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Chaudhary S, Zhornitsky S, Roy A, Summers C, Ahles T, Li CR, Chao HH. The effects of androgen deprivation on working memory and quality of life in prostate cancer patients: The roles of hypothalamic connectivity. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3425-3436. [PMID: 35315585 PMCID: PMC9487881 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been associated with adverse effects on the brain. ADT alters testosterone levels via its action on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and may influence hypothalamic functions. Given the wide regional connectivity of the hypothalamus and its role in regulating cognition and behavior, we assessed the effects of ADT on hypothalamic resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) and their cognitive and clinical correlates. METHODS In a prospective observational study, 22 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer receiving ADT and 28 patients not receiving ADT (controls), matched in age, years of education, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, participated in N-back task and quality of life (QoL) assessments and brain imaging at baseline and at 6 months. Imaging data were processed with published routines and the results of a group by time flexible factorial analysis were evaluated at a corrected threshold. RESULTS ADT and control groups did not differ in N-back performance or QoL across time points. Relative to controls, patients receiving ADT showed significantly higher hypothalamus-right mid-cingulate cortex (MCC) and precentral gyrus (PCG) rsFC during follow-up versus baseline. Further, the changes in MCC and PCG rsFC were correlated positively with the change in QoL score and 0-back correct response rate, respectively, in patients with undergoing ADT. CONCLUSION Six-month ADT affects hypothalamic functional connectivity with brain regions critical to cognitive motor and affective functions. Elevated hypothalamic MCC and PCG connectivity likely serve to functionally compensate for the effects of ADT and sustain attention and overall QoL. The longer-term effects of ADT remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Chaudhary
- Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Alicia Roy
- VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Tim Ahles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Chiang‐Shan R. Li
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramYale University School of Medicine, Wu Tsai Institute, Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Herta H. Chao
- VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of Medicine & Yale Comprehensive Cancer CenterYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
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Pałasz A, Della Vecchia A, Saganiak K, Worthington JJ. Neuropeptides of the human magnocellular hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 117:102003. [PMID: 34280488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei with their large secretory neurons are unique and phylogenetically conserved brain structures involved in the continual regulation of important homeostatic and autonomous functions in vertebrate species. Both canonical and newly identified neuropeptides have a broad spectrum of physiological activity at the hypothalamic neuronal circuit level located within the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. Magnocellular neurons express a variety of receptors for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters and therefore receive numerous excitatory and inhibitory inputs from important subcortical neural areas such as limbic and brainstem populations. These unique cells are also densely innervated by axons from other hypothalamic nuclei. The vast majority of neurochemical maps pertain to animal models, mainly the rodent hypothalamus, however accumulating preliminary anatomical structural studies have revealed the presence and distribution of several neuropeptides in the human magnocellular nuclei. This review presents a novel and comprehensive evidence based evaluation of neuropeptide expression in the human SON and PVN. Collectively this review aims to cast a new, medically oriented light on hypothalamic neuroanatomy and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for neuropeptide-related physiology and the nature of possible neuroendocrinal interactions between local regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 67, Via Roma, 56100, Pisa, Italy
| | - Karolina Saganiak
- Department of Anatomy, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, ul. Kopernika 12, 31-034, Kraków, Poland
| | - John J Worthington
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
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Abstract
