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Romero F, Buendía-Clavería A, Ruiz-Sainz JE. Broad host-range effective mutants of Rhizobium fredii strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb05192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Yadav AS. Auxotrophy in rhizobia revisited. Indian J Microbiol 2008; 47:279-88. [PMID: 23100679 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-007-0053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various types of mutations studied in rhizobia, the auxotrophic mutations (which confer on the mutants the inability to synthesize certain essential substances such as amino acids, vitamins and nucleic acids), are the most favoured ones as these can be used as suitable markers for genetic analysis. An important property of rhizobia is their effectiveness i.e. their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia within the nodule. Special interest in this category of mutations by rhizobial geneticists is due to the fact that there is a strong correlation between the metabolic defects and the ineffectiveness (Nod(-) and/or Fix(-)) of the rhizobial strains. Auxotrophic mutants of various species of rhizobia with defects in the synthesis of nucleic bases, vitamins and amino acids have been obtained by mutagenising with physical, chemical and Tn5 mutagens. These mutants have been used in mapping studies as well as in establishing a correlation between its metabolic requirement and symbiotic relationship with the host plant. The present review deals with the isolation of auxotrophs, and their genetic, biochemical and symbiotic characterization. The review also encompasses the studies on the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways of nutritional substances in rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attar S Yadav
- Department of Genetics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004 Haryana India
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3
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Thomas-Oates J, Bereszczak J, Edwards E, Gill A, Noreen S, Zhou JC, Chen MZ, Miao LH, Xie FL, Yang JK, Zhou Q, Yang SS, Li XH, Wang L, Spaink HP, Schlaman HRM, Harteveld M, Díaz CL, van Brussel AAN, Camacho M, Rodríguez-Navarro DN, Santamaría C, Temprano F, Acebes JM, Bellogín RA, Buendía-Clavería AM, Cubo MT, Espuny MR, Gil AM, Gutiérrez R, Hidalgo A, López-Baena FJ, Madinabeitia N, Medina C, Ollero FJ, Vinardell JM, Ruiz-Sainz JE. A catalogue of molecular, physiological and symbiotic properties of soybean-nodulating rhizobial strains from different soybean cropping areas of China. Syst Appl Microbiol 2003; 26:453-65. [PMID: 14529189 DOI: 10.1078/072320203322497491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have analysed 198 fast-growing soybean-nodulating rhizobial strains from four different regions of China for the following characteristics: generation time; number of plasmids; lipopolysaccharide (LPS), nodulation factors (LCOs) and PCR profiles; acidification of growth medium; capacity to grow at acid, neutral, and alkaline pH; growth on LC medium; growth at 28 and 37 degrees C; melanin production capacity; Congo red absorption and symbiotic characteristics. These unbiased analyses of a total subset of strains isolated from specific soybean-cropping areas (an approach which could be called "strainomics") can be used to answer various biological questions. We illustrate this by a comparison of the molecular characteristics of five strains with interesting symbiotic properties. From this comparison we conclude, for instance, that differences in the efficiency of nitrogen fixation or competitiveness for nodulation of these strains are not apparently related to differences in Nod factor structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas-Oates
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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4
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Abstract
Soil bacteria of the genera Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Rhizobium are collectively termed rhizobia. They share the ability to penetrate legume roots and elicit morphological responses that lead to the appearance of nodules. Bacteria within these symbiotic structures fix atmosphere nitrogen and thus are of immense ecological and agricultural significance. Although modern genetic analysis of rhizobia began less than 20 years ago, dozens of nodulation genes have now been identified, some in multiple species of rhizobia. These genetic advances have led to the discovery of a host surveillance system encoded by nodD and to the identification of Nod factor signals. These derivatives of oligochitin are synthesized by the protein products of nodABC, nodFE, NodPQ, and other nodulation genes; they provoke symbiotic responses on the part of the host and have generated immense interest in recent years. The symbiotic functions of other nodulation genes are nonetheless uncertain, and there remain significant gaps in our knowledge of several large groups of rhizobia with interesting biological properties. This review focuses on the nodulation genes of rhizobia, with particular emphasis on the concept of biological specificity of symbiosis with legume host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Pueppke
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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5
