochemical sensor and an additive physical detector.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kostrobii P, Ryzha I. Two-Dimensional Mathematical Model for Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Process on the Platinum Catalyst Surface. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht12.04.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
|
8
|
|
9
|
Cisternas J, Wehner S, Descalzi O. CO oxidation on Ir(111) surfaces under large non-Gaussian noise. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:064105. [PMID: 22897253 DOI: 10.1063/1.4742191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Cisternas
- Complex Systems Group, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rao T, Xiao T, Hou Z. Entropy production in a mesoscopic chemical reaction system with oscillatory and excitable dynamics. J Chem Phys 2012; 134:214112. [PMID: 21663349 DOI: 10.1063/1.3598111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stochastic thermodynamics of chemical reaction systems has recently gained much attention. In the present paper, we consider such an issue for a system with both oscillatory and excitable dynamics, using catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on the surface of platinum crystal as an example. Starting from the chemical Langevin equations, we are able to calculate the stochastic entropy production P along a random trajectory in the concentration state space. Particular attention is paid to the dependence of the time-averaged entropy production P on the system size N in a parameter region close to the deterministic Hopf bifurcation (HB). In the large system size (weak noise) limit, we find that P ∼ N(β) with β = 0 or 1, when the system is below or above the HB, respectively. In the small system size (strong noise) limit, P always increases linearly with N regardless of the bifurcation parameter. More interestingly, P could even reach a maximum for some intermediate system size in a parameter region where the corresponding deterministic system shows steady state or small amplitude oscillation. The maximum value of P decreases as the system parameter approaches the so-called CANARD point where the maximum disappears. This phenomenon could be qualitatively understood by partitioning the total entropy production into the contributions of spikes and of small amplitude oscillations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Rao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mota A, Gonzalez ER, Eiswirth M. Kinetic insights over a PEMFC operating on stationary and oscillatory states. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13773-82. [PMID: 22017227 DOI: 10.1021/jp205341w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic investigations in the oscillatory state have been carried out in order to shed light on the interplay between the complex kinetics exhibited by a proton exchange membrane fuel cell fed with poisoned H(2) (108 ppm of CO) and the other in serie process. The apparent activation energy (E(a)) in the stationary state was investigated in order to clarify the E(a) observed in the oscillatory state. The apparent activation energy in the stationary state, under potentiostatic control, rendered (a) E(a) ≈ 50-60 kJ mol(-1) over 0.8 V < E < 0.6 V and (b) E(a) ≈ 10 kJ mol(-1) at E = 0.3 V. The former is related to the H(2) adsorption in the vacancies of the surface poisoned by CO and the latter is correlated to the process of proton conductivity in the membrane. The dependence of the period-one oscillations on the temperature yielded a genuine Arrhenius dependence with two E(a) values: (a) E(a) around 70 kJ mol(-1), at high temperatures, and (b) E(a) around 10-15 kJ mol(-1), at lower temperatures. The latter E(a) indicates the presence of protonic mass transport coupled to the essential oscillatory mechanism. These insights point in the right direction to predict spatial couplings between anode and cathode as having the highest strength as well as to speculate the most likely candidates to promote spatial inhomogeneities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Mota
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Av. Trab. Sancarlense 400, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eiswirth M, Freund A, Ross J. Mechanistic Classification of Chemical Oscillators and the Role of Species. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470141298.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
13
|
Hoffmann P, Wehner S, Schmeisser D, Brand HR, Küppers J. Noise-induced spatiotemporal patterns in a bistable reaction-diffusion system: photoelectron emission microscopy experiments and modeling of the oxidation reaction on Ir(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 73:056123. [PMID: 16803014 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.73.056123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We use photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM) measurements to study the spatiotemporal patterns obtained for the CO oxidation reaction on Ir(111) as a function of the noise strength we superpose on the CO and the oxygen fractions of the constant total reactant gas flux. The investigations are focused on the bistable regime this reaction displays including its monostable vicinity. Simultaneously we analyze numerically the underlying reaction-diffusion (RD) equations in two spatial dimensions. For intrinsic and/or small strength of the external noise we find transitions from the locally stable to the globally stable branch via slow nucleation and growth of islands of the globally stable state: oxygen or CO, respectively. With increasing noise strength the number of islands as well as their growth rate increases. These phenomena are very well reproduced by numerical calculations of the RD model. For sufficiently large noise strength we observe bursts from CO rich to oxygen rich and back as well as switching between the two states. While such phenomena are also obtained from the model calculations, their experimentally observed spatial scales were not satisfactorily reproduced using the same approach as for the lower noise strengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hoffmann
