1
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Cole SD, Miklos AE, Chiao AC, Sun ZZ, Lux MW. Methodologies for preparation of prokaryotic extracts for cell-free expression systems. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:252-267. [PMID: 32775710 PMCID: PMC7398980 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free systems that mimic essential cell functions, such as gene expression, have dramatically expanded in recent years, both in terms of applications and widespread adoption. Here we provide a review of cell-extract methods, with a specific focus on prokaryotic systems. Firstly, we describe the diversity of Escherichia coli genetic strains available and their corresponding utility. We then trace the history of cell-extract methodology over the past 20 years, showing key improvements that lower the entry level for new researchers. Next, we survey the rise of new prokaryotic cell-free systems, with associated methods, and the opportunities provided. Finally, we use this historical perspective to comment on the role of methodology improvements and highlight where further improvements may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D. Cole
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8567 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Aleksandr E. Miklos
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8567 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Abel C. Chiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Synvitrobio Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Z. Sun
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Synvitrobio Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew W. Lux
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8567 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
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2
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Gregorio NE, Levine MZ, Oza JP. A User's Guide to Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:E24. [PMID: 31164605 PMCID: PMC6481089 DOI: 10.3390/mps2010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a platform technology that provides new opportunities for protein expression, metabolic engineering, therapeutic development, education, and more. The advantages of CFPS over in vivo protein expression include its open system, the elimination of reliance on living cells, and the ability to focus all system energy on production of the protein of interest. Over the last 60 years, the CFPS platform has grown and diversified greatly, and it continues to evolve today. Both new applications and new types of extracts based on a variety of organisms are current areas of development. However, new users interested in CFPS may find it challenging to implement a cell-free platform in their laboratory due to the technical and functional considerations involved in choosing and executing a platform that best suits their needs. Here we hope to reduce this barrier to implementing CFPS by clarifying the similarities and differences amongst cell-free platforms, highlighting the various applications that have been accomplished in each of them, and detailing the main methodological and instrumental requirement for their preparation. Additionally, this review will help to contextualize the landscape of work that has been done using CFPS and showcase the diversity of applications that it enables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Gregorio
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Max Z Levine
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Javin P Oza
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
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3
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Moore SJ, MacDonald JT, Freemont PS. Cell-free synthetic biology for in vitro prototype engineering. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:785-791. [PMID: 28620040 PMCID: PMC5473021 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free transcription-translation is an expanding field in synthetic biology as a rapid prototyping platform for blueprinting the design of synthetic biological devices. Exemplar efforts include translation of prototype designs into medical test kits for on-site identification of viruses (Zika and Ebola), while gene circuit cascades can be tested, debugged and re-designed within rapid turnover times. Coupled with mathematical modelling, this discipline lends itself towards the precision engineering of new synthetic life. The next stages of cell-free look set to unlock new microbial hosts that remain slow to engineer and unsuited to rapid iterative design cycles. It is hoped that the development of such systems will provide new tools to aid the transition from cell-free prototype designs to functioning synthetic genetic circuits and engineered natural product pathways in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Moore
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, South Kensington Campus, London, U.K
| | - James T MacDonald
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, South Kensington Campus, London, U.K
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, South Kensington Campus, London, U.K.
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4
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Moore SJ, Lai HE, Needham H, Polizzi KM, Freemont PS. Streptomyces venezuelae TX-TL - a next generation cell-free synthetic biology tool. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28139884 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces venezuelae is a promising chassis in synthetic biology for fine chemical and secondary metabolite pathway engineering. The potential of S. venezuelae could be further realized by expanding its capability with the introduction of its own in vitro transcription-translation (TX-TL) system. TX-TL is a fast and expanding technology for bottom-up design of complex gene expression tools, biosensors and protein manufacturing. Herein, we introduce a S. venezuelae TX-TL platform by reporting a streamlined protocol for cell-extract preparation, demonstrating high-yield synthesis of a codon-optimized sfGFP reporter and the prototyping of a synthetic tetracycline-inducible promoter in S. venezuelae TX-TL based on the tetO-TetR repressor system. The aim of this system is to provide a host for the homologous production of exotic enzymes from Actinobacteria secondary metabolism in vitro. As an example, the authors demonstrate the soluble synthesis of a selection of enzymes (12-70 kDa) from the Streptomyces rimosus oxytetracycline pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Moore
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.,Department of Medicine, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Hung-En Lai
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.,Department of Medicine, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Hannah Needham
- Department of Life Science, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Karen M Polizzi
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.,Department of Life Science, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.,Department of Medicine, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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5
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Li J, Wang H, Kwon YC, Jewett MC. Establishing a high yieldingstreptomyces-based cell-free protein synthesis system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1343-1353. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
| | - He Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
- Masters in Biotechnology Program; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois
| | - Yong-Chan Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
- Masters in Biotechnology Program; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois
- Member; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois
- Simpson Querrey Institute; Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois. Center for Synthetic Biology; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois
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6