SUMMARYOur light, and electron microscopic (EM) findings within the hypothalamic supraoptic (SO) and paraventricular (PV) nuclei of the normal female rabbit are in agreement with those reported earlier by other investigators for the same nuclei of the dog and rat. The neurons of these nuclei are the hypothalamic synthesis sites of the neurohypophyseal hormones.With the exception of the arcuate nucleus, none of the hypothalamic nuclei associated with the control of adenohypohpyseal function have been studied extensively with the electron microscope. On the basis of our EM findings within the female rabbit hypothalamus, all neurons observed within the preoptic (PO) and suprachiasmatic (SCH) nuclei of the non-mated control animal were morphologically identical to the conventional neuron as described by Peters, Palay and Webster (1970). However, following coitus, castration and laparotomy, many neurons of these nuclei showed subcellular changes that have been repeatedly associated with enhanced protein synthesis. These large ‘neurosecretory’ neurons were usually located near capillaries and characterized by their well developed Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi profiles, dense populations of mitochondria and lysosomes and by the presence of a homogeneous population of densecore vesicles (DCV) showing a peak distribution of 120-140 nm. Since similar neurons were not observed within the PO and SCH of the normal control rabbit it is suggested that we were observing functional states of the same type of neuron and that these ultrastructural changes occur in response to endocrine manipulation.Two types of neurons described as ‘pale’ and ‘dark’ were observed within the arcuate nucleus of both the control and experimental female rabbit. Ultrastructurally, these neuron types were identical to those described by other investigators for the rat. It has been suggested that the ‘pale’ and ‘dark’ neurons of this hypothalamic nucleus represent functional states of the same type of cell. However, increases in the ratio of ‘dark’ to ‘pale’ neurons as observed within the arcuate nucleus of the rat following castration, were not seen in the rabbit. Similar findings were also not evident within the arcuate nucleus of the female rabbit following coitus.As far as could be determined, all neurons of the ventromedial (VMN) nuclei of both the control and experimental rabbit were morphologically identical to the smaller, conventional type neuron. Certainly, ultrastructural changes similar to those observed within the PO and SCH nuclei of the female rabbit following coitus, castration or laparotomy, were never observed.The basic zonation and subcellular organization of the female rabbit Median Eminence (ME) is similar to that described for other mammalian species. Our EM findings within the external layer of the rabbit ME, however, are not entirely in agreement with the earlier study of Duffy and Menefeef 1965). These investigators reported only one population of DCV within the axon terminals of the rabbit ME external layer. We feel that we have ultrastructural evidence for the presence of at least two distinct populations of DCV within this layer of the rabbit ME. Furthermore, since these vesicle populations occurred within separate axon profiles and terminals, differences in their content and origin are suggested.Certainly, the relationship between releasing factors (RF) and the various populations of DCV observed within the external layer of the mammalian ME is not well established. The smaller (90 nm - 100 nm) DCV we have observed probably contain the catecholamines, while those of larger (120 nm - 140 nm) diameters may well represent the carriers of the RF associated with gonadotropic activity. The latter view is based primarily on our finding or numerous ‘vesicle ghosts’ within the axon terminals abutting the perivascular space (PVS) of portal capillaries of rabbits sacrificed at 10 minutes post-coitus. The mean diameters of 137±14 nm obtained for these ghosts strongly supports the suggested depletion of only the larger of the two DCV populations. Similar changes were not apparent within the axon terminals containing homogenous populations of only the smaller DCV.Unquestionably, the precise hypothalamic synthesis sites for the RF associated with control of adenohypophyseal function, continues to provoke comment. From the results obtained from countless studies that have employed a variety of neuroendocrinilogical techniques, two main hypothalamic centers of RF synthesis have been suggested: a) the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) or hypophysiotropic area (HTA) and b) the anterior hypothalamus. The ultrastructural studies carried out to date within this laboratoiy are in favour of the latter for the following reasons:1) — the presence of large DCV and ‘vesicle ghosts’ within the external layer of the rabbit ME with diameters similar to those of the large (120-150 nm) DCV synthesized within the PO and SCH nuclei of the same animal in response to coitus, castration and laparotomy.2) — the absence of evidence for the storage of these large DCV within the somata of PO and SCH nuclei, suggesting their immediate transport toward the ME.3) — the absence of any ultrastructural changes within neuron somata of the rabbit arcuate nuclei which might reflect enhanced neurosecretory activity in response to coitus and/or castration.These ultrastructural findings within the rabbit hypothalamus may, therefore, provide the first evidence of a morphological nature for the actual release of RF from their ME storage sites, as well as their synthesis within certain neurons of the anterior hypothalamus.