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R-prime plasmids from Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium fredii. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Buendia-Claveria AM, Romero F, Cubo T, Perez-Silva J, Ruiz-Sainz JE. Inter and Intraspecific Transfer of a Rhizobium fredii Symbiotic Plasmid: Expression and Incompatibility of Symbiotic Plasmids. Syst Appl Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(89)80016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Buendia-Claveria AM, Chamber M, Ruiz-Sainz JE. A Comparative Study of the Physiological Characteristics, Plasmid Content and Symbiotic Properties of Different Rhizobium fredii Strains. Syst Appl Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(89)80015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Cubo MT, Buendia-Claveria AM, Beringer JE, Ruiz-Sainz JE. Melanin Production by
Rhizobium
Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:1812-7. [PMID: 16347690 PMCID: PMC202750 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.7.1812-1817.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different
Rhizobium
and
Bradyrhizobium
strains were screened for their ability to produce melanin. Pigment producers (Mel
+
) were found among strains of
R. leguminosarum
biovars
viceae, trifolii
, and
phaseoli, R. meliloti
, and
R. fredii
; none of 19
Bradyrhizobium
strains examined gave a positive response. Melanin production and
nod
genes were plasmid borne in
R. leguminosarum
biovar
trifolii
RS24. In
R. leguminosarum
biovar
phaseoli
CFN42 and
R. meliloti
GR015,
mel
genes were located in the respective symbiotic plasmids. In
R. fredii
USDA 205, melanin production correlated with the presence of its smallest indigenous plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cubo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095, 41080 Seville, Spain, and Department of Microbiology, University of Bristol, The Medical School, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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9
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Kim CH, Kuykendall LD, Shah KS, Keister DL. Induction of Symbiotically Defective Auxotrophic Mutants of
Rhizobium fredii
HH303 by Transposon Mutagenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:423-7. [PMID: 16347555 PMCID: PMC202467 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.2.423-427.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotically defective auxotrophic mutants were isolated by transposon Tn
5
mutagenesis of
Rhizobium fredii
HH303, a fast-growing microsymbiont of North American commercial soybean cultivars such as
Glycine max
cv. Williams. Three different Tn
5
-carrying suicide vectors, pBLK1-2, pSUP1011, and pGS9, were used for mutagenesis with transposition frequencies of 4 × 10
−5
, 3 × 10
−6
, and 1 × 10
−6
, respectively, while the frequency of background mutation resistant to 500 μg of kanamycin per ml was 1 × 10
−8
. From 2,600 Tn
5
-induced mutants, 14 auxotrophic mutants were isolated and classified in seven groups including adenosine (four), aspartate (two), cysteine or methionine (two), isoleucine and valine (two), nicotinic acid (one), pantothenic acid (one), and uracil (two). All the auxotrophs induced nodulation on soybean, but the symbiotic effectiveness of each mutant was different. Three auxotrophs (two cysteine or methionine and one pantothenic acid) formed effective nodules similar to those of the wild type. Three auxotrophs (one nicotinic acid and two aspartate) produced mature nodules like those of the wild type, but the nodules lacked the characteristic pink color inside and were unable to fix nitrogen. Four auxotrophs (two adenosine and two uracil) induced pseudonodules unable to fix nitrogen. The other four auxotrophs repeatedly induced both effective and ineffective nodules, but bacteroids isolated from the effective nodules were prototrophic revertants. The symbiotic phenotype and the degree of effectiveness of the auxotrophic mutants varied with the type of mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kim
- Nitrogen Fixation and Soybean Genetics Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 011, HH-19, BARC-W, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, and Agronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Appelbaum ER, Thompson DV, Idler K, Chartrain N. Rhizobium japonicum USDA 191 has two nodD genes that differ in primary structure and function. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:12-20. [PMID: 2826389 PMCID: PMC210599 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.1.12-20.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several Rhizobium genes (designated nod genes) are involved in early steps in nodule formation. Here we present the results of DNA sequence and functional analysis of two nodD genes from the symbiotic plasmid of USDA 191, a fast-growing strain that forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybeans. Both genes encoded full-length nodD-related polypeptides, which were 69% homologous to each other. One of these genes, nodD1, complemented a Rhizobium trifolii nodD::Tn5 mutant for clover nodulation; the other gene, nodD2, did not. The nodD1 coding region was preceded by a conserved DNA sequence previously noted in other rhizobia, but no such sequence was found in front of nodD2. Plants inoculated with a nodD1 insertion mutant appeared to be nitrogen starved and had a greatly reduced nodule number. Plants inoculated with a nodD2 mutant had a partially nitrogen-starved appearance and normal nodule number, were slightly delayed in nodule formation, and formed nodules that contained reduced levels of nodulin-35 and had fewer bacteroids per infected plant cell. Thus, both of these genes are involved in symbiosis. USDA 191 carrying extra copies of nodD2 on a plasmid vector had an altered colony morphology that suggested inhibition of exopolysaccharide synthesis. The predicted gene products of nodD1 and nodD2 both showed homology to LysR, an E. coli regulatory protein. We conclude that nodD1 probably has the same function as nodD in temperate rhizobia, namely, activation of nodABC transcription in the presence of plant signals. nodD2 may be involved in regulation of exopolysaccharide synthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Appelbaum