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Thompson J, Dahlberg AE. Testing the conservation of the translational machinery over evolution in diverse environments: assaying Thermus thermophilus ribosomes and initiation factors in a coupled transcription-translation system from Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:5954-61. [PMID: 15534366 PMCID: PMC528807 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes from the extreme thermophile Thermus thermophilus are capable of translation in a coupled transcription-translation system derived from Escherichia coli. At 45 degrees C, T.thermophilus ribosomes translate at approximately 25-30% of the maximal rate of E.coli ribosomes, and synthesize full-length protein. T.thermophilus and E.coli subunits can be combined to effect translation, with the spectrum of proteins produced depending upon the source of the 30S subunit. In this system, T.thermophilus ribosomes function in concert with E.coli translational factors and tRNAs, with elongation and release factors being supplied from the E.coli extract, and purified initiation factors (IFs) being added exogenously. Cloned and purified T.thermophilus IF1, IF2 and IF3 supported the synthesis of the same products in vitro as the E.coli factors, although the relative levels of some polypeptides were factor dependent. We conclude that, at least between these two phylogenetically distant species, translational factor function and subunit-subunit interactions are conserved. This functional compatibility is remarkable given the extreme and highly divergent environments to which these species have adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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7
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Ishiyama D, Vujaklija D, Davies J. Novel pathway of salicylate degradation by Streptomyces sp. strain WA46. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:1297-306. [PMID: 15006746 PMCID: PMC368302 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.3.1297-1306.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel salicylate-degrading Streptomyces sp., strain WA46, was identified by UV fluorescence on solid minimal medium containing salicylate; trace amounts of gentisate were detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography when strain WA46 was grown with salicylate. PCR amplification of WA46 DNA with degenerate primers for gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (GDO) genes produced an amplicon of the expected size. Sequential PCR with nested GDO primers was then used to identify a salicylate degradation gene cluster in a plasmid library of WA46 chromosomal DNA. The nucleotide sequence of a 13.5-kb insert in recombinant plasmid pWD1 (which was sufficient for the complete degradation of salicylate) showed that nine putative open reading frames (ORFs) (sdgABCDEFGHR) were involved. Plasmid pWD1 derivatives disrupted in each putative gene were transformed into Streptomyces lividans TK64. Disruption of either sdgA or sdgC blocked salicylate degradation; constructs lacking sdgD accumulated gentisate. Cell extracts from Escherichia coli DH5 alpha transformants harboring pUC19 that expressed each of the sdg ORFs showed that conversions of salicylate to salicylyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and salicylyl-CoA to gentisyl-CoA required SdgA and SdgC, respectively. SdgA required CoA and ATP as cofactors, while NADH was required for SdgC activity; SdgC was identified as salicylyl-CoA 5-hydroxylase. Gentisyl-CoA underwent spontaneous cleavage to gentisate and CoA. SdgA behaved as a salicylyl-CoA ligase despite showing amino acid sequence similarity to an AMP-ligase. SdgD was identified as a GDO. These results suggest that Streptomyces sp. strain WA46 degrades salicylate by a novel pathway via a CoA derivative. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse transcriptase-PCR studies indicated that salicylate induced expression of the sdg cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ishiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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8
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Ducote MJ, Pettis GS. Common and distinguishing regulatory and expression characteristics of the highly related KorB proteins of streptomycete plasmids pIJ101 and pSB24.2. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:3780-7. [PMID: 12813071 PMCID: PMC161596 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.13.3780-3787.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2002] [Accepted: 04/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conjugative plasmid pIJ101 of the spore-forming bacterium Streptomyces lividans contains a regulatory gene, korB, whose product is required to repress potentially lethal expression of the pIJ101 kilB gene. The KorB protein also autoregulates korB gene expression and may be involved in control of pIJ101 copy number. KorB (pIJ101) is expressed as a 10-kDa protein in S. lividans that is immediately processed to a mature 6-kDa repressor molecule. The conjugative Streptomyces cyanogenus plasmid pSB24.1 is deleted upon entry into S. lividans to form pSB24.2, a nonconjugative derivative that contains a korB gene nearly identical to that of pIJ101. Previous evidence that korB of pSB24.2 is capable of overriding pIJ101 kilB-associated lethality supported the notion that pIJ101 and pSB24.2 encode highly related, perhaps even identical conjugation systems. Here we show that KorB (pIJ101) and KorB (pSB24.2) repress transcription from the pIJ101 kilB promoter equally well, although differences exist with respect to their interactions with kilB promoter sequences. Despite high sequence and functional similarities, KorB (pSB24.2) was found to exist as multiple stable forms ranging in size from 10 to 6 kDa both in S. lividans and S. cyanogenus. Immediate processing of KorB (pIJ101) exclusively to the 6-kDa repressor form meanwhile was conserved between the two species. A feature common to both proteins was a marked increase in expression or accumulation upon sporulation, an occurrence that may indicate a particular need for increased quantities of this regulatory protein upon spore germination and resumption of active growth of plasmid-containing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ducote
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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9
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Thompson J, Kim DF, O'Connor M, Lieberman KR, Bayfield MA, Gregory ST, Green R, Noller HF, Dahlberg AE. Analysis of mutations at residues A2451 and G2447 of 23S rRNA in the peptidyltransferase active site of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9002-7. [PMID: 11470897 PMCID: PMC55363 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.151257098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of the recent atomic-resolution x-ray structure of the 50S ribosomal subunit, residues A2451 and G2447 of 23S rRNA were proposed to participate directly in ribosome-catalyzed peptide bond formation. We have examined the peptidyltransferase and protein synthesis activities of ribosomes carrying mutations at these nucleotides. In Escherichia coli, pure mutant ribosome populations carrying either the G2447A or G2447C mutations maintained cell viability. In vitro, the G2447A ribosomes supported protein synthesis at a rate comparable to that of wild-type ribosomes. In single-turnover peptidyltransferase assays, G2447A ribosomes were shown to have essentially unimpaired peptidyltransferase activity at saturating substrate concentrations. All three base changes at the universally conserved A2451 conferred a dominant lethal phenotype when expressed in E. coli. Nonetheless, significant amounts of 2451 mutant ribosomes accumulated in polysomes, and all three 2451 mutations stimulated frameshifting and readthrough of stop codons in vivo. Furthermore, ribosomes carrying the A2451U transversion synthesized full-length beta-lactamase chains in vitro. Pure mutant ribosome populations with changes at A2451 were generated by reconstituting Bacillus stearothermophilus 50S subunits from in vitro transcribed 23S rRNA. In single-turnover peptidyltransferase assays, the rate of peptide bond formation was diminished 3- to 14-fold by these mutations. Peptidyltransferase activity and in vitro beta-lactamase synthesis by ribosomes with mutations at A2451 or G2447 were highly resistant to chloramphenicol. The significant levels of peptidyltransferase activity of ribosomes with mutations at A2451 and G2447 need to be reconciled with the roles proposed for these residues in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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10
