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The Biodiversity of Demodecid Mites (Acariformes: Prostigmata), Specific Parasites of Mammals with a Global Checklist and a New Finding for Demodex sciurinus. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12070261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Demodecidae are the most specialized parasitic mites of mammals; they typically inhabit the skin, but they have been found in other tissues and organs. They can cause demodecosis (a disease which is hazardous and difficult to cure) in humans, domestic animals and livestock. They are parasites with high host and topical specificity. They have been found for most orders of mammals, and they are common in the populations of numerous host species. Therefore, they not only constitute an important subject of veterinary and medical study, but also comprise an excellent model for faunistic and parasitological analyses concerning different aspects of functioning and evolution of the host–parasite relationship. The current level or knowledge of demodecid mites is irregular and fragmentary, and numerous questions require elaboration and ordering, from the taxonomic diversity to geographic distribution and relations with hosts. Such data may be of use i.a. for the development of more efficient and reliable diagnostic methods, as well as understanding the etiology and pathogenesis mechanisms of demodecosis, currently a contentious issue. The present paper lists all formally-described valid species of demodecid mites, together with other functioning specific names, verified and with comments on their status. This is significant for correct species identification and demodecosis diagnostics. The list has been drawn up on the basis of data acquired in the period 1842−2020. It contains 122 valid species of parasite, including their hosts and geographic distribution, data on parasitism, as well as only the second record of Demodex sciurinus in Eurasian red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris in over 100 years since its initial discovery.
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Yabsley MJ, Clay SE, Gibbs SEJ, Cunningham MW, Austel MG. Morphologic and Molecular Characterization of a Demodex (Acari: Demodicidae) Species from White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus). ISRN PARASITOLOGY 2013; 2013:342918. [PMID: 27335854 PMCID: PMC4890869 DOI: 10.5402/2013/342918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Demodex mites, although usually nonpathogenic, can cause a wide range of dermatological lesions ranging from mild skin irritation and alopecia to severe furunculosis. Recently, a case of demodicosis from a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) revealed a Demodex species morphologically distinct from Demodex odocoilei. All life cycle stages were considerably larger than D. odocoilei and although similar in size to D. kutzeri and D. acutipes from European cervids, numerous morphometrics distinguished the four species. Adult males and females were 209.1 ± 13.1 and 225.5 ± 13.4 μm in length, respectively. Ova, larva, and nymphs measured 65.1 ± 4.1, 124.9 ± 11.6, and 205.1 ± 19.4 μm in length, respectively. For phylogenetic analyses, a portion of the 18S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced from samples of the WTD Demodex sp., two Demodex samples from domestic dogs, and Demodex ursi from a black bear. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the WTD Demodex was most similar to D. musculi from laboratory mice. A partial sequence from D. ursi was identical to the WTD Demodex sequence; however, these two species can be differentiated morphologically. This paper describes a second Demodex species from white-tailed deer and indicates that 18S rRNA is useful for phylogenetic analysis of most Demodex species, but two morphologically distinct species had identical partial sequences. Additional gene targets should be investigated for phylogenetic and parasite-host association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health Building, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sarah E Clay
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health Building, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samantha E J Gibbs
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health Building, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Division of Migratory Bird Management, U.S Fish & Wildlife Service, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Mark W Cunningham
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
| | - Michaela G Austel
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
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Nutting WB, Kettle PR, Tenquist JD, Whitten LK. Hair follicle mites(Demodexspp.) in New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1975.9517871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Turner JC, Cano J. Demodectic mange in a white-tailed deer from Walker County, Texas. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 45:572-575. [PMID: 18533454 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[572:dmiawd]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The first documented occurrence of demodectic (Acari: Prostigmata: Demodicidae) mange in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman, in Texas was diagnosed from deep skin scrapings taken from the neck, shoulders, and withers of a fair-to-poor condition 6 yr-old male deer captured at Elkins Lake (latitude 30 degrees 39' 27" N, longitude 95 degrees 32' 33" W), Walker County. Approximately 35% of the animal's skin showed effects of the demodicosis, which may have contributed to the animal's body condition. The hematology of the infected deer seemed little altered from mean erythrocyte and leukocyte values of the local deer population, except for an observed eosinophilia (23% increase), which is consistent with an ectoparasitic infection and the concomitant bacterial infection observed. Predicated on host specificity and total body length measurements, Demodex odocoilei Desch & Nutting is probably the parasite collected from the captured white-tailed deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Box 2116, Huntsville, TX 77341-2116, USA
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