- Angewandte Physik II, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Argyrakis P, Burlatsky SF, Clément E, Oshanin G. Influence of auto-organization and fluctuations on the kinetics of a monomer-monomer catalytic scheme. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 63:021110. [PMID: 11308471 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.021110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We study analytically the kinetics of an elementary bimolecular reaction scheme of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood type taking place on a d-dimensional catalytic substrate. We propose a general approach that takes into account explicitly the influence of spatial correlations on the time evolution of the mean particle density. With this approach, we recover some known results concerning the time evolution of the mean particle density and establish others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Argyrakis
- Department of Physics, University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Borowiak MA. Design of complexity of industrial catalytic systems — impulse oscillation model studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1169(00)00076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
16
|
von Oertzen A, Rotermund HH, Mikhailov AS, Ertl G. Standing Wave Patterns in the CO Oxidation Reaction on a Pt(110) Surface: Experiments and Modeling. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9927799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Oertzen
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,
Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harm H. Rotermund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,
Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander S. Mikhailov
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,
Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Ertl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,
Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hou Z, Yang L, Xin H. Stochastic bi-resonance without external signal in the CO+O2 catalytic oxidation reaction system. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
18
|
Yang L, Hou Z, Xin H. Stochastic resonance in surface catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
19
|
von Oertzen A, Mikhailov AS, Rotermund HH, Ertl G. Subsurface Oxygen in the CO Oxidation Reaction on Pt(110): Experiments and Modeling of Pattern Formation. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp981285t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Oertzen
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,
Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander S. Mikhailov
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,
Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harm H. Rotermund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,
Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Ertl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,
Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chemically Adsorbed Layers on Metal and Semiconductor Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1573-4331(96)80014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
21
|
Graham MD, Bär M, Kevrekidis IG, Asakura K, Lauterbach J, Rotermund H, Ertl G. Catalysis on microstructured surfaces: Pattern formation during CO oxidation in complex Pt domains. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:76-93. [PMID: 9963407 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
22
|
Andrade RFS, Lima D, Dewel G, Borckmans P. Dissipative structures in the CO oxidation on Pt(100). J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.466674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
23
|
Clément E, Leroux-Hugon P, Argyrakis P. Catalysis on a fractal lattice: A model for poisoning. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 49:4857-4864. [PMID: 9961803 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
24
|
Levine H, Zou X. Catalysis at single-crystal Pt(110) surfaces: Global coupling and standing waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:50-64. [PMID: 9960567 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
25
|
|
26
|
|
27
|
Falcke M, Bär M, Engel H, Eiswirth M. Traveling waves in the CO oxidation on Pt(110): Theory. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.463900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
28
|
Bär M, Eiswirth M, Rotermund H, Ertl G. Solitary-wave phenomena in an excitable surface reaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:945-948. [PMID: 10047075 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
29
|
Levine H, Zou X. Standing waves in catalysis at single crystal surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:204-207. [PMID: 10046225 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
30
|
Krischer K, Eiswirth M, Ertl G. Periodic perturbations of the oscillatory CO oxidation on Pt(110): Model calculations. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.463629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
31
|
Krischer K, Eiswirth M, Ertl G. Oscillatory CO oxidation on Pt(110): Modeling of temporal self‐organization. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
32
|
Bär M, Zülicke C, Eiswirth M, Ertl G. Theoretical modeling of spatiotemporal self‐organization in a surface catalyzed reaction exhibiting bistable kinetics. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
33
|
Eiswirth M, Lübke M, Krischer K, Wolf W, Hudson J, Ertl G. Structural effects on the dynamics of an electrocatalytic oscillator. Chem Phys Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(92)85461-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Li R, Wu X. From bistability to temporal oscillations and spatial pattern formation. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
36
|
Li R, Horsthemke W. Effects of product occupancy on self‐organization in heterogeneous catalysis. II. Spatial pattern formation. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
37
|
|
38
|
|
39
|
|
40
|
Jakubith S, Rotermund HH, Engel W, Ertl G. Spatiotemporal concentration patterns in a surface reaction: Propagating and standing waves, rotating spirals, and turbulence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 65:3013-3016. [PMID: 10042757 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
41
|
|