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Ducote MJ, Prakash S, Pettis GS. Minimal and contributing sequence determinants of the cis-acting locus of transfer (clt) of streptomycete plasmid pIJ101 occur within an intrinsically curved plasmid region. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:6834-41. [PMID: 11073933 PMCID: PMC111431 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.23.6834-6841.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient interbacterial transfer of streptomycete plasmid pIJ101 requires the pIJ101 tra gene, as well as a cis-acting plasmid function known as clt. Here we show that the minimal pIJ101 clt locus consists of a sequence no greater than 54 bp in size that includes essential inverted-repeat and direct-repeat sequences and is located in close proximity to the 3' end of the korB regulatory gene. Evidence that sequences extending beyond the minimal locus and into the korB open reading frame influence clt transfer function and demonstration that clt-korB sequences are intrinsically curved raise the possibility that higher-order structuring of DNA and protein within this plasmid region may be an inherent feature of efficient pIJ101 transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ducote
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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11
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Pernodet JL, Gourmelen A, Blondelet-Rouault MH, Cundliffe E. Dispensable ribosomal resistance to spiramycin conferred by srmA in the spiramycin producer Streptomyces ambofaciens. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1999; 145 ( Pt 9):2355-2364. [PMID: 10517588 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-9-2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces ambofaciens produces the macrolide antibiotic spiramycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, and possesses multiple resistance mechanisms to the produced antibiotic. Several resistance determinants have been isolated from S. ambofaciens and studies with one of them, srmA, which hybridized with ermE (the erythromycin-resistance gene from Saccharopolyspora erythraea), are detailed here. The nucleotide sequence of srmA was determined and the mechanism by which its product confers resistance was characterized. The SrmA protein is a methyltransferase which introduces a single methyl group into A-2058 (Escherichia coli numbering scheme) in the large rRNA, thereby conferring an MLS (macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin type B) type I resistance phenotype. A mutant of S. ambofaciens in which srmA was inactivated was viable and still produced spiramycin, indicating that srmA is dispensable, at least in the presence of the other resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Pernodet
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR CNRS 8621, Bât. 400, Université Paris-Sud XI, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France1
| | - Anne Gourmelen
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR CNRS 8621, Bât. 400, Université Paris-Sud XI, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France1
| | | | - Eric Cundliffe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK2
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12
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Jones GH, Bibb MJ. Guanosine pentaphosphate synthetase from Streptomyces antibioticus is also a polynucleotide phosphorylase. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:4281-8. [PMID: 8763958 PMCID: PMC178187 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.14.4281-4288.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene for the enzyme guanosine pentaphosphate synthetase I (GPSI) from Streptomyces antibioticus has been cloned and sequenced. The cloned gene functioned as a template in the streptomycete coupled transcription-translation system and directed the synthesis of a protein with the properties expected for GPSI. Sequencing of the cloned gene identified an open reading frame of 740 amino acids whose amino terminal sequence corresponded to the N terminus of purified GPSI. The GPSI protein sequence was found to possess significant homology to polynucleotide phosphorylase from Escherichia coli. Indeed, like E. coli polynucleotide phosphorylase, purified GPSI was shown to catalyze the polymerization of ADP and the phosphorolysis of poly(A). However, the E. coli enzyme was unable to catalyze the synthesis of guanosine pentaphosphate under conditions in which GPSI was highly active in that reaction. Overexpression of the cloned gpsI gene in E. coli led to an increase in both polynucleotide phosphorylase and guanosine pentaphosphate synthetase activities in the cloning host. The polynucleotide phosphorylase activities of GPSI and of the E. coli enzyme were strongly inhibited by dCDP, but the pppGpp synthetase activity of GPSI was not inhibited and indeed was slightly stimulated by dCDP. These results strongly support the identity of GPSI as a bifunctional enzyme capable of both pppGpp synthesis and polynucleotide phosphorylase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Jones
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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13
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Pernodet JL, Fish S, Blondelet-Rouault MH, Cundliffe E. The macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance phenotypes characterized by using a specifically deleted, antibiotic-sensitive strain of Streptomyces lividans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:581-5. [PMID: 8851574 PMCID: PMC163161 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.3.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes conferring resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLS) antibiotics via ribosomal modification are widespread in bacteria, including clinical isolates and MLS-producing actinomycetes. Such erm-type genes encode enzymes that mono- or dimethylate residue A-2058 of 23S rRNA. The different phenotypes resulting from monomethylation (MLS-I phenotype, conferred by erm type I genes) or dimethylation (MLS-II phenotype due to erm type II genes) have been characterized by introducing tlrD or ermE, respectively, into an MLS-sensitive derivative of Streptomyces lividans TK21. This strain (designated OS456) was generated by specific replacement of the endogenous resistance genes lrm and mgt. The MLS-I phenotype is characterized by high-level resistance to lincomycin with only marginal resistance to macrolides such as chalcomycin or tylosin, whereas the MLS-II phenotype involves high-level resistance to all MLS drugs. Mono- and dimethylated ribosomes were introduced into a cell-free protein-synthesizing system prepared from S. lividans and compared with unmodified particles in their response to antibiotics. There was no simple correlation between the relative potencies of MLS drugs at the level of the target site (i.e., the ribosome) and their antibacterial activities expressed as MICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pernodet
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France
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14