- Agrigenetics Advanced Science Company, Madison, Wisconsin 53716
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11
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So JS, Hodgson AL, Haugland R, Leavitt M, Banfalvi Z, Nieuwkoop AJ, Stacey G. Transposon-induced symbiotic mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum: isolation of two gene regions essential for nodulation. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1987; 207:15-23. [PMID: 3037278 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two strains of the soybean endosymbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum, USDA 110 and 61 A101 C, were mutagenized with transposon Tn5. After plant infection tests of a total of 6,926 kanamycin and streptomycin resistant transconjugants, 25 mutants were identified that are defective in nodule formation (Nod-) or nitrogen fixation (Fix-). Seven Nod- mutants were isolated from strain USDA110 and from strain 61 A101 C, 4 Nod- mutants and 14 Fix- mutants were identified. Subsequent auxotrophic tests on these symbiotically defective mutants identified 4 His- Nod- mutants of USDA110. Genomic Southern analysis of the 25 mutants revealed that each of them carried a single copy of Tn5 integrated in the genome. Three 61 A101 C Fix- mutants were found to have vector DNA co-integrated along with Tn5 in the genome. Two independent DNA regions flanking Tn5 were cloned from the three non-auxotrophic Nod- mutants and one His-Nod- mutant of USDA110. Homogenotization of the cloned fragments into wild-type strain USDA110 and subsequent nodulation assay of the resulting homogenotes confirmed that the Tn5 insertion was responsible for the Nod- phenotype. Partial EcoR1 restriction enzyme maps around the Tn5 insertion sites were generated. Hybridization of these cloned regions to the previously cloned nod regions of R. meliloti and nif and nod regions of B. japonicum USDA110 showed no homology, suggesting that these regions represent new symbiotic clusters of B. japonicum.
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12
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McLoughlin TJ, Merlo AO, Satola SW, Johansen E. Isolation of competition-defective mutants of Rhizobium fredii. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:410-3. [PMID: 3025184 PMCID: PMC211782 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.1.410-413.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We coupled Tn5 mutagenesis with a competition assay to isolate mutants of Rhizobium fredii USDA 257 that are defective in competition for nodulation of soybeans. Two mutants with single Tn5 inserts in the chromosome showed reduced competitiveness in vermiculite but were identical to the wild-type strain in symbiotic properties when inoculated alone. Recombination of Tn5 and flanking genomic regions cloned from the mutants into the parent strain showed that Tn5 was responsible for the mutant phenotype.
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13
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Sengupta-Gopalan C, Pitas JW. Expression of nodule-specific glutamine synthetase genes during nodule development in soybeans. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 7:189-199. [PMID: 24302304 DOI: 10.1007/bf00021330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/1985] [Revised: 06/02/1986] [Accepted: 06/10/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone (pcPvNGS-01) to glutamine synthetase (GS) mRNA from root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris showed cross-hybridization to GS and mRNA from soybean root nodules, thus allowing its use as a probe to study the expression of GS genes during root nodule development in soybeans. Hybrid-select translation of root and nodule RNA of soybean with DNA from pcPvNGS-01, followed by 2D gel electrophoresis, showed six peptides in the root and an additional four peptides in the nodule which represent nodule-specific glutamine synthetase (GSn) gene products. The GSn gene products appeared for the first time between day 11 and 12 after infection, either concomitant with the onset of nitrogenase activity or immediately following it. The levels of expression of the GSn and leghemoglobin genes were not affected in young Fix(-) nodules formed by Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains that are defective in nitrogenase activity, suggesting that the induction of these two sets of host genes take place independent of nitrogenase activity. However, in Fix(-) nodules that are incapable of maintaining the peribacteroid membrane, GSn gene products were not detected while 1ba, 1bc2 and 1bc3 appeared. In both the timing of appearance during root nodule development and the effect of different bacterial mutations on the expression, GSn genes differ from most other nodulin genes examined (30), suggesting different regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sengupta-Gopalan
- Plant Genetics Engineering Laboratory, Crop and Soil Science Department, New Mexico State University, Box 3GL, 88003, Las Cruces, NM, U.S.A
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