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Ikeda KN, Belevich I, Zelaya-Lainez L, Orel L, Füssl J, Gumulec J, Hellmich C, Jokitalo E, Raible F. Dynamic microvilli sculpt bristles at nanometric scale. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3733. [PMID: 38740737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Organisms generate shapes across size scales. Whereas patterning and morphogenesis of macroscopic tissues has been extensively studied, the principles underlying the formation of micrometric and submicrometric structures remain largely enigmatic. Individual cells of polychaete annelids, so-called chaetoblasts, are associated with the generation of chitinous bristles of highly stereotypic geometry. Here we show that bristle formation requires a chitin-producing enzyme specifically expressed in the chaetoblasts. Chaetoblasts exhibit dynamic cell surfaces with stereotypical patterns of actin-rich microvilli. These microvilli can be matched with internal and external structures of bristles reconstructed from serial block-face electron micrographs. Individual chitin teeth are deposited by microvilli in an extension-disassembly cycle resembling a biological 3D printer. Consistently, pharmacological interference with actin dynamics leads to defects in tooth formation. Our study reveals that both material and shape of bristles are encoded by the same cell, and that microvilli play a role in micro- to submicrometric sculpting of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyojiro N Ikeda
- Max Perutz Labs; University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luis Zelaya-Lainez
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Orel
- Max Perutz Labs; University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Füssl
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaromír Gumulec
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Hellmich
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Florian Raible
- Max Perutz Labs; University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
- Research Platform "Single-Cell Regulation of Stem Cells", University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Tilic E, Herkenrath T, Kirfel G, Bartolomaeus T. The cellular 3D printer of a marine bristle worm-chaetogenesis in Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834) (Annelida). Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:305-322. [PMID: 36562865 PMCID: PMC9889436 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Annelid chaetae are extracellular chitinous structures that are formed in an extracellular epidermal invagination, the chaetal follicle. The basalmost cell of this follicle, the chaetoblast, serves like a 3D-printer as it dynamically shapes the chaeta. During chaetogenesis apical microvilli of the chaetoblast form the template for the chaeta, any structural details result from modulating the microvilli pattern. This study describes this process in detail in the model organism Platynereis dumerilii and clarifies some aspects of chaetogenesis in its close relative Nereis vexillosa, the first annelid in which the ultrastructure of chaetogenesis had been described. Nereid species possess compound chaetae characteristic for numerous subgroups of errant annelids. The distal most section of these chaetae is movable; a hinge connects this part of the chaeta to the shaft. Modulation of the microvilli and differences in their structure, diameter and number of microvilli, and their withdrawal and reappearance determine the shape of these compound chaetae. Chaetal structure and pattern also change during life history. While larvae possess a single type of chaeta (in addition to internal aciculae), juveniles and adults possess two types of chaetae that are replaced by large paddle-shaped chaetae in swimming epitokous stages. Chaetogenesis is a continuous process that lasts during the entire lifespan. The detailed developmental sequence of chaetae and their site of formation are very similar within species and species groups. We expect that similarity results from a conserved gene regulatory network making this an optimal system to test the phylogenetic affinity of taxa and the homology of their chaetae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Tilic
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, Bonn, 53121 Germany ,Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Herkenrath
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, Bonn, 53121 Germany
| | - Gregor Kirfel
- Institute of Cell Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, Bonn, 53121 Germany
| | - Thomas Bartolomaeus
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, Bonn, 53121 Germany
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Tilic E, Neunzig N, Bartolomaeus T. Hairy and iridescent chaetae of the sea mouse
Aphrodita
(Annelida, Errantia). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Tilic
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Nina Neunzig
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Bonn Bonn Germany
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Tilic E, Pauli B, Bartolomaeus T. Getting to the root of fireworms' stinging chaetae-chaetal arrangement and ultrastructure of Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766) (Amphinomida). J Morphol 2017; 278:865-876. [PMID: 28370192 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Amphinomid species are since long known to cause urtication upon contact with the human skin. Since it has been reported that amphinomid chaetae are hollow, it has repeatedly been suggested that poison is injected upon epidermal contact. To test predictions for the structural correlate of such a stinging device we studied the structure and formation of chaetae in the fireworm Eurythoe complanata (Amphinomida). Neither the structure of the chaetae nor their formation and their position within the parapodium provide evidence for their function as hollow needles to inject poison. The chaetae even turned out to be not hollow, but containing calcareous depositions. The latter most likely cause artificial ruptures of delicate chitin lamellae in the inner of the chaeta when treated with acidic fixatives. Inorganic calcium compounds harden the chaetae and make them brittle so that they break easily. Additional information on the structure of the chaetal sac, the site of formation and the acicula do not contradict the position of the Amphinomida within Annelida as revealed by phylogenomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Tilic