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Shareck F, Biely P, Morosoli R, Kluepfel D. Analysis of DNA flanking the xlnB locus of Streptomyces lividans reveals genes encoding acetyl xylan esterase and the RNA component of ribonuclease P. Gene X 1995; 153:105-9. [PMID: 7533741 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)00763-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sequencing revealed the gene (axeA) encoding acetyl xylan esterase (AxeA) downstream from xlnB in the Streptomyces lividans DNA insert of plasmid pIAF42. AxeA consists of a catalytic- and a substrate-binding domain separated by a Gly-rich linker. The N terminus showed no significant homology with published esterases and acetyl xylan esterases, but some homology was found with the xylanases XylA and XylD and the NodB protein of Rhizobium species which is involved in the biosynthesis of root nodulation factors. The C terminus of AxeA is highly homologous to the C-termini of xylanases XlnB and TFXA, corresponding to the xylan-binding domain of these enzymes. Furthermore, the RNaseP RNA component was found immediately upstream from xlnB gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shareck
- Centre de recherche en microbiologie appliquée, Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, Canada
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15
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Kelemen GH, Zalacain M, Culebras E, Seno ET, Cundliffe E. Transcriptional attenuation control of the tylosin-resistance gene tlrA in Streptomyces fradiae. Mol Microbiol 1994; 14:833-42. [PMID: 7534372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The tylosin producer Streptomyces fradiae contains four known resistance genes, two of which (tlrA and tlrD) encode methyltransferases that act on ribosomal RNA at a common site. Expression of tlrA is regulated via transcriptional attenuation. A short transcript, only 411 nucleotides long, terminates 27 nucleotides into the methylase-coding sequence in the uninduced state. Induction of tlrA is proposed to involve a ribosome-mediated conformational change within the mRNA leader that allows transcription to continue beyond the attenuation site, resulting in a transcript about 1450 nucleotides long. Transplantation of tlrD and/or tlrA into Streptomyces albus revealed that the induction specificity of tlrA depends upon the state of the ribosomes and is significantly altered in strains also expressing tlrD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Kelemen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, UK
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16
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Piendl W, Eichenseer C, Viel P, Altenbuchner J, Cullum J. Analysis of putative DNA amplification genes in the element AUD1 of Streptomyces lividans 66. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1994; 244:439-43. [PMID: 8078470 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The amplifiable AUD1 element of Streptomyces lividans 66 consists of two copies of a 4.7 kb sequence flanked by three copies of a 1 kb sequence. The DNA sequences of the three 1 kb repeats were determined. Two copies (left and middle repeats) were identical: (1009 bp in length) and the right repeat was 1012 bp long and differed at 63 positions. The repeats code for open reading frames (ORFs) with typical Streptomyces codon usage, which would encode proteins of about 36 kD molecular weight. The sequences of these ORFs suggest that they specify DNA-binding proteins and potential palindromic binding sites are found adjacent to the genes. The putative amplification protein encoded by the right repeat was expressed in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Piendl
- Institut für medizinische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Tai JT, Cohen SN. The active form of the KorB protein encoded by the Streptomyces plasmid pIJ101 is a processed product that binds differentially to the two promoters it regulates. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:6996-7005. [PMID: 8226643 PMCID: PMC206827 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.21.6996-7005.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The korB gene of Streptomyces lividans plasmid pIJ101 is known to encode an autoregulated protein that also represses transcription of a gene, kilB, implicated in pIJ101 transfer and in spreading of the plasmid along mycelia of the recipient. Earlier work has indicated that the primary gene product of korB is a 10-kDa protein predicted from the gene sequence (D.S. Stein and S.N. Cohen, Mol. Gen. Genet. 222:337-344, 1990; S. Zamen H. Richards, and J. Ward, Nuleic Acids Res. 20:3693-3700, 1992). We report here that the 10-kDa KorB protein product is processed in vivo into a 6-kDa peptide that has a 20-fold-greater binding affinity for its operator-promoter target; in addition, the 6-kDa peptide binds differentially to the regulatory regions of the two genes it controls, showing 50-fold-greater affinity for the kilB sequence. While both the processed and unprocessed forms of KorB were observed in Escherichia coli following korB gene expression under control of the bacteriophage T7 promoter, only the 6-kDa peptide was found in S. lividans containing pIJ101, implying that this peptide is normally the biologically active form of KorB. The footprint resulting from KorB binding to the korB operator sequence overlaps the sti locus, which affects pIJ101 copy number and incompatibility as well as the size of zones of inhibited recipient cell growth ("pocks") that form around donor cells during mating. The observed ability of the korB gene product to interact with both sti sequences and the kilB promoter region suggests that it may have a role in coordinating the replication and intramycelial spread of plasmids during and/or following bacterial mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Tai
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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18
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Zhang HZ, Schmidt H, Piepersberg W. Molecular cloning and characterization of two lincomycin-resistance genes, lmrA and lmrB, from Streptomyces lincolnensis 78-11. Mol Microbiol 1992; 6:2147-57. [PMID: 1328813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two different lincomycin-resistance determinants (lmrA and lmrB) from Streptomyces lincolnensis 78-11 were cloned in Streptomyces lividans 66 TK23. The gene lmrA was localized on a 2.16 kb fragment, the determined nucleotide sequence of which encoded a single open reading frame 1446 bp long. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence suggested the presence of 12 membrane-spanning domains and showed significant similarities to the methylenomycin-resistance protein (Mmr) from Streptomyces coelicolor, the QacA protein from Staphylococcus aureus, and several tetracycline-resistance proteins from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as to some sugar-transport proteins from Escherichia coli. The lmrB gene was actively expressed from a 2.7 kb fragment. An open reading frame of 837 bp could be localized which encoded a protein that was significantly similar to 23S rRNA adenine(2058)-N-methyltransferases conferring macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance. LmrB also had putative rRNA methyltransferase activity since lincomycin resistance of ribosomes was induced in lmrB-containing strains. Surprisingly, both enzymes, LmrA and LmrB, had a substrate specificity restricted to lincomycin and did not cause resistance to other lincosamides such as celesticetin and clindamycin, or to macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Z Zhang
- Bergische Universität GH Wuppertal, Germany
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19
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Abstract