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Role of the Ventricular System in Neuroendocrine Processes: Synthesis and Distribution of
Thyrotropin Releasing Factor (TRF) in the Hypothalamus and Third Ventricle. Can J Neurol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100019582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIn vitro biosynthesis of thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) by different regions of the hypothalamus of mink was examined. Homogenates of hypothalamic tissue were incubated in Krebs-Ringer medium containing 200 mg% glucose, 10-5M ATP, 0.1 mM histidine and glutamic acid and 0.15 μ c 3H-proline (40 Cilmmol) per mg. tissue. Extraction, purification and estimation of 3H-TRF biosynthesis involved several steps of charcoal extraction, carboxymethylcellulose and sephadex chromatography. 3H-TRF was synthesized throughout the entire antero-posterior extent of the hypothalamus in its dorsal and medial portions. 3H-TRF was synthesized also in a more discreet region, the arcuate nucleus. In vitro biosynthesis of 3H-TRF was stimulated significantly by thyroxine, but not by TSH, estradiol, corticosterone or melatonin. A method is described for collection of cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle of the rat brain; TRF concentration in this fluid was approximately in normal animals.The distribution of TRF-producing cells in the hypothalamus and presence of TRF in cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle is discussed with respect to the hypothesis that this releasing factor may be delivered to the median eminence and adenohypophysis in part, via the cerebrospinal fluid.
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Pozzo Miller LD, Aoki A. Postnatal development of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus: neurons and synapses. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1992; 12:121-9. [PMID: 1600554 DOI: 10.1007/bf00713366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. In this report the postnatal differentiation of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) was studied. The main maturational changes detected at the fine structural level occurred between 10 and 20 days of postnatal life. 2. In 5-day-old rats the majority of neurons was undifferentiated, with rudimentary cytoplasmic organelles. Dendritic profiles presented an empty appearance due to an electron-lucent matrix and scarce content of organelles. 3. At 10 days there was a significant proliferation of cytoplasmic organelles in the perikaryon, mainly of those involved in protein biosynthesis as the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi complex. 4. After 20 days of age the VMN neurons acquired the cytological appearance of adult neurons, with well-organized RER, Golgi complexes, and pleomorphic mitochondria. Concurrent with these changes, there was a marked development of other organelles in the neuropil, which was accompanied by an increase in synaptic density and differentiation of their subsynaptic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Pozzo Miller
- Centro de Microscopia Electronica, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina
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Tobet SA, Fox TO. Sex Differences in Neuronal Morphology Influenced Hormonally throughout Life. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-2453-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Beckman WC. The effects of orchidectomy and replacement therapy on the ultrastructure and gonadotropin-releasing hormone content of the median eminence of the rat. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1986; 176:33-52. [PMID: 3524186 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001760104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 2 weeks of orchidectomy and replacement therapy with testosterone upon the content and distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the median eminence were determined by means of radioimmunoassay and electron microscopy. Photographic montages were prepared from electron micrographs of the lateral median eminence at the point of deepest invagination of the tuberoinfundibular sulcus. Morphometric analysis of photographs of tissues immunohistochemically stained for GnRH was performed to determine changes in the volume density of GnRH-containing axon profiles following the experimental treatments. A decrease in GnRH content after orchidectomy was observed both by morphometric analysis of axon volume density and radioimmunoassay of total GnRH content. Testosterone treatment of orchidectomized animals prevented the postorchidectomy loss of GnRH. Morphometric analysis of conventional electron micrographs revealed an increase in the number of axons containing no dense-core vesicles following orchidectomy, but no decrease in volume density of the neuropil. The results indicate that the change in volume density of immunostained axons was related to the loss of immunostainable dense-core vesicles and not to a change in the size or number of axons. The area corresponding to the location of the highest concentration of GnRH-containing axons was observed to be largely avascular and separated from the vessels of the tuberoinfundibular sulcus by a "border zone" composed of glial foot processes. The unique morphology of the GnRH area has suggested the name "compact zone" to distinguish it from the palisade zone with which it is continuous medially. GnRH axons in this region are probably part of a tract extending farther caudally rather than a terminal field.