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, Bonn, 53121, Germany
| | - Benedikt Pauli
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, Bonn, 53121, Germany
| | - Thomas Bartolomaeus
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, Bonn, 53121, Germany
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Tilic E, Bartolomaeus T. Structure, function and cell dynamics during chaetogenesis of abdominal uncini in Sabellaria alveolata (Sabellariidae, Annelida). ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2016; 2:1. [PMID: 26753097 PMCID: PMC4705615 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-016-0037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic apical microvilli of a single cell, called the chaetoblast, inside an ectodermal invagination form the template of annelid chaetae. Changes in the pattern of microvilli are frozen in time by release of chitin, such that the structure of the definitive chaeta reflects its formation. Cellular interactions during chaetogenesis also influence the structure of the chaeta. Analysing chaetogenesis allows for testing hypotheses on the homology of certain chaetal types. We used this approach to test whether the unusual uncini in Sabellaria alveolata are homologous to apparently similar uncini in other annelid taxa. RESULTS Our study reveals unexpected details of sabellariid uncini, which mechanically reinforce the neuropodia enabling their use as paddles. The final structure of the chaeta is caused by pulses of microvilli formation and dynamic interaction between the chaetoblast and adjoining follicle cells. Cell dynamics during chaetogenesis of the uncini in Sabellaria alveolata exceeds by far that reported in previous studies on the formation of this type of chaetae. CONCLUSION Despite the superficial similarity of uncini in sabellariids and other annelids, differences in structure and details of formation do not support the homology of this type of chaetae. Chaetogenesis of sabellariid uncini involves unexpected microvilli and cell dynamics, and provides evidence that interactions between cells play a larger role in chaetogenesis than previously expected. In addition to their function as anchors, uncini in Sabellaridae stabilize the paddle-shaped notopodia, as each uncinus possesses a long, thin rod that extends deeply into the notopodium. The rods of all uncini in a single row form a bundle inside the notopodium that additionally serves as a muscle attachment site and thus have a similar function to the inner chaeta (acicula) of errant polychaetes (Aciculata).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Tilic
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Bartolomaeus
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Tilic E, von Döhren J, Quast B, Beckers P, Bartolomaeus T. Phylogenetic significance of chaetal arrangement and chaetogenesis in Maldanidae (Annelida). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-015-0272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hausen H, Bartolomaeus T. Setal Structure and Chaetogenesis inScolelepis squamataandMalacoceros fuliginosus(Spionidae, Annelida). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1998.tb01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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LUTER CARSTEN, BARTOLOMAEUS THOMAS. The phylogenetic position of Brachiopoda-a comparison of morphological and molecular data. ZOOL SCR 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bartolomaeus T. Structure and formation of the uncini in Pectinaria koreni, Pectinaria auricoma (Terebellida) and Spirorbis spirorbis (Sabellida): inplications for annelid phylogeny and the position of the Pogonophora. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00403171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kryvi H, Sørvig T. Internal Organization of Limbate Polychaete Setae (Sabella penicillus), with Notes on Bending Stiffness. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1990.tb01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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KRISTENSEN REINHARDTMOBJERG, NORREVANG ARNE. Description of Psammodrilus aedificator sp.n. (Polychaeta), with Notes on the Arctic Interstitial Fauna of Disko Island, W. Greenland*. ZOOL SCR 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1982.tb00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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KNIGHT-JONES PHYLLIS, FORDY MICHAELR. Setal Structure, Functions and Interrelationships in Spirorbidae (Polychaeta, Sedentaria). ZOOL SCR 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1979.tb00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bhaud M. Morphological variations of the modified setae of chaetopterids during ontogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1080/00785326.1978.10425483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kennedy B, Kryvi H. The ultrastructure of the spiral notosetae ofNicomache maculata Arwidsson (Polychaeta, Maldanidae). Cell Mol Life Sci 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01935926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gustus RM, Cloney RA. Ultrastructure of the larval compound setae of the polychaeteNereis vexillosa grube. J Morphol 1973; 140:355-366. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051400308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Orrhage L. Light and electron microscope studies of some brachiopod and pogonophoran setae. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00636879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gustus RM, Cloney RA. Ultrastructural Similarities Between Setae of Brachiopods and Polychaetes. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1972. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1972.tb00590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zur feinstruktur integumentaler bildungen bei priapuliden (Halicryptus spinulosus und Priapulus caudatus). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00391552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Studies on Pogonophora. 4. Fine structure of the cuticle and epidermis. Tissue Cell 1970; 2:637-96. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(70)80035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1970] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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