A 2.1 kb (1 kb = 10(3) base-pairs) segment of DNA from the streptomycete bacteriophage phi C31 was found to be sufficient to direct site-specific integration of plasmid vectors in Streptomyces ambofaciens and Streptomyces fradiae in the absence of any streptomycete origin of replication. Sequencing and analysis of phage, chromosomal and junction attachment sites of S. ambofaciens and S. fradiae revealed that recombination is conservative and that crossover takes place within three bases of homology between phage and host. Deletion analysis, sequencing and site-specific mutagenesis of the phi C31 DNA revealed a large open reading frame (ORF 613) whose expression was necessary for integration. This ORF begins near the point of crossover and reads away from the attachment site. A comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of ORF 613 with known recombinases did not reveal any significant similarities. A genetic analysis of the amino-terminal region of ORF 613 suggested that translation could initiate at any one of three possible start codons. Primer extension experiments showed that transcriptional initiation occurred at a T and a C only four and five bases, respectively, from the site of crossover. This analysis suggested that ORF 613 would be separated from its promoter upon integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuhstoss
- Lilly Research Laboratories Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
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20
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Jenkins G, Cundliffe E. Cloning and characterization of two genes from Streptomyces lividans that confer inducible resistance to lincomycin and macrolide antibiotics. Gene 1991; 108:55-62. [PMID: 1761231 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90487-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inducible resistance to lincomycin and macrolides in Streptomyces lividans TK21 results from expression of two linked genes: lrm, encoding a ribosomal RNA methyltransferase that confers high-level resistance to lincomycin with lower levels of resistance to macrolides, and mgt, encoding a glycosyl transferase that specifically inactivates macrolides using UDP-glucose as cofactor. The lrm and mgt genes have been cloned and sequenced. The deduced lrm product is a 26-kDa protein with much similarity to other ribosomal RNA methyltransferases, such as the carB, tlrA and ermE products, whereas the mgt product (predicted to be 42 kDa) resembles a eukaryotic glycosyl transferase. Macrolides that induce the lrm-mgt gene pair are substrates for inactivation by the mgt product, and the lrm product confers ribosomal resistance to such inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, U.K
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21
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Holmes DJ, Cundliffe E. Analysis of a ribosomal RNA methylase gene from Streptomyces tenebrarius which confers resistance to gentamicin. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 229:229-37. [PMID: 1921972 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to the aminoglycoside gentamicin in the nebramycin producer, Streptomyces tenebrarius, occurs at the level of the ribosome. A resistance determinant isolated from this actinomycete was previously shown to encode a methylase enzyme which modifies residue G-1405 of 16S ribosomal RNA. This gene (kgmB) has been sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli using lacZ transcriptional signals since, like many other actinomycete genes, kgmB is not expressed in E. coli from its own promoter. The 5' end of the kgmB transcript has been mapped revealing a single promoter which does not obviously conform to the prokaryotic consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Holmes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, UK
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22
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Rosteck PR, Reynolds PA, Hershberger CL. Homology between proteins controlling Streptomyces fradiae tylosin resistance and ATP-binding transport. Gene X 1991; 102:27-32. [PMID: 1864505 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90533-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A tylosin(Ty)-producing strain of Streptomyces fradiae contains at least three genes, tlrA, tlrB, tlrC, specifying resistance to Ty (TyR). The complete nucleotide sequence of the TyR-encoding gene, tlrC, and the transcription start point of the gene were determined. The sequence contains an open reading frame coding for a protein of 548 amino acids (aa) with an Mr of 59129. The TlrC protein was identified by expression of the cloned gene by in vitro coupled transcription and translation in cell-free extracts derived from Streptomyces lividans. The N- and C-terminal halves of TlrC share extensive homology, suggesting that the protein evolved through tandem gene duplication. Each half of the deduced TlrC aa sequence also shows significant homology to numerous eukaryotic and prokaryotic membrane-associated, active-transport protein subunits. The homologous proteins include examples from the systems responsible for efflux of cytotoxic drugs from multidrug-resistant human cells and for export of hemolysin from Escherichia coli. The greatest similarity to TlrC is in regions containing the ATP-binding sites found in these proteins. These results suggest a role for the tlrC gene product as part of a multiple component, ATP-dependent transport system for the active excretion of Ty from the producing organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Rosteck
- Cell Culture Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285
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23
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Abstract
Bacillus subtilis and related gram-positive bacteria which have low to moderate genomic G + C contents are unable to efficiently translate mRNA derived from gram-negative bacteria, whereas Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria are able to translate mRNA from both types of organisms. This phenomenon has been termed translational species specificity. Ribosomes from the low-G + C-content group (low-G + C group) of gram-positive organisms (B. subtilis and relatives) lack an equivalent to Escherichia ribosomal protein S1. The requirement for S1 for translation in E. coli (G. van Dieijen, P. H. van Knippenberg, J. van Duin, B. Koekman, and P. H. Pouwels, Mol. Gen. Genet. 153:75-80, 1977) and its specific role (A.R. Subramanian, Trends Biochem. Sci. 9:491-494, 1984) have been proposed. The group of gram-positive bacteria characterized by high genomic G + C content (formerly Actinomyces species and relatives) contain S1, in contrast to the low-G + C group (K. Mikulik, J. Smardova, A. Jiranova, and P. Branny, Eur. J. Biochem. 155:557-563, 1986). It is not known whether members of the high-G + C group are translationally specific, although there is evidence that one genus, Streptomyces, can express Escherichia genes in vivo (M. J. Bibb and S. N. Cohen, Mol. Gen. Genet. 187:265-277, 1985; J. L. Schottel, M. J. Bibb, and S. N. Cohen, J. Bacteriol. 146:360-368, 1981). In order to determine whether the organisms of this group are translationally specific, we examined the in vitro translational characteristics of a member of the high-G + C group, Micrococcus luteus, whose genomic G + C content is 73%. A semipurified coupled transcription-translation system of M. luteus translates Escherichia mRNA as well as Bacillus and Micrococcus mRNA. Therefore, M. luteus is translationally nonspecific and resembles E. coli rather than B. subtilis in its translational characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Farwell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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24
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Cloning of tlrD, a fourth resistance gene, from the tylosin producer, Streptomyces fradiae. Gene X 1991; 97:137-42. [PMID: 1995426 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to tlrA, tlrB and tlrC, which were previously cloned by others, a fourth antibiotic-resistance gene (tlrD) has been isolated from Streptomyces fradiae, a producer of tylosin (Ty), and cloned in Streptomyces lividans. Like tlrA, tlrD encodes an enzyme that methylates the N6-amino group of the A2058 nucleoside within 23S ribosomal RNA. However, whereas the tlrA protein dimethylates that nucleoside, the tlrD product generates N6-monomethyladenosine. The genes also differ in their mode of expression: tlrA is inducible, whereas tlrD is apparently expressed constitutively, and it has been confirmed that the tlrA-encoded enzyme can add a second methyl group to 23S rRNA that has already been monomethylated by the tlrD-encoded enzyme. Presumably, that is what happens in S. fradiae.