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Abstract
The effects of long-term (15 days) and short-term (3 days) treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB) on stacking of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons of four brain regions (medial preoptic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus and midbrain central gray) were investigated. These regions were chosen for their role in reproduction in female rats and/or the presence of estradiol-concentrating cells. Long-term EB treatment increased the proportion of neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (by 30%) and medial preoptic nucleus (by 17%) that contained stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Short-term EB affected stacking only in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. EB was without effect on neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus or midbrain central gray. The degree of stacking of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus was positively related to the level of sexual behavior (lordosis) activated by these hormone treatments.
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Ohtsuka M, Hisano S, Daikoku S. Electronmicroscopic study of somatostatin-containing neurons in rat arcuate nucleus with special reference to neuronal regulation. Brain Res 1983; 263:191-9. [PMID: 6132670 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
After an intraventricular administration of colchicine, the arcuate nucleus of rat hypothalamus was examined light and electron microscopically by pre-embedding immunohistochemistry for somatostatin. The arcuate nucleus exhibited numerous immunoreactive cell bodies and dense networks of immunoreactive fibers. The fibers appeared to surround immunonegative cell bodies. The immunoreactive cell bodies were multipolar in shape and projected immunoreactive processes to some extent. The immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers received synaptic contacts by immunonegative fiber terminals containing a large number of synaptic clear vesicles. Similarly, immunoreactive somatostatin fibers appeared to terminate upon other immunonegative cell bodies and fibers. The immunoreactive presynaptic terminals contain several labeled granules and numerous synaptic vesicles. In close proximity to these immunolabeled terminals, non-labeled presynaptic terminals were also observed upon the immunonegative cell bodies and fibers. This suggests that in the arcuate nucleus neurons regulated by somatostatin neurons are also under the control of other types of neurons.
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10
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Zimmermann P. Estrogen-dependent changes in the functional interrelationships among neurons, ependymal cells and glial cells of the arcuate nucleus. Cytometric studies in the female albino mouse. Cell Tissue Res 1982; 227:113-28. [PMID: 7172204 DOI: 10.1007/bf00206335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The synchronizing effect of ethinylestradiol (4 micrograms/g b.w.) on neurons of the arcuate nucleus 700-950 micrometers caudal to the posterior edge of the optic chiasma was studied by karyometry in 6-week-old albino mice during proestrus. The caudal portion of the arcuate nucleus was identified as the most estrogen-sensitive subdivision; all neurons showed an increase in their nuclear area (mean transect, profile area of the nucleus) 1 h following administration of ethinylestradiol. This hypothalamic region was selected for the subsequent electron-microscopic cytometric study to analyze functional interrelationships among neurons, ependymal cells and glial cells. Six and 12 days after ovariectomy no significant change in the nuclear area of neurons and ependymal cells was found 850-950 micrometers behind the posterior slope of the optic chiasma, but the neurons exhibited a decrease in the number of polyribosomes, the volume fraction (Vvmi) and the surface density of the inner membrane of mitochondria (Svmi). A similar decrease in Vvmi and Svmi was measured in the apical part of ependymal cells and in the pericapillary profiles of ependymal and glial cells, which was accompanied by a reduction in the surface density of ependymal processes extending into the ventricular lumen. In addition, no change of Vvmi and Svmi was seen in the basal subnuclear part of ependymal cells. This bipolar functional reaction of ependymal cells after ovariectomy is discussed as an indicator of ependymal control of neuronal activity by sequestering biologically active agents, e.g., transmitters of neurohormones, in their apical and basal extensions facing the ventricular surface or the pericapillary space.