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25
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Calcutt MJ, Cundliffe E. Resistance to pactamycin in clones of Streptomyces lividans containing DNA from pactamycin-producing Streptomyces pactum. Gene 1990; 93:85-9. [PMID: 2227428 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90140-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A pactamycin (Pc)-resistance determinant (pct) from Streptomyces pactum has been isolated on a 4.9-kb KpnI fragment. The original construct involving plasmid pIJ702 was highly unstable in Streptomyces lividans, leading to deletion of the pct gene from the vector. Subcloning of pct into an alternative vector (pOJ160) led to the generation of a more stable clone which possessed Pc-resistant ribosomes, and reconstitution analysis established that 16S rRNA was responsible for such resistance. Post-transcriptional modification of rRNA is probably the mechanism of resistance since the cloned DNA fragment did not appear to encode 16S rRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, U.K
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26
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Calcutt MJ, Cundliffe E. Cloning of a lincosamide resistance determinant from Streptomyces caelestis, the producer of celesticetin, and characterization of the resistance mechanism. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:4710-4. [PMID: 2376570 PMCID: PMC213311 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.8.4710-4714.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-resistance has been investigated in Streptomyces caelestis (producer of the lincosamide antibiotic celesticetin), from which a lincosamide resistance determinant (clr) has been isolated on a 1-kilobase DNA fragment and cloned in Streptomyces lividans. The clr product is a specific methylase which produces a single residue of N6-monomethyladenine in 23S rRNA at position 2058, thereby rendering the 50S ribosmal subunit resistant to the action of lincosamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, England
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27
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Zalacain M, Cundliffe E. Methylation of 23S ribosomal RNA due to carB, an antibiotic-resistance determinant from the carbomycin producer, Streptomyces thermotolerans. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 189:67-72. [PMID: 1691981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A resistance gene, carB, originally isolated from the carbomycin-producing organism, Streptomyces thermotolerans, confers on Streptomyces lividans high-level resistance to the drug. However, ribosomes from S. lividans expressing carB show only moderate resistance to this macrolide in vitro, although they are highly resistant to the action of lincosamide antibiotics. The carB product monomethylates the amino group of the adenosine residue located at position 2058 in 23S ribosomal RNA. In contrast, ribosomes from S. lividans expressing ermE, in which 23S RNA is dimethylated at this same position, are much more highly resistant to macrolides and insensitive to lincosamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zalacain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, England
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28
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Murray IA, Gil JA, Hopwood DA, Shaw WV. Nucleotide sequence of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene of Streptomyces acrimycini. Gene 1989; 85:283-91. [PMID: 2697637 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of a gene (cat) encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in Streptomyces acrimycini was determined. The predicted amino acid sequence demonstrates extensive homology with those of CATs isolated from Gram-negative Enterobacteria, notably with the type III variant encoded by the IncK plasmid R387. Transcript mapping indicates a single cat mRNA with a 5' end coinciding with the AUG codon used for translational initiation in vivo. We also determined the extent of a spontaneous deletion in the 5'-noncoding DNA, which occurs when the gene is cloned in the BamHI site of pBR322 in a specific orientation and which results in constitutive cat expression in Escherichia coli from the tet promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Murray
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, U.K
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29
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Madu AC, Jones GH. Molecular cloning and in vitro expression of a silent phenoxazinone synthase gene from Streptomyces lividans. Gene 1989; 84:287-94. [PMID: 2558968 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenoxazinone synthase (PHS) catalyzes a step in actinomycin D biosynthesis in Streptomyces antibioticus. Two sequences from Streptomyces lividans that hybridize to the phs gene of S. antibioticus have been cloned in Escherichia coli K-12 using the plasmid pBR322. Although there was some similarity in the restriction maps of the two cloned fragments, neither insert appeared to be a direct subset of the other nor of the S. antibioticus phs gene. In vitro expression studies, in a streptomycete coupled transcription-translation system, showed that a 3.98-kb SphI fragment encoded a PHS-related protein. These observations provide additional support for the existence of silent genes for antibiotic production in streptomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Madu
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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30
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Fröhlich KU, Wiedmann M, Lottspeich F, Mecke D. Substitution of a pentalenolactone-sensitive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by a genetically distinct resistant isoform accompanies pentalenolactone production in Streptomyces arenae. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:6696-702. [PMID: 2592349 PMCID: PMC210565 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.12.6696-6702.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentalenolactone (PL), an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces arenae, is a potent inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The producer strain contains different isoforms of GAPDH: a PL-sensitive enzyme on nonproduction media and a PL-insensitive enzyme on production media. After induction of PL synthesis, the sensitive GAPDH disappears parallel to the disappearance of its activity, as shown by Western (immunoblot) hybridization. The two isoenzymes exhibit little immunological cross-reactivity and differ in size, amino acid composition, and several amino acid residues of their amino termini. Two different types of plasmids from a S. arenae genomic library, named pBRPLR1 and pBRPLR2, were cloned in Escherichia coli by selection for enhanced PL resistance. Both contain a GAPDH structural gene. Plasmid pBRPLR1 increases E. coli PL tolerance 7-fold, and plasmid pBRPLR2 increases it 30-fold. GAPDH from pBRPLR1 transformants shows biphasic PL inactivation kinetics. These cells contain PL-sensitive GAPDH from both E. coli and S. arenae. GAPDH from pBRPLR2 transformants tolerates higher PL concentrations than either E. coli or S. arenae PL-sensitive GAPDH but is less resistant than S. arenae PL-insensitive GAPDH. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide electrophoresis showed this GAPDH to be a hybrid of E. coli and S. arenae PL-insensitive GAPDH. The hybrid enzyme could be purified to homogeneity. Induction of the lacZ promoter of pUC subclones of both GAPDH genes had only a small effect on raising the level of intracellular GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- K U Fröhlich
- Physiologisch-chemisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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31
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Thiara AS, Cundliffe E. Interplay of novobiocin-resistant and -sensitive DNA gyrase activities in self-protection of the novobiocin producer, Streptomyces sphaeroides. Gene 1989; 81:65-72. [PMID: 2553539 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The novobiocin (Nb)-producing organism, Streptomyces sphaeroides, possesses two gyrB genes: gyrBS and gyrBR (encoding the DNA gyrase B subunit-the normal target for Nb) whose products differ in their response to the drug. Novobiocin-sensitive gyrase is the predominant form of the enzyme in this strain and is produced constitutively but at variable levels, whereas Nb-resistant gyrase appears when growth takes place in the presence of the drug. The promoter isolated from the Nb-resistance determinant responds sharply to changes in DNA topology, being activated when the (negative) superhelical density is reduced and vice versa when the supercoiling of DNA is increased. Thus, resistance to Nb in S. sphaeroides is induced by a reduction in DNA supercoiling due to the action of autogenous drug on the sensitive gyrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Thiara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, U.K
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32
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Zalacain M, Cundliffe E. Methylation of 23S rRNA caused by tlrA (ermSF), a tylosin resistance determinant from Streptomyces fradiae. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:4254-60. [PMID: 2753855 PMCID: PMC210198 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.8.4254-4260.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes from Streptomyces griseofuscus expressing tlrA, a resistance gene isolated from the tylosin producer Streptomyces fradiae, are resistant to macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics in vitro. The tlrA product was found to be a methylase that introduces two methyl groups into a single base within 23S rRNA, generating N6,N6-dimethyladenine at position 2058. This activity is therefore similar to the ermE resistance mechanism in Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly Streptomyces erythraeus).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zalacain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
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33
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Geistlich M, Irniger S, Hütter R. Localization and functional analysis of the regulated promoter from the Streptomyces glaucescens mel operon. Mol Microbiol 1989; 3:1061-9. [PMID: 2607968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The transcription initiation site of the mel operon from Streptomyces glaucescens, determined by S1 mapping and primer elongation experiments, lies 32 to 34 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon of the first open reading frame. A total of 172 to 219 bp upstream of the transcription start point are necessary for a fully active and regulated mel promoter. Deletion analysis, gel retardation assays and DNAse I footprint experiments facilitated division of the promoter into three functional domains, which include the RNA polymerase recognition site up to nucleotides -33 to -42, the binding region of a protein of assumed regulatory function between nucleotides -65 and -93, and an upstream activator site, located between positions -158 and -219.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Geistlich
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich, Switzerland
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34
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Fierro J, Vilches C, Hardisson C, Salas JA. Streptogramins-inactivating activity in three producer streptomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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35
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Roberts MW, Rabinowitz JC. The effect of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 on the translational specificity of bacterial ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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36
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Vara JA, Pulido D, Lacalle RA, Jiménez A. Two genes in Streptomyces alboniger puromycin biosynthesis pathway are closely linked. Gene 1988; 69:135-40. [PMID: 3066696 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several recombinant plasmids, derived from the Streptomyces vector pIJ702 and carrying different stretches of Streptomyces alboniger DNA encoding the gene (pac) for puromycin N-acetyl transferase [Vara et al., Gene 33 (1985) 197-206] were found to also include the gene (dmpM) for the O-demethylpuromycin O-methyl transferase enzyme. Both genes are present on the same 2.4-kb DNA fragment. Coupled transcription-translation experiments suggested that the dmpM gene product is a 44-kDa polypeptide and that both dmpM and pac might belong to different transcriptional units. The level of expression of the dmpM gene was dependent upon the orientation of insertion in the vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Vara
- Centro de Biología Molecular (C.S.I.C. and U.A.M.), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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37
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Sinclair RB, Bibb MJ. The repressor gene (c) of the Streptomyces temperate phage phi c31: nucleotide sequence, analysis and functional cloning. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1988; 213:269-77. [PMID: 3185504 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the 3.4 kb SphI-G fragment that contained the repressor gene (c) of the temperate Streptomyces phage phi c31 was determined. Analysis of this sequence revealed a large open reading frame with protein coding character and sequence changes in c gene point and deletion mutants identified this as the coding region of the repressor. Two of the mutants studied had undergone deletions of 1.1 kb and 1.4 kb that had occurred across short direct repeats of 6 bp and 11 bp, respectively. Coupled in vitro transcription-translation experiments using the cloned SphI-G fragment and Streptomyces lividans cell free extracts identified a protein product of approximately 72 kDa, in close agreement with that predicted from the nucleotide sequence. A strongly predicted helix-turn-helix motif that may be involved in DNA binding occurred towards the carboxy-terminus of the amino acid sequence. Initial attempts to clone the SphI-G fragment in Streptomyces failed; using information gained from the sequence analysis a smaller segment of this DNA fragment was cloned in S. lividans and conferred immunity to a clear plaque mutant (c1) of phi c31.