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11
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Carrer HF, Aoki A. Ultrastructural changes in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of ovariectomized rats after estrogen treatment. Brain Res 1982; 240:221-33. [PMID: 7104686 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The changes produced in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of ovariectomized rats after administration of 100 microgram estradiol benzoate/kg body weight were studied using light and electron microscopy. Quantitative morphometric studies included number and size of VMN neurons and nuclei, size and density of terminals and synaptic contacts, spine-to-shaft ratio of postsynaptic elements and relative frequency of two types of synaptic vesicles. Evidence was obtained favoring the concept of heterogeneous composition of the VMN: in ovariectomized animals many cells appeared in a state of quiescence, but other neurons showed no major alterations. Estrogen administration to ovariectomized rats produced evidence of metabolic stimulation such as increase in rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, condensation of nucleolar material, enlarged Golgi and presence of pleomorphic mitochondria. The number of neurons in the VMN was not modified by estrogen treatment; however, neuron soma and nuclei were larger. In the ventrolateral division of the VMN terminals and synaptic contacts per unit area were increased after estrogen treatment, but synaptic contact length, terminal size and spine-to-shaft ratio were not modified. The possibility that the differences observed may be consequent to changes in synaptic organization of the VMN related to its estrogen-dependent functions is discussed.
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Arai Y, Matsumoto A. Synapse formation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus during post-natal development in the female rat and its modification by neonatal estrogen treatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1978; 3:31-45. [PMID: 644014 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(78)90039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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EGAN DA, FLUMERFELT B, GWYN DG. A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF AXON REACTION IN THE RED NUCLEUS OF THE RAT FOLLOWING CERVICAL AND THORACIC LESIONS. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1977.tb00602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Nojyo Y, Ibata Y, Sano Y. Demonstration of the tuberoinfundibular tract of the cat: fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy. Cell Tissue Res 1976; 168:289-301. [PMID: 776408 DOI: 10.1007/bf00215307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of dopaminergic nerve cells in the cat hypothalamus, particularly in the arcuate and periventricular nuclei, and the projections of their axons were studied by fluorescence and electron microscopy after electrothermic coagulation. The majority of these perikarya were located in the arcuate nucleus and the periventricular nucleus dorsocaudal to the optic chiasma. Large lesions caused a wide and diffuse depletion of dopamine fluorescence within the external layer; small lesions caused ipsilateral partial depletion of the dopamine fluorescence. Electron microscopic observations in animals with a lesioned arcuate nucleus revealed that in the external layer degenerating nerve terminals are engulfed by glial processess. In some cases nerve fibers had entirely disappeared and a heavy reactive proliferation of glial processes was observed. Persistence of the form of the median eminence in spite of the extensive degeneration of its nervous elements is considered to depend upon this glial proliferation.
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15
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Wenger T. Ultrastructural changes in the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis following ovariectomy and hypophysectomy in the rat. Brain Res 1976; 101:95-102. [PMID: 1244222 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on quantitative evaluations it was observed that 4 and 14 days after ovariectomy, as well as 2 months after hypophysectomy, the larger granulated vesicles (70-110 nm in diameter) in the nerve terminals of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) almost disappeared. The findings are consistent with the view that the OVLT may play a role in the control of pituitary gonadotrophic function.
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Mikami S, Oksche A, Farner DS, Yokoyama K. The fine structure of the hypothalamic secretory neurons of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Passeriformes: Fringillidae). I. Parvocellular tuberal nuclei. Cell Tissue Res 1975; 162:419-38. [PMID: 1182772 DOI: 10.1007/bf00209344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of the parvocellular tuberal nuclei and that of the ependyma bordering the third ventricle in the basal hypothalamus of the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, have been investigated. Photoperiodically stimulated birds have been compared with birds held on short days. The perikarya of the neurons of the basal infundibular (tuberal) nucleus, and in part, of the more dorsal layers, contain dense-cored granules (1000-1500 A). The granules in the anterior part of the nucleus are somewhat larger than those of the posterior part. The synapses and the synaptic relationships of these cells are described. The single-layered ependyma of the third ventricle in the basal hypothalamus may be divided into the dorsal typical ependyma, the ventrolateral "glandular" ependyma, and the ventral "glandular" ependyma. Cells of the ventral ependyma lack apical cilia but bear a few microvillous processes. They have well-developed Golgi apparatus, conspicuous polysomes, and frequently dense, irregularly-shaped granules. Basal cytoplasmic processes extend ventrally to the outer surface of the median eminence. Photoperiodic stimulation appears to increase the numbers of apical protrusions of the cells in the ventral glandular ependyma and to cause an increase in size of the nerve cells of the basal infundibular nucleus.