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Pulido D, Zalacaín M, Jiménez A. The hyg gene promoter from Streptomyces hygroscopicus: a novel form of Streptomyces promoters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 151:270-4. [PMID: 2831883 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(88)90589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A 207 bp DNA fragment from the 5' region of the hyg gene of Streptomyces hygroscopicus was located preceding a DNA sequence encoding the mature form of human interferon alpha 2. This gene fusion, inserted in the Streptomyces vector pIJ702, expressed interferon activity in Streptomyces lividans indicating that the 207 bp sequence has promoter activity. The transcription initiation site was located. No significant homology with previously described Streptomyces promoters could be found. It appears therefore, it represents a novel class of Streptomyces promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pulido
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain
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Distler J, Braun C, Ebert A, Piepersberg W. Gene cluster for streptomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseus: analysis of a central region including the major resistance gene. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1987; 208:204-10. [PMID: 3039306 DOI: 10.1007/bf00330443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A central segment of a cluster of biosynthetic genes for the antibiotic streptomycin cloned from Streptomyces griseus was analysed for open reading frames, as well as for transcriptional and translational activity. The nucleotide sequence revealed two significant open reading frames, ORF1 and APH(6), orientated in opposite directions and with a spacer of 885 bp between the start codons. The first, ORF1, had a coding capacity of 38 kDa. One open reading frame, APH(6), was identified as the major resistance gene coding for streptomycin 6-phosphotransferase, a protein of 307 amino acid residues and 33 kDa. Sequence determination of the first 14 N-terminal amino acid residues of the purified APH(6) enzyme protein was in agreement with the proposed primary structure. The possible identity of the presumed gene product of ORF1 with an in vitro translated protein (apparent molecular weight 41 kDa) is discussed. Comparison of the two APH(6) genes from S. griseus and the hydroxystreptomycin-producing S. glaucescens (cf. Vögtli and Hütter 1987) revealed 75% nucleotide sequence homology in the coding region and 74% conservation of the polypeptide sequence. Two protein domains which are highly conserved in other antibiotic and protein phosphotransferases were detected.
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Zalacain M, Malpartida F, Pulido D, Jiménez A. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 162:413-8. [PMID: 3026810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb10617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Streptomyces hygroscopicus hyg gene encoding a hygromycin B phosphotransferase has been introduced into different sites of both the Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322 and the Escherichia coli-Saccharomyces cerevisiae shuttle vector YRp7. When this gene was inserted into the BamHI site of pBR322 and then cloned in E. coli phosphorylating activity was not detected, indicating that the hyg gene promoter was not functional in this bacterium. However, when the hyg gene was inserted into either the unique PstI site of pBR322 or into each of the two PstI sites of YRp7, phosphotransferase activity was observed. Analysis of the translation products from these constructions by coupled in vitro transcription-translation systems suggested that in all cases transcrition was regulated by a promoter not provided by the inserted hyg gene and that the synthesized polypeptide was identical to that present in S. hygroscopicus.
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Pulido D, Vara JA, Jiménez A. Cloning and expression in biologically active form of the gene for human interferon alpha 2 in Streptomyces lividans. Gene 1986; 45:167-74. [PMID: 3026905 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A fragment of human DNA encoding the mature form of interferon alpha 2 (hIFN-alpha 2), and carrying both an in-phase ATG initiation codon and the ribosome binding site (RBS) of the Escherichia coli membrane lipoprotein gene (lpp), was fused to the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene (aph) promoter (aphP) from Streptomyces fradiae. When this construction was inserted, in the two possible orientations, in the Streptomyces plasmid pIJ702, plasmids pNIS19 and pNIS91 were obtained. A 20-kDa polypeptide that immunoreacted with an hIFN-alpha 2 monoclonal antibody was expressed in S. lividans clones carrying these plasmids. Moreover, these clones contained an intracellular antiviral activity similar to that of hIFN-alpha 2. When plasmids pNIS19 and pNIS91 were deprived of the aphP no expression of activity was found. Therefore, it is concluded that the hIFN gene can be efficiently expressed in Streptomyces as directed by the aph gene promoter.
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Bibb MJ, Bibb MJ, Ward JM, Cohen SN. Nucleotide sequences encoding and promoting expression of three antibiotic resistance genes indigenous to Streptomyces. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1985; 199:26-36. [PMID: 2987648 DOI: 10.1007/bf00327505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Promoter-probe plasmid vectors were used to isolate putative promoter-containing DNA fragments of three Streptomyces antibiotic resistance genes, the rRNA methylase (tsr) gene of S. azureus, the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (aph) gene of S. fradiae, and the viomycin phosphotransferase (vph) gene of S. vinaceus. DNA sequence analysis was carried out for all three of the fragments and for the protein-coding regions of the tsr and vph genes. No sequences resembling typical E. coli promoters or Bacillus vegetatively-expressed promoters were identified. Furthermore, none of the three DNA fragments found to be transcriptionally active in Streptomyces could initiate transcription when introduced into E. coli. An extremely biased codon usage pattern that reflects the high G + C composition of Streptomyces DNA was observed for the protein-coding regions of the tsr and vph genes, and of the previously sequenced aph gene. This pattern enabled delineation of the protein-coding region and identification of the coding strand of the genes.
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Bernan V, Filpula D, Herber W, Bibb M, Katz E. The nucleotide sequence of the tyrosinase gene from Streptomyces antibioticus and characterization of the gene product. Gene 1985; 37:101-10. [PMID: 3932128 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of a 1.56-kb DNA fragment containing the tyrosinase gene (mel) from Streptomyces antibioticus was determined and the Mr (30612) and amino acid (aa) sequence of the protein were deduced from the nucleotide (nt) sequence. Intracellular and extracellular tyrosinase from S. antibioticus, transformed with pIJ702 (containing mel), were purified to homogeneity; the Mr (29 500), as determined by Sephadex G-75 chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), was consistent with the value derived from the nt sequence. Edman degradation established that the N-terminal sequence of both the intracellular and extracellular forms of tyrosinase are identical and correspond to the aa sequence derived from the structural gene. In addition, this sequence exhibits striking homology to the N-terminal region of the intracellular and extracellular enzyme purified from Streptomyces glaucescens (Crameri et al., 1982). An additional open reading frame (ORF438) upstream of the mel gene, was also identified that appears to code for a protein (Mr = 14 754) with a putative signal sequence.
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Jones GH, Hopwood DA. Molecular cloning and expression of the phenoxazinone synthase gene from Streptomyces antibioticus. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Jones GH, Hopwood DA. Activation of phenoxazinone synthase expression in Streptomyces lividans by cloned DNA sequences from Streptomyces antibioticus. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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