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Litteria M, Thorner MW. Inhibitory actiion of neonatal estrogenization on the incorporation of [3-H]lysine into proteins of specific hypothalamic nuclei in the adult, male rat. Brain Res 1975; 90:175-80. [PMID: 1131688 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Naik DV. Immuno-electron microscopic localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the arcuate nuclei and median eminence of the rat. Cell Tissue Res 1975; 157:437-55. [PMID: 1093694 DOI: 10.1007/bf00222598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was localized in neurons of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence, and in many of the nerve fibres of the median eminence of the rat, by using antisera to synthetic LH-RH with the immunoglobulin-peroxidase technique or by using a soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex at the electron microsc opic level. Many of the arcuate neurons and some of the median eminence neurons contained numerous densely stained granules elsewhere in the cytoplasm. Similar granules, positive for LH-RH, were observed in many nerve profiles around the capillaries of the primary portal plexus of zona palisadica and zona granulosa of the medain eminence, and such profiles may represent the release sites of LH-RH into the portal vessels. About 20% of the nerve profiles around the primary portal plexus were LH-RH positive and the rest of the nerve profiles were negative. The negative profiles may belong to other hypophysiotropic hormones and/or to catecholaminergic fibers. Some nerve endings at the ventricular surface of the ependymal cells, in contact with the ventricular fluid, were also LH-RH positive. These nerve endings probably release their secretion into the cerebrospinal fluid. There was no staining of the mitochondria, the nuclei or the axonal membranes. Stain of varying intensity was seen in the secretory granules, and within and around the cisternae of the Golgi complex. The stained granules in the cisternae wer pleomorphic. From these observations it was concluded that the LH-RH is packaged or condensed into granules in the Golgi cisternae.
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The Specificity of Pituitary Cellsand Regulation of Their Activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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King JC, Williams TH, Gerall AA. Transformations of hypothalamic arcuate neurons. I. Changes associated with stages of the estrous cycle. Cell Tissue Res 1974; 153:497-515. [PMID: 4474918 DOI: 10.1007/bf00231543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Changes in monoamine concentration and monoamine oxidase activity in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus during the estrous cycle. Bull Exp Biol Med 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00796670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Barry J, Dubois MP. [Immunofluorescence study of the prenatal differentiation of hypothalamic cells producing LH-RF and of the maturation of neurosecretory preoptico-infundibular pathway in the guinea pig]. Brain Res 1974; 67:103-13. [PMID: 4620215 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Chouchkov CN, Winckler J, Hempel K. [Increased turnover of biogenic amines in the hypothalamus of castrated rat. A fluorescence histochemical and autoradiographical study (author's transl)]. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1974; 41:175-83. [PMID: 4443303 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Santolaya RC. Nucleolus-like bodies in the neuronal cytoplasm of the mouse arcuate nucleus. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 146:319-28. [PMID: 4779166 DOI: 10.1007/bf02346224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Barry J, Dubois MP, Poulain P. LRF producing cells of the mammalian hypothalamus. A fluorescent antibody study. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 146:351-66. [PMID: 4591796 DOI: 10.1007/bf02346227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Peute J, Meij JC. Ultrastructure and functional aspects of the nucleus infundibularis ventralis in the green frog, Rana esculenta. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 144:191-217. [PMID: 4361612 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Clattenburg RE, Montemurro DG, Bruni JE, Singh RP. Post-coital depletion of dense-core vesicles from the external layer of the rabbit median eminence. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 142:27-36. [PMID: 4356033 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Litteria M. Increased incorporation of 3H-lysine in specific hypothalamic nuclei following castration in the male rat. Exp Neurol 1973; 40:309-15. [PMID: 4730262 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(73)90076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zambrano D, Iturriza FC. Hypothalamic-hypophysial relationships in the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1973; 20:256-73. [PMID: 4699359 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(73)90177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Stoeckart R, Jansen HG, Kreike AJ. Quantitative data on the fine structural organization of the palisade zone of the median eminence. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 136:111-20. [PMID: 4346552 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Adamo NJ. Ultrastructural features of the lateral preoptic area, median eminence and arcuate nucleus of the rat. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 127:483-91. [PMID: 4339921 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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Voitkevich AA, Dedov II. Ultrastructural study of neurovascular contacts in the median eminence of the rat. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 124:311-9. [PMID: 5011355 DOI: 10.1007/bf00355033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Clattenburg RE, Singh RP, Montemurro DG. Post-coital ultrastructural changes in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rabbit. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 125:448-59. [PMID: 4334803 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abraham R, Dougherty W, Golberg L, Coulston F. The response of the hypothalamus to high doses of monosodium glutamate in mice and monkeys. Cytochemistry and ultrastructural study of lysosomal changes. Exp Mol Pathol 1971; 15:43-60. [PMID: 4998013 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(71)90018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zambrano D. The nucleus lateralis tuberis system of the gobiid fish Gillichthys mirabilis. 3. Functional modification of the neurons and gonadotropic cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1971; 17:164-82. [PMID: 5559131 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(71)90165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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38
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Adamo NJ, Koenig JQ, Ratner A. Effects of estrogen on the cat hypothalamus. I. Ultrastructural observations on the posterior hypothalamic area. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1971; 117:76-86. [PMID: 5559425 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fink G, Smith GC. Ultrastructural features of the developing hypothalamo-hypophysial axis in the rat. A correlative study. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1971; 119:208-26. [PMID: 5569846 DOI: 10.1007/bf00324522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Urano A. Monamine oxidase in the hypothalamo-hypophysial region of the teleosts, Anguilla japonica and Oryzias latipes. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1971; 114:83-94. [PMID: 5541845 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Jasiński A, Kilarski W. Fine structure of pars neuro-intermedia of the loach, Misgurnus fossilis L. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 105:259-75. [PMID: 4195327 DOI: 10.1007/bf00335476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zambrano D. The nucleus lateralis tuberis system of the gobiid fish Gillichthys mirabilis. I. Ultrastructural and histochemical characterization of the nucleus. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 110:9-26. [PMID: 5471204 DOI: 10.1007/bf00343982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ultrastrukturelle Ver�nderungen in den neurosekretorischen Zentren des Hypothalamus und in der Eminentia mediana nach Behandlung mit Cyproteronazetat (Antiandrogen). Cell Tissue Res 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00330107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kobayashi H, Matsui T, Ishii S. Functional electron microscopy of the hypothalamic median eminence. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1970; 29:281-381. [PMID: 4326152 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schiebler TH, Meinhardt DW. �ber die Wirkung von Antiandrogenen auf die neurosekretorischen Systeme des Hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00344377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hyyppä M. A histochemical study of the primary catecholamines in the hypothalamic neurons of the rat in relation to the ontogenetic and sexual differentiation. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1969; 98:550-60. [PMID: 5817416 DOI: 10.1007/bf00347032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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47
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Zambrano D. The arcuate complex of the female rat during the sexual cycle. An electron microscopic study. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1968; 93:560-70. [PMID: 5815137 DOI: 10.1007/bf00338538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wittkowski W. Ependymokrinie und Rezeptoren in der Wand des Recessus infundibularis der Maus und ihre Beziehung zum kleinzelligen Hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00